Politics of Jersey

The Bailiwick of Jersey is a British Crown dependency, unitary state and parliamentary representative democracy and constitutional monarchy. The current monarch and head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, while the Chief Minister Senator John Le Fondré is the head of government.

States of Jersey
Êtats d'Jèrri (Jèrriais)
États de Jersey (France)
Coat of arms of Jersey
Polity typeUnitary parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy
Legislative branch
NameStates Assembly
TypeUnicameral
Meeting placeStates Chamber
Presiding officerTimothy Le Cocq, Bailiff
Executive branch
Head of State
TitleMonarch
CurrentlyQueen Elizabeth II
AppointerHereditary
Head of Government
TitleChief Minister
CurrentlySenator John Le Fondré
Cabinet
NameCouncil of Ministers
HeadquartersBroad Street Offices
Ministries9

Legislative and executive power is vested in the States of Jersey,[1] which is composed of the Assembly of States members (States Assembly, French: Assemblé des États). Elected States members appoint the Council of Ministers (including the Chief Minister and other Ministers), which is the decision-making body of the island's government, the Government of Jersey.[2] Other powers are exercised by the Connétable and Parish Assembly in each of the twelve parishes.

Jersey
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Jersey
The Crown
Executive
Government of Jersey
Legislature
Judiciary
Local government
Elections
External relations

As one of the Crown dependencies, Jersey is sovereign territory of the Crown but is not part of the United Kingdom. This island is for the most part self-governing, with its own independent legal, administrative and fiscal systems.[3]

History

The political history of Jersey is a long standing one. In terms of its political geography, the island was initially part of the Duchy of Normandy for administrative purposes. The island came under the rule of the King of England, when in 1066, William the Conqueror invaded England. However, Jersey remained a part of Normandy, which was administered separately from what would become the island's parent state.

In 1204, Jersey became English, when King John lost mainland Normandy to France. The Channel Islands remained loyal to the English crown due to the loyalties of its Seigneurs.

The existing Norman customs and laws were allowed to continue and there was no attempt to introduce English law. The formerly split adiminstrative system was replaced with a centralised legal system (the basis of the "States"), of which the head was the King of England rather than the Duke of Normandy.[4]:27–8

The King allowed the Channel Islands to continue governance separate from his Kingdom and issued "The Constitutions of King John" - legislative power was vested in 12 jurats, the twelve "senior men" of the island. Along with the Bailiff, they would form the Royal Court, which determined all civil and criminal causes (except treason).[5]

The role of the jurats when the King's court was mobile would have been preparatory work for the visit of the Justices in Eyre. It is unknown for how long the position of the jurats has existed, with some claiming the position dates to time immemorial. After the cessation of the visits of the Justices in Eyre (and with the frequent absence of the Warden), the Bailiff and jurats took on a much wider role, from jury to justice.[6]:28

Despite this establishment of self-governance, Jersey was still under the rule of the English monarchy. The King appointed a Warden (later to become Governor, and Lieutenant Governor). In 1253, the Warden appointed a Bailiff to aid in the island's governance.

Initially, the Royal Court was both the law-making and law enforcing body for the island. Laws would be made by an Order of the Privy Council after a petition from the Royal Court. The Royal Court created an assembly, known as the States of Jersey, to advise the court on legislative matters, formed of three estates (modelled on the French system), the Jurats, the Rectors and the Connétables, each representing one of the estates: the Crown, the Church and the people, respectively.

The earliest extant Act of the States dates from 1524. The States are mentioned in a document of 1497 regarding the endowments of the grammar schools; by 1526 attendance by members at the assembly was evidently a requirement, as in that year the Rector of St Mary was fined for failure to attend.[7]

In 1541, the Privy Council, which had recently given a seat to Calais, intended to give two seats in Parliament to Jersey. Seymour, the Lieutenant-Governor of the Island, wrote to the Jurats, instructing them to send two Burgesses for the isle. However, no further steps seemed to have been taken since the letter did not arrive in front of the States Assembly until the day the elected persons were required to arrive in London.[8]:70

