Mole sauce

Mole (/ˈmoʊleɪ/, /ˈmoʊli/ IPA: [ˈmole] (listen); from Nahuatl mōlli, "sauce") is a traditional marinade and sauce originally used in Mexican cuisine. In contemporary Mexico the term is used for a number of sauces, some quite dissimilar, including black, red / Colorado, yellow, green, almendrado, de olla, huaxmole, guacamole, and pipián. Outside of Mexico, it typically refers to mole poblano.

This article is about the traditional sauce used in Mexican cuisine. For other uses, see Mole (disambiguation).
Mole
Chicken in a dark red mole sauce
TypeSauce and marinade
Place of originMexico

Generally, a mole sauce contains a fruit, chili pepper, nut, and such spices as black pepper, cinnamon, or cumin.[1] A type of green mole known as mole verde is made with pumpkin seeds and green chile.

History
Woman cooking mole at a small restaurant in San Pedro Atocpan

Two states in Mexico claim to be the origin of mole: Puebla and Oaxaca.[2] The best-known moles are native to these two states, but other regions in Mexico also make various types of mole sauces.[3]

Moles come in various flavors and ingredients, with chili peppers as the common ingredient. The classic mole version is the variety called mole poblano, which is a dark red or brown sauce served over meat. The dish has become a culinary symbol of Mexico's mestizaje, or mixed indigenous and European heritage, both for the types of ingredients it contains and because of the legends surrounding its origin.[3]

A common legend of its creation takes place at the Convent of Santa Clara in Puebla early in the colonial period. Upon hearing that the archbishop was going to visit, the convent nuns panicked because they were poor and had almost nothing to prepare. The nuns prayed and brought together the little bits of what they did have, including chili peppers, spices, day-old bread, nuts, and a little chocolate. They killed an old turkey, cooked it and put the sauce on top; the archbishop loved it. When one of the nuns was asked the name of the dish, she replied, "I made a mole." Mole is an archaic word for mix; now this word mostly refers to the dish, and is rarely used to signify other kinds of mixes in Spanish.[3][4]

A similar version of the story says that monk Fray Pascual invented the dish, again to serve the archbishop of Puebla. In this version, spices were knocked over or blown over into pots in which chicken were cooking.[3][5] Other versions of the story substitute the viceroy of New Spain, such as Juan de Palafox y Mendoza in place of the archbishop.[6]

Selling mole mixes at the Feria Nacional del Mole in San Pedro Atocpan

Modern mole is a mixture of ingredients from North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia making it one of the first intercontinental dishes created in the Americas.[7] Its base, however, is indigenous. Nahuatl speakers had a preparation they called mōlli ([ˈmoːlːi]), meaning "sauce", or chīlmōlli ([t͡ʃiːlˈmoːlːi]) for chili sauce.[8][9][10] In the book General History of the Things of New Spain, Bernardino de Sahagún says that mollis were used in a number of dishes, including those for fish, game and vegetables.[11] Theories about the origins of mole have supposed that it was something imposed upon the natives or that it was the product of the baroque artistry of Puebla, but there is not enough evidence for definitive answers.[12]

While chili pepper sauces existed in pre-Hispanic Mexico, the complicated moles of today did not. They did not contain chocolate, which was ingested as a bitter beverage, and in all of the writings of Sahagún, there is no mention at all of it being used to flavor food.[13] Most likely what occurred was a gradual modification of the original molli sauce, adding more and different ingredients depending on the location. This diversified the resulting sauces into various types.[9][10] Ingredients that have been added into moles include nuts (such as almonds, peanuts, or pine nuts), seeds (such as sesame seeds, pumpkin seeds, or squash seeds), cilantro, seedless grapes, plantains, garlic, onions, cinnamon, and chocolate. However, most versions do not contain cinnamon. What remained the same was the use of chili peppers, especially ancho, pasilla, mulato and chipotle, and the consistency of the sauce.[9] The true story of how mole developed may never be truly known, as the first recipes did not appear until after the Mexican War of Independence in 1810. The Nahuatl etymology of the name probably indicates a Mesoamerican origin.[3]