The Royal Court retained legislative functions until 1771. However, an Order-in-Council declared that only the States should hold legislative power.[5] The Royal Court and the States both legislated until with the fixing in 1771 of the Code des Lois it was established that the States had a legislative monopoly.[9]

The late 18th century was the first time political parties in some form came into existence on the island. Jean Dumaresq was an early Liberal who called for democratic reforms (that the States should be democratically elected Deputies and should have vested in them executive power). His supporters were known as Magots ("maggots", initially an insult from his opponents, which the Magots reclaimed as their own term) and his opponents as the Charlots (supporters of the Lieutenant Baliff Charles Lempière). Dumaresq is quoted as saying "we shall make these Seigneurs bite the dust". In 1776, he was elected as Connétable for St Peter.[10]:200

In 1856, democratic reform (albeit restricted democracy) began to come to the island's system. Although the Connétables were a form of democratic representation, this reform brought in 14 Deputies to represent islanders: 3 from St Helier and one from every other parish.

After liberation, in 1948 several reforms to the island's political system were introduced. Rectors and Jurats ceased to be States Members. The number of Deputies was increased and 12 Senators were introduced. The Church continued to have a seat in the States, through the Dean of Jersey, although this was a voteless seat.[5]

The Crown
The Lieutenant Governor is the representative of head of state and the Bailiff is the civic head. Both are appointed by the Crown. Here the holders of the offices in 2011 are seen processing alongside on Liberation Day
Queen Elizabeth II

As a Crown dependency, the head of state of Jersey is the British monarch and Jersey is a self-governing possession of the Crown. The present monarch, whose traditional title in the Channel Islands is the Duke of Normandy is Queen Elizabeth II.[11]

Present office holders
Position Holder Since
Monarch HM Queen Elizabeth II 1952
Bailiff Timothy Le Cocq[12] 2019
Deputy Bailiff Robert MacRae[13] 2019
Lieutenant Governor Sir Stephen Dalton GCB[14] 2017

"The Crown" is defined by the Law Officers of the Crown as the "Crown in right of Jersey".[15] The Queen's representative and adviser in the island is the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey, appointed for a five year term.[16] He is a point of contact between Jersey ministers and the United Kingdom government and carries out executive functions in relation to immigration control, deportation, naturalisation and the issue of passports.[17] Since 2017, the incumbent Lieutenant Governor has been Sir Stephen Dalton.[14]

The Crown (not the government or parliament of Jersey) appoints the Lieutenant Governor, the Bailiff, Deputy Bailiff, Attorney General and Solicitor General. In practice, the process of appointment involves a panel in Jersey which select a preferred candidate whose name is communicated to the UK Ministry of Justice for approval before a formal recommendation is made to the Queen.

Constitution

Jersey has an unwritten constitution arising from the Treaty of Paris (1259). When Henry III and the King of France came to terms over the Duchy of Normandy, the Norman mainland the suzerainty of the King of France. The Channel Islands however remained loyal to the British crown due to the loyalties of its Seigneurs. But they were never absorbed into the Kingdom of England by any Act of Union and exist as "peculiars of the Crown".

Campaigns for constitutional reform during the 19th century successfully called for: the replacement of lay Jurats with professional judges in the Royal Court to decide questions of law; the establishment of a Police Court (later known as the Magistrate's Court); the creation of a Petty Debts Court; a professional, salaried police force for St Helier in addition to the Honorary Police; and the reform of "archaic procedure of the Royal Court for criminal trials".[18] In 1845, the elected office of deputy was created though this did little to redress the disparity of representation between the rural and urban parishes: in 1854 St Helier contained over half of the island's population, yet was able to elect only three out of the 14 deputies.[19]

Two significant constitutional reforms took place during the 20th century. In 1946, the States of Jersey drew up plans for change following the German Occupation, which were examined by a Committee of the Privy Council.[20] No change was made to the functions of the Bailiff. The twelve Jurats were removed from the assembly of the States of Jersey and replaced by twelve senators elected on an island-wide basis who would have no judicial functions. The twelve Rectors also lost their place in the States assembly. No reforms were made to the role of the Deputies in the assembly. The second major reforms took place in December 2005, when the States of Jersey Law 2005 came into force. This created a system of ministerial government to replace the previous committee-based administration.[21]

Legislation relating to the organisation of government includes:

  • States of Jersey Law 2005[22]
  • Administrative Decisions (Review)(Jersey) Law 1982[23]
  • Loi (1804) au sujet des assemblées paroissiales[24]
  • Loi (1905) au sujet des assemblées paroissiales[25]
  • Bailiff of Jersey (Vacancy in Office) Law 1959[26]
  • European Communities (Jersey) Law 1973[27]
  • Loi (1853) au sujet des centeniers et officiers de police[28]
  • Centeniers (Terms of Office) (Jersey) Law 2007[29]
  • Human Rights (Jersey) Law 2000[30]
  • Judicial and Legislative Functions (Separation) (Jersey) Law 1951[31]
  • Parish of St. Helier (Qualifications for Office) (Jersey) Law 1976[32]
  • Police Force (Jersey) Law 1974[33]
  • Prison (Jersey) Law 1957[34]
  • Public Elections (Jersey) Law 2002[35]
  • Public Finances (Jersey) Law 2005[36]
  • Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Jersey) Law 2005[37]
  • Royal Court (Jersey) Law 1948[38]
  • Règlements Provisoires[39]

Electoral reform is a topic of debate on the island. In 2009, the States Assembly rejected proposals to keep the 12 Connétables and intrroduce 37 deputies elected to six "super-constituencies".[40] In 2010, the States assembly agreed to holding elections for all seats on a single date and to cut the number of Senators from 12 to 8.[41]

In December 2010, a committee chaired by Lord Carswell recommended changes to the role of the Bailiff—in particular that the Bailiff should cease to the presiding officer over the States Assembly.

Following widespread criticisms of the system of ministerial government introduced in December 2005, the States Assembly agreed in March 2011 to establish an independent electoral commission to review the make-up of the assembly and government.[42][43]

In April 2011, Deputy Le Claire lodged au Greffe a request for the Chief Minister to produce, for debate, a draft written "Constitution for Jersey";[44] the States Assembly did not support this idea.[42]

Relations with the United Kingdom

Within the United Kingdom government, responsibility for relations between Jersey (and the other Crown dependencies) and the United Kingdom lie in the Crown Dependencies Branch within the International Directorate of the Ministry of Justice, which has a core team of three officials, with four others and four lawyers available when required.[3]:paras 11–12

In 2010, the House of Commons Justice Committee, conducting an inquiry into the Crown dependencies, found that the Jersey government and those of the other islands were "with some important caveats, content with their relationship with the Ministry of Justice".[3]:para 13 Tensions have, however, arisen from time to time. In the 1980s, there were discussions about a financial contribution from Jersey towards the United Kingdom's costs in relation to defence and international representation.[45] In March 2009, the House of Lords Constitution Committee criticised UK government proposals in the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Bill dealing with the Common Travel Area, concluding that "the policy-making process ... has not been informed by any real appreciation of the constitutional status of the Crown dependencies or the rights of free movement of Islanders".[46] In 2009, the UK cancelled the reciprocal health agreement with Jersey, though a new one came into effect in April 2011.[47][48] From 2005 to 2011, there were protracted dealings between Jersey and the United Kingdom over Jersey's "zero-ten" tax regime and whether it would be acceptable to the European Union.

Although Jersey is for most day-to-day purposes entirely self-governing in relation to its internal affairs, the Crown retains residual responsibility for the "good government" of the island.[3]:Chapter 3 The UK government has consistently adopted a "non-interventionist policy", and following the "high degree of consensus amongst academics, legal advisers, politicians and officials" would only intervene "in the event of a fundamental breakdown in public order or the rule of law, endemic corruption in the government or other extreme circumstances".[3]:Chapter 3

International relations
See also: Jersey's international relations

The 1973 Kilbrandon Report stated that "In international law the United Kingdom Government is responsible for the Islands' international relations" and "also responsible for the defence of the Islands".[49] The United Kingdom is responsible for Jersey's international relations as an aspect of the island's status as a Crown dependency. It is now normal practice for the UK to consult the Jersey government and seek their consent before entering into treaty obligations affecting the island.