Preparation and consumption
Jars of commercially available mole negro and mole rojo, as sold in Oaxaca, Mexico

All mole preparations begin with one or more types of chili pepper.[14] The classic moles of Central Mexico and Oaxaca, such as mole poblano and mole negro, include two or more of the following types of chili pepper: ancho, pasilla, mulato and chipotle.[10] Other ingredients can include black pepper, achiote, guaje (Leucaena leucocephala), cumin, cloves, anise, tomatoes, tomatillos, garlic, sesame seeds, dried fruit, herbs like Piper Auritum or hoja santa (also known as hierba santa), and many other ingredients.[10][11][14] Mole poblano has an average of 20 ingredients; mole almendrado has an average of 26, and Oaxacan moles can have over 30.[5][9][15] Chocolate, if used, is added at the end of cooking.[14] According to Rick Bayless, the ingredients of mole can be grouped into five distinct classes: chiles, sour (tomatillos), sweet (dried fruits and sugar), spices, and thickeners (nuts and tortillas).[16]

The ingredients are roasted and ground into a fine powder or paste. This roasting and grinding process is extremely laborious and takes at least a day to accomplish by hand.[17] Traditionally, this work was shared by several generations of women in the family, but after the arrival of electric mills, it became more common to take the ingredients to be ground.[5][18] Many families have their own varieties of mole passed down for generations, with their preparation reserved for special events in large batches.[5][10]

Piñon mole

The resulting powder or paste is mixed with water, or more often broth, and simmered until it is pungent and very thick.[14] It is most often prepared in a cazuela ([kaˈswela]) or a thick heavy clay cauldron and stirred almost constantly to prevent burning.[3] The thickness of the sauce has prompted some, such as Mexican-food authority Patricia Quintana, to claim it is too substantial to be called a sauce. However, like a sauce, it is always served over something and never eaten alone. Mole poblano is most traditionally served with turkey, but it and many others are also served with chicken, pork, or other meats (such as lamb).[3][4][5]

A number of mole powders and pastes can be prepared ahead of time and sold, such as mole poblano, mole negro, and mole colorado.[3] Many markets in Mexico sell mole pastes and powders in packages or by the kilogram.[17] These mole mixes are heavy with a strong odor,[4] so much so that security agents at the Mexico City airport once admitted that mole can register a positive when they check for explosives.[2]

Prepared mole sauce will keep for about three days in the refrigerator and it freezes well. The paste will keep six months in the refrigerator and about a year in the freezer. Leftover sauce is often used for the making of tamales and enchiladas (often called enmoladas) or over eggs at brunch.[3][12]

Varieties

Poblano
Chicken with mole poblano
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy2,389 kJ (571 kcal)
41.70 g
41.58 g
7.48 g
VitaminsQuantity %DV†
Vitamin A15 IU
Thiamine (B1)
12%
0.136 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
48%
0.573 mg
Niacin (B3)
17%
2.544 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
5%
0.232 mg
Vitamin B6
58%
0.752 mg
Folate (B9)
19%
74 μg
MineralsQuantity %DV†
Calcium
30%
302 mg
Iron
44%
5.71 mg
Magnesium
36%
127 mg
Manganese
54%
1.137 mg
Phosphorus
36%
254 mg
Potassium
13%
602 mg
Sodium
78%
1164 mg
Zinc
26%
2.50 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water4.12 g
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA FoodData Central

Mole poblano is perhaps the best known of all mole varieties. An ancient dish[19] native to the state of Puebla,[20] it has been called the national dish of Mexico,[3] and ranked first as the most typical of Mexican dishes.[15]

Mole poblano contains about 20 ingredients, including sugar and cocoa but for practicality and simplicity chocolate is also used,[15] which works to counteract the heat of the chili peppers, but its flavor does not dominate. It helps reinforce the sauce's dark color provided by mulato peppers.[4] This sauce is most often served over turkey, a meat native to Mexico, at weddings, birthdays and baptisms, or at Christmas with romeritos over shrimp cakes.[15] Even though the holiday is not much recognized elsewhere in Mexico, mole is prominent in Puebla on Cinco de Mayo, where it is a major celebration.[3]