Since 2000, Jersey's "external personality" has developed, recognised in the preamble to the States of Jersey Law 2005 which refers to "an increasing need for Jersey to participate in matters of international affairs".[50] In 2007, the Chief Minister of Jersey and the UK government agreed an "International Identity Framework", setting out the modern relationship between the United Kingdom and Jersey. The United Kingdom now issues "Letters of Entrustment" to the Jersey government, which delegate power to Jersey to negotiate international agreements on its own behalf and sign treaties in Jersey's own name rather than through the United Kingdom. This development was "strongly supported" by the House of Commons Justice Committee in its March 2010 report on the Crown Dependencies.[3]:para 93 In January 2011 Senator Freddie Cohen was appointed as Assistant Chief Minister with responsibility for UK and International Relations (in effect, Jersey's first Foreign Minister).[51]

Jersey was neither a Member State nor an Associate Member of European Union. It did, however, have a relationship with the EU governed by Protocol 3 to the UK’s Treaty of Accession in 1972.[52]

In relation to the Council of Europe, Jersey – as a territory the United Kingdom is responsible for in international law– has been bound by the European Convention on Human Rights since the UK acceded to the treaty in 1951. The Human Rights (Jersey) Law 2000 makes Convention rights part of Jersey law and is based closely on the United Kingdom's Human Rights Act 1998.

During the 1980s, the question of Jersey making an annual contribution towards the United Kingdom's costs of defence and international representation undertaken on behalf of Jersey was raised. In 1987, the States of Jersey made an interim payment of £8 million while the matter was discussed. The outcome of debates within the island was that the contribution should take the form of maintaining a Territorial Army unit in Jersey. The Jersey Field Squadron (Militia), attached to the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia), deploys individuals on operations in support of British Forces.[53]

Separation debate
See also: Devolution in the United Kingdom and European microstates

The question of Jersey's independence has been discussed from time to time in the Assembly of the States of Jersey. In 1999, a member of the government said that 'Independence is an option open to the Island if the circumstances should justify this' but the government 'does not believe independence is appropriate in the present circumstances and does not see the circumstances arising in the foreseeable future when it would be appropriate'.[54] In 2000, Senator Paul Le Claire called for a referendum on independence, a proposal which failed to win any significant support.[55][56][57] The Policy and Resources Committee of the States of Jersey established the Constitutional Review Group in July 2005, chaired by Sir Philip Bailhache, with terms of reference 'to conduct a review and evaluation of the potential advantages and disadvantages for Jersey in seeking independence from the United Kingdom or other incremental change in the constitutional relationship, while retaining the Queen as Head of State'. The Group's Second Interim Report was presented to the States by the Council of Ministers in June 2008.[58] The report concluded that 'Jersey is equipped to face the challenges of independence' but 'whether those steps should be taken is not within the remit of this paper'.

Proposals for Jersey independence have subsequently been discussed at an international conference held in Jersey, organised by the Jersey and Guernsey Law Review.[59] The former Bailiff, Sir Philip Bailhache has called for changes to the Channel Islands' relationship with the United Kingdom government, arguing that 'at the very least, we should be ready for independence if we are placed in a position where that course was the only sensible option'.[60]

In October 2012 the Council of Ministers issued a "Common policy for external relations"[61] that set out a number of principles for the conduct of external relations in accordance with existing undertakings and agreements. This document noted that Jersey "is a self-governing, democratic country with the power of self-determination" and "that it is not Government policy to seek independence from the United Kingdom, but rather to ensure that Jersey is prepared if it were in the best interests of Islanders to do so". On the basis of the established principles the Council of Ministers decided to "ensure that Jersey is prepared for external change that may affect the Island’s formal relationship with the United Kingdom and/or European Union".

Legislature
Main article: States Assembly
The States building in St. Helier

The parliamentary body responsible for adopting legislation and scrutinising the Council of Ministers is the States Assembly. Forty-Nine elected members (8 Senators, 29 Deputies and 12 Connétables) sit in the unicameral assembly. There are also five non-elected, non-voting members appointed by the Crown (the Bailiff, the Lieutenant Governor, the Dean of Jersey, the Attorney General and the Solicitor General).[50]

Decisions in the States are taken by majority vote of the elected members present and voting. The States of Jersey Law 2005 removed the Bailiff's a casting vote and the Lieutenant Governor's power of veto.[62] Although formally organised party politics plays no role in the States of Jersey assembly, members often vote together in two main blocs – a minority of members, holding broadly progressive views and critical of the Council of Ministers versus a majority of members, of conservative ideology, who support the Council of Ministers.[63]

Scrutiny panels of backbench members of the assembly have been established to examine (i) economic affairs, (ii) environment, (iii) corporate services, (iv) education and home affairs and (v) health, social security and housing.[64] The real utility of the panels is said to be "that of independent critique which holds ministers to account and constructively engages with policy which is deficient".[63]

According to constitutional convention United Kingdom legislation may be extended to Jersey by Order in Council at the request of the Island's government. Whether an Act of the United Kingdom Parliament may expressly apply to the Island as regards matters of self-government, or whether this historic power is now in abeyance, is a matter of legal debate. The States of Jersey Law 2005 established that no United Kingdom Act or Order in Council may apply to the Bailiwick without being referred to the States of Jersey.[50]

Executive
Main article: Government of Jersey
John Le Fondré is the island's Chief Minister.

Previously, both executive and legislative powers were vested in a single body: the States of Jersey. A committee system managed government affairs and policy, with committees formed of States members.[63] A report of a review committee chaired by Sir Cecil Clothier criticised this system of government, finding it incapable of developing high-level strategy, efficient policy coordination or effective political leadership.

The States of Jersey Law 2005[50] introduced a ministerial system of government. Executive powers are now vested in the Council of Ministers - formed of the Chief Minister and other Ministers (all elected directly by the States). The Council is the leading decision-making body of the wider Government of Jersey.

The Chief Minister is elected from amongst the elected members of the States. Ministers are then proposed both by the Chief Minister and any other elected member, the final decision being made by the States assembly.

The overall direction of government as agreed by the Council of Ministers is published periodically as a "strategic plan", the current one being the Common Strategic Policy 2018 to 2022.[65] These plans are debated and approved by the States Assembly and translated into action by a series of business plans for each department.

Cabinet collective responsibility among members of the Council of Ministers is a feature of the 2015 Code of Conduct for Ministers.[66] However, ministers retain the right to present their own policy to the States in their capacity as a member of the assembly in domains not concerning Council policy.

In recent years, former Chief Executive Charlie Parker introduced a number of reforms to the government's administrative structure. Moving away from a system whereby each Minister heads a single department, the One Government structure focuses on more efficient governmental organisation. At present, the Government departments are:

  • Office of the Chief Executive
  • Customer and Local Services
  • Children, Young People, Education and Skills
  • Health and Community Services
  • Infrastructure, Hosuing and Environment
  • Justicer and Home Affairs
  • Strategic Policy, Planning and Performance
  • Treasury and Exchequer
  • Chief Operating Office

Political parties

In 2000, the Clothier report noted that "over the centuries Jersey has had many parties, by which one means only a coming together of like minds to achieve a particular objective. Once achieved, the binding purpose has disappeared and the group pursuing it has dissolved. Such a grouping is not a true political party because it lacks the cement of a common philosophy of government, having only a narrow objective to hold it together until the objective is either attained or lost".[21]:para 4.10 Various parties have been formed over the years in Jersey, but since the 1950s the majority of candidates have stood for election unaffiliated to any political party.

18th century

Historically, two parties dominated Jersey politics. Originating in the 1770s, the Jeannot party formed around the radical lawyer and Connétable, Jean Dumaresq, who opposed the cabal of Jurats who surrounded Lieutenant-Bailiff Charles Lemprière (whose supporters became known as the Charlot party). The Jeannots rapidly adopted the nickname of Magots (cheese mites) after their opponents boasted of aiming to crush them like mites.[67]

Dumaresq believed in political reform and was an early example of a Liberal. He believed in democratic reform - that the States should have vested in them executive power and should be composed democratically elected Deputies.[68]:200

19th century
Bread riots in St Helier, 1847

After the Napoleonic Wars, the parties were still existant. St Ouen provided each party with an emblem and a name: the Charlots (the Conservatives, sporting a rose) and the Magots (the Progressives, sporting a laurel leaf).[68]:231

The symbolism soon became entrenched to the extent that gardens displayed their owners' allegiances, and pink or green paintwork also showed political sympathies. Still today in Jersey, the presence of established laurels or rose gardens in old houses gives a clue to the past party adherence of former owners, and the chair of the Constable of Saint Helier in the Assembly Room of the Parish Hall still sports the carved roses of a former incumbent.