Oaxaca

Oaxaca has been called "the land of the seven moles".[21] Its large size, mountainous terrain, variety of indigenous peoples, and many microclimates make for numerous regional variations in its food. From this has come moles negro, colorado, amarillo, verde, chichilo, coloradito, and mancha manteles (or tablecloth stainer), all differently colored and flavored, based on the use of distinctive chilis and herbs.[22] The last, a chicken and fruit stew, is questioned by some such as Susan Trilling in her book My Search for the Seventh Mole: A Story with Recipes from Oaxaca, Mexico, whether it is a true mole.[5] In addition, those from Puebla claim this dish as their own.[3]

The best known of Oaxaca's moles is mole negro, which is darker than mole poblano, and also includes chocolate, chili peppers, onions, garlic and more. Its distinguishing ingredient is the leaf of the hoja santa. It is the most complex and difficult to make of the sauces. Mole coloradito is also popular, often simplified and sold as an enchilada sauce.[17] Mole verde is always made fresh with herbs native to the region.[3]

San Pedro Atocpan

San Pedro Atocpan is an agricultural community in the mountains south of Mexico City, but still considered part of Greater Mexico City. Until the mid-20th century it was similar to those surrounding it, growing corn, fava beans and nopales (prickly pear cactus). Electricity and other modern conveniences were slow to arrive, allowing the community to retain more of its traditions longer.[12] In 1940, Father Damian Sartes San Roman came to the parish of San Pedro Atocpan and saw the potential in marketing mole to raise living standards in the area.[11] At that time, only four neighborhoods prepared mole for town festivals: Panchimalco, Ocotitla, Nuztla and Tula, but those who prepared it were generally prominent women in their communities. In the 1940s, one family made the long trek to Mexico City proper to sell some of their mole at the La Merced Market. It was successful, but they brought with them only two kilograms since it was made by hand grinding the ingredients on a metate.[23] The arrival of electricity in the late 1940s made the use of a powered mill possible, and better roads made the trek to the city easier.[12][23] Some of these mills were bought or financed by Father Sartes, but the mole was still cooked in a clay pot over a wood fire. In the 1970s, he was part of a small group which became a cooperative, which constructed the Las Cazuelas restaurant. This is where the first Mole Exhibition was held in 1978.[11]

The care and tradition that went into the moles from there made them popular and made the town famous in the Mexico City area. Today, San Pedro Atocpan produces 60% of the moles consumed in Mexico and 89% of the moles consumed in Mexico City,[12] with a total estimated production of between 28,000 and 30,000 tons each year.[6] Ninety-two percent of the town's population makes a living preparing mole powders and pastes, all in family businesses. Prices for mole run between 80 and 160 pesos per kilogram, depending on the maker and the type. A number of moles are made in the town, but mole almendrado (mole with almonds) is signature to the area.[9] Producers in Atocpan have their own versions of the various types of mole, often keeping recipes strictly secret.[9] The production in the town has become very competitive, especially in quality. Twenty-two brands are permitted to print "Made in San Pedro Atocpan" on their labels.[11]

Other
Mole and other dishes simmering in cazuelas in Chalma, Malinalco, Mexico State

Various types of mole sauces can be found throughout the center of Mexico toward the south.[24] There is the mole amarillito of the southeast, the mole coloradito of the Valley of Mexico (as opposed to the mole of the same name in Oaxaca), the mole prieto of Tlaxcala, mole ranchero from Morelos, and more.[10] Taxco has a pink version of mole, called mole rosa. The spiciness of this version is very mild.[25] The word guacamole (avocado sauce) is derived from "guaca" (from “aguacate” or avocado) and the word mole.[26]

Pipián is a type of mole which mostly consists of ground squash seeds. It generally contains tomatillos, hoja santa, chili peppers, garlic and onions to give it a green hue. There is also a red version, which combines the squash seeds with peanuts, red jalapeños or chipotle, and sesame seeds.[2][22] Like other moles, it is cooked with broth and then served with poultry and pork, or sometimes with fish and vegetables.[12]

Mole verde can refer to a number of different sauces that all finished with a green color. Most of these must be made fresh and not from a mix, as they require a number of fresh herbs and other ingredients.[3] Another version comes from Veracruz, where pork is covered in a sauce made from ground peanuts, tomatillos and cilantro, with the last two giving the sauce its green color.[27]

While not moles in the classic sense, there are some dishes that use the term in their name. Mole de olla is a stew made from beef and vegetables, which contains guajillo and ancho chiles, as well as a number of other ingredients found in moles.[12][28] Huatzmole is a mole sauce variation, which is soupy and often served over goat meat (cabrito).[2]

In Guatemala, mole is a dessert sauce made from dried chilis, tomatoes and pumpkin seeds. It is often poured over fried plantains, and served with sesame seeds on top.

Popularity
Restaurant stands at the Mole National Fair in San Pedro Atocpan

Mole is one of the most representative dishes of Mexico, especially for major celebrations.[6][29] Ninety-nine percent of Mexicans have tried at least one type of mole.[15] The dish enjoys its greatest popularity in central and southern Mexico, but simpler versions of mole poblano did make their way north. However, northern versions are far less complex and generally used to make enchiladas.[24]

The consumption of mole is strongly associated with celebrations. In Mexico, to say "to go to a mole" (ir a un mole) means to go to a wedding.[2] Mole has a strong flavor, especially the dark ones and is considered to be an acquired taste for most.[2][22] This has spawned another saying, "(estar) en su mero mole", which means something like "one's cup of tea".[2]

To promote their regional versions of the sauce, a number of places host festivals dedicated to it. The Feria Nacional del Mole (National Festival of Mole) was begun in 1977 in San Pedro Atocpan, and is held each year in October. It began outside the town, in the small community of Yenhuitlalpan, in May. The four restaurants there decided to take advantage of the festival of the Señor de las Misericordias (Lord of the Mercies) to promote their moles. Despite their success, a number in the village did not like that they were using a religious festival for commercial ends, so a separate mole festival was created for October.[6] Today, 37 restaurants and mole producers participate in the event. The most popular variety is the mole almendrado. Originally, the October version of the fair was held in the town proper, but after it became too big, it was moved to prepared fairgrounds outside along the highway.[11]

The city of Puebla also holds an annual mole festival, whose proceeds are shared among the Santa Rosa, Santa Inés and Santa Catarina convents.[22] The world's record for the largest pot of mole was broken at the city's 2005 festival. The pot was 1.4 meters in diameter at the base, 1.9 meters high, with a diameter of 2.5 meters at the top. Four hundred people participated in its preparation, using 800 kilos of mole paste, 2,500 kilos of chicken, 500 kilos of tortillas and 1,600 kilos of broth. The resulting food fed 11,000 people.[20]

The women of Santa María Magdalena in Querétaro have been locally known for their mole for about 100 years. In 1993, they decided to hold a contest for the best mole. This was the beginning of the Feria del Mole y Tortilla (Mole and Tortilla Festival), which has been held every year since then. It still features a mole cook-off and attracts hundreds of visitors from the state.[18] The community of Coatepec de Morelos in the municipality of Zitácuaro, Michoacán, holds an annual Feria de Mole in April.[30]

Mole has become a popular and widely available prepared food product in the United States.[31] Several brands of mole paste are available in the United States and can be found online.[12] Chicago has an annual mole festival for Mexican immigrants at the Universidad Popular community center. The event is a cooking contest, which had over 40 entries, with the winner taking away US$500.[32]