In order to help control voting in Jersey, it was not unknown for citizens to find themselves taken and stranded on the Écréhous until after voting had taken place.[69]:72 By the time of the introduction of the secret ballot in 1891, party politics had waned.

Blues and Reds contested local elections into the 1920s, but Islandwide party politics lay dormant until the post-Occupation elections under the new Constitution of 1948.

After the Occupation
Senator Philip Le Feuvre topped the poll in 1948 on a platform of implementing Social Security

The first election under the new constitution saw a struggle for dominance between the Jersey Democratic Movement and the Jersey Progressive Party, led by Cyril Le Marquand. Having achieved the political reforms it advocated the Progressive Party soon folded as an organisation, while the Democratic Movement, incorporating the tiny Communist Party of Jersey,[70] continued in existence as a campaigning social movement until the late 20th century.[71]

The 1980s

The Jersey Green Party succeeded in having candidates elected in the 1980s. There were difficulties in maintaining a successful party structure in a consensus government system. Former Senator Stuart Syvret was often reported to be a Green and represented the Jersey Greens in the Green Islands Network.

After the 2005 constitutional reforms

The prospect of ministerial government and the creation of an executive and opposition, led to the formation of two political parties – the Jersey Democratic Alliance and the Centre Party – in preparation for the 2005 elections. A group called "Elect Jersey 2005" worked to assist some independent candidates prepare for the elections.[72] None of the party-affiliated candidates was successful in the October senatorial elections;[73] three JDA members standing as independents were elected as deputies in November 2005 along with two members of the Centre Party who had similarly stood as independents.[74] The Centre Party was wound up in 2007.

In 2008, legislation was passed to require registration of political parties who wished to endorse candidates for election as a senator, deputy or Connétable.[75]

In the 2008 elections for senators, the JDA fielded two candidates, two candidates stood as members of the campaign group "Jersey 2020" (focusing on environmental issues) and two for "Time4Change/Reform": none was successful.[76] In the subsequent deputies' elections, four JDA candidates were successful,[77] but three of them subsequently left the party and continued to sit as independents.[78] In August 2011, the JDA announced that party members would stand only as independents in the October 2011 elections.[79] A branch of the 'Liberal Democrats Abroad' was formed in the island in November 2011.[80]

On 4 July 2014, Reform Jersey became Jersey's only political party when it was registered in the Royal Court.[81] The party contested the 2014 general election where 3 of their 8 candidates were elected.[82]

Local government
Main article: Parish Assembly (Jersey)
Map of the parishes of Jersey

Jersey is divided into twelve administrative districts known as parishes. All have access to the sea and are named after the saints to whom their ancient parish churches are dedicated.

The parishes of Jersey are further divided into vingtaines (or, in St. Ouen, cueillettes), divisions which are historic and nowadays mostly used for purposes of electoral constituency in municipal elections. These elections are held to elect the members of the Parish municipality. Each parish has an Honorary Police force of elected, unpaid civilians who exercise police and prosecution powers.

Jersey Politicians
Main article: List of politicians in Jersey

Elections in Jersey
Main article: Elections in Jersey

Elections for Senators and Deputies occur at fixed four-yearly intervals, historically in October.[83] From 2018, elections will be held in May every fourth year.[84]

At a local level, the Connétables (or 'constables') are elected for four years. Other posts in parish municipalities vary in length from one to three years and elections take place at a Parish Assembly on a majority basis. It has been some time since parties contested elections at this level, other than for the position of Connétable who uniquely has a role in both the national assembly and in local government.

Political pressure groups

Jersey, as a polity predominated by independents has always had a number of pressure groups. Many ad-hoc lobby groups form in response to a single issue and then dissolve once the concerns have been dealt with. However, there are a number of pressure groups actively working to influence government decisions on a number of issues. For example, in 2012 the National Trust engaged in pressure campaign against development of the Plemont headland. The Trust was supported by the majority of the islands senior politicians, including the Chief Minister, but a proposition made in the States of Jersey for the States to compulsorily purchase the headland and sell it to the Trust was defeated in a vote on 13 December 2012. The outcome of the vote was 24 in favour of acquisition, 25 against, with one absent and one declaring an interest.

Interest Groups

The following groups are funded by their members.

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Quangos

The following groups are, at least, partially funded by government. Appointments are made by the States Assembly.

  • Jersey Finance
  • Community Relations Trust
  • Jersey Overseas Aid
  • Jersey Consumer Council
  • Jersey Legal Information Board
  • Jersey Development Company (formerly Jersey Waterfront Enterprise Board)[90]
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

See also

References
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  2. "Council of Ministers adopts 'Government of Jersey' identity" (Press release). States of Jersey. 7 February 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  3. House of Commons Justice Committee (23 March 2010). Crown Dependencies (PDF). 8th Report of Session 2009–10. London, United Kingdom: The Stationery Office. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-215-55334-8.
  4. Syvret, Marguerite (2011). Balleine's History of Jersey. The History Press. ISBN 978-1860776502.
  5. "History of the States Assembly". statesassembly.gov.je. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  6. Syvret, Marguerite (2011). Balleine's History of Jersey. The History Press. ISBN 978-1860776502.
  7. Balleine's History of Jersey, Marguerite Syvret and Joan Stevens (1998) ISBN 1-86077-065-7
  8. Syvret, Marguerite (2011). Balleine's History of Jersey. The History Press. ISBN 978-1860776502.
  9. "Jersey Law | Revised | Revised | Revised Edition – Showing the law at 1 January 2009 – Code of 1771 | 1 Jan 2009 | 1 Jan 2009". Jerseylaw.je. 8 March 2012. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  10. Syvret, Marguerite (2011). Balleine's History of Jersey. The History Press. ISBN 978-1860776502.
  11. Royal Household at Buckingham Palace. "Crown Dependencies". The official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  12. "Members". statesassembly.gov.je. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  13. "Jersey's new Deputy Bailiff is sworn in". ITV News. 6 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  14. "Government House". Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  15. "Public Hearing ― Review of the Roles of the Crown Officers ― Transcript of the 2nd of July 2010 interview of the Attorney General" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  16. "Government House". Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  17. Office of the Lieutenant Governor. "Role of the Lieutenant-Governor". Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  18. Le Quesne, J G (2005). "The Development of Constitutional Autonomy during the Nineteenth Century". In Bailhache, Philip (ed.). A Celebration of Autonomy: 1204–2004, 800 years of Channel Islands' Law. St Helier: Jersey and Guernsey Law Review Ltd. ISBN 0-9535903-7-2.
  19. Le Hérissier, Roy (1972). The Development of the Government of Jersey 1771–1972. St Helier, Jersey: States of Jersey. p. 88. ISBN 0-9501995-1-6.
  20. Home Office (March 1947). Report of the Committee of the Privy Council on Proposed Reforms in the Channel Islands. Cmd 7074. London, United Kingdom: HMSO. OCLC 34405533.
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  24. "Loi (1804) au sujet des assemblées paroissiales". Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  25. "Loi (1905) au sujet des assemblées paroissiales". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  26. "Bailiff of Jersey (Vacancy in Office) Law 1959". Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  27. "European Communities (Jersey) Law 1973". Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  28. "Loi (1853) au sujet des centeniers et officiers de police". Archived from the original on 28 January 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  29. "Centeniers (Terms of Office) (Jersey) Law 2007". Archived from the original on 28 January 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  30. "Human Rights (Jersey) Law 2000". Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  31. "Judicial and Legislative Functions (Separation) (Jersey) Law 1951". Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  32. "Parish of St. Helier (Qualifications for Office) (Jersey) Law 1976". Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  33. "Police Force (Jersey) Law 1974". Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
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