See also

References
  1. Randhawa, Jessica (2020-07-25). "Mexican Mole Sauce Recipe". theforkedspoon.com. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  2. Manuela Astasio (August 18, 2010). "Mole: platillo mexicano con mucha historia" [Mole:Mexican dish with much history] (in Spanish). Impresiones Latinas. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  3. Karen Hursh Graber (January 1, 2003). "Demystifying Mole, México's National Dish". MexConnect. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  4. Hall, Phil (March 19, 2008). "Holy Mole". The Guardian. London. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  5. "Mole Poblano: Mexico's National Food Dish". MexOnline. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  6. Bautista S., Karla (2008-03-12). "Mole de San Pedro Atocpan tradición ancestral de México" (in Spanish). Cuautla, Morelos: El Sol de Cuautla. Retrieved May 30, 2009.
  7. "El mole, en peligro" [Mole in danger]. El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). Torreon, Mexico. November 7, 2004. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  8. Nahuatl Dictionary. (1997). Wired Humanities Project. University of Oregon. Retrieved August 29, 2012, from link
  9. Quintero M., Josefina (2007-09-23). "92% de la población se dedica a la preparación y venta del mole" (in Spanish). Mexico City: La Jornada. Retrieved May 30, 2009.
  10. "Mil y un maneras de saborear el mole" [1001 ways to savor mole] (in Spanish). Mexico: Terra. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  11. Adriana Duran (October 4, 2002). "Llega la Feria del Mole" [Festival of Mole arrives]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 10.
  12. Karen Hursh Graber (October 1, 2008). "October in Actopan: Mexico's National Mole Festival". MexConnect. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  13. Coe, Sophie D.; Michael D. Coe (1996). The True History of Chocolate. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 216–217. ISBN 978-0-500-01693-0.
  14. "Fare of the County; Blending the flavors of Mexican history". New York Times. New York, NY. March 28, 1982. p. A16.
  15. "El mole poblano...platillo típico de México" [Mole poblano, typical dish of Mexico]. El Siglo de Torreon (in Spanish). Torreon, Mexico. December 23, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  16. "Holy Mole: Mexico City". Mexico: One Plate at a Time with Rick Bayless (22).
  17. Nate Cavalieri (August 10, 2010). "Mexico's ultimate secret sauce". Lonely Planet. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  18. Leticia Bravo Zavala (July 23, 2010). "En Querétaro, cientos disfrutaron de la Feria del Mole y la Tortilla" [In Queretaro, hundreds enjoy the Festival of Mole and Tortillas]. Diario Rotativo (in Spanish). Queretero. Archived from the original on November 29, 2010. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  19. Jaine, Tom (1987). Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery, 1986. p. 99. ISBN 9780907325369.
  20. Cristina Ruiz (May 13, 2005). "Cazuela de mole para récord Guiness" [Pot of mole for the Guinness record]. Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from the original on January 24, 2010. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  21. Trillin, Calvin. "Land of the Seven Moles". The New Yorker. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  22. Greg Britt (July 2005). "Perfect Mole in Puebla". The Herald Mexico. Banderas News.
  23. "Mole almendrado un platillo que transformó la vida de un pueblo" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved May 30, 2009.
  24. Jamison, Cheryl Alters; Bill Jamison (1995). The Border Cookbook. Boston, MA: Harvard Common Press. p. 294. ISBN 1-55832-102-0.
  25. "Mole rosa y agua de bugambilia" [Pink Mole and Bouganvilla Water] (in Spanish). Univision. May 11, 2010. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  26. Sauers, Diza. "Holy Mole". Tucson Weekly. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  27. Kennedy, Diana (1990). Mexican Regional Cooking. New York: Harper Perennial. pp. 49–50. ISBN 0-06-092069-6.
  28. "Prepara un rico 'mole de olla'" [Prepare a delicious mole de olla] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Terra. July 7, 2010. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  29. Howard LaFranchi (February 2, 1995). "Salsa Is Hot, but Mexicans Say Ole to Mole – The most-celebrated dish south of the border is virtually unknown in the states; [All 02/02/95 Edition]". Christian Science Monitor. Boston, MA. p. 14.
  30. "11va. Feria Del Mole San Pancho" [11th Festival of Mole San Pancho] (in Spanish). Michoacan: Government of Michoacàn. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  31. Azar, KM; Chen, E; Holland, AT; Palaniappan, LP (2013). "Festival foods in the immigrant diet". J Immigr Minor Health. 15 (5): 953–60. doi:10.1007/s10903-012-9705-4. PMC 3552147. PMID 22968231.
  32. "Feria del Mole lleva el sabor de México a hispanos de Chicago" [Festival of Mole brings taste of Mexico to Hispanics of Chicago]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. August 3, 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
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