Radio clock

Radio clocks depend on coded time signals from radio stations. The stations vary in broadcast frequency, in geographic location, and in how the signal is modulated to identify the current time. In general, each station has its own format for the time code.

List of radio time signal stations

Frequency	Callsign	Country Authority	Location	Aerial type	Power	Remarks
25 kHz	RJH69	Belarus VNIIFTRI	Vileyka 54°27′47″N 26°46′37″E	Triple umbrella antenna[lower-alpha 1]	300 kW	This is Beta time signal.[2] The signal is transmitted in non-overlapping time: 02:00–02:20 UTC RAB99 04:00–04:25 UTC RJH86 06:00–06:20 UTC RAB99 07:00–07:25 UTC RJH69 08:00–08:25 UTC RJH90 09:00–09:25 UTC RJH77 10:00–10:25 UTC RJH86 11:00–11:20 UTC RJH63
	RJH77	Russia VNIIFTRI	Arkhangelsk 64°21′29″N 41°33′58″E	Triple umbrella antenna[lower-alpha 2]	300 kW
	RJH63	Russia VNIIFTRI	Krasnodar 44°46′25″N 39°32′50″E	Umbrella antenna[lower-alpha 3]	300 kW
	RJH90	Russia VNIIFTRI	Nizhny Novgorod 56°10′20″N 43°55′38″E	Triple umbrella antenna[lower-alpha 4]	300 kW
	RJH86[2][lower-alpha 5]	Kyrgyzstan VNIIFTRI	Bishkek 43°02′29″N 73°37′09″E	Triple umbrella antenna[lower-alpha 6]	300 kW
	RAB99	Russia VNIIFTRI	Khabarovsk 48°29′29″N 134°48′59″E	Umbrella antenna[lower-alpha 7]	300 kW
40 kHz	JJY	Japan NICT	Mount Otakadoya, Fukushima 37°22′21″N 140°50′56″E	Capacitance hat, height 250 m	50 kW	Located near Fukushima[3]
50 kHz	RTZ	Russia VNIIFTRI	Irkutsk 52°25′41″N 103°41′12″E	Umbrella antenna	10 kW	Inactive
60 kHz	JJY	Japan NICT	Mount Hagane, Kyushu 33°27′54″N 130°10′32″E	Capacitance hat, height 200 m	50 kW	Located on Kyūshū Island[3]
	MSF	United Kingdom NPL	Anthorn, Cumbria 54°54′27″N 03°16′24″W	Triple T-antenna[lower-alpha 8]	17 kW	Range up to 1,500 km. Before 1 April 2007, the signal was transmitted from Rugby, Warwickshire 52°21′33″N 01°11′21″W
	WWVB	United States NIST	Near Fort Collins, Colorado[4] 40°40′41″N 105°02′48″W	Two capacitance hats, height 122 m	70 kW	Received through most of mainland USA[3]
66.66 kHz	RBU	Russia VNIIFTRI	Taldom, Moscow 56°43′59″N 37°39′47″E	Umbrella antenna[lower-alpha 9]	50 kW	Before 2008, transmitter located at 55°44′14″N 38°09′04″E
68.5 kHz	BPC	China NTSC	Shangqiu, Henan 34°56′54″N 109°32′34″E	4 guyed masts, arranged in a square	90 kW	21 hours per day, with a 3 hour break from 05:00–08:00 (China Standard Time) daily (21:00–24:00 UTC)[5]
75 kHz	HBG	Switzerland METAS	Prangins 46°24′24″N 06°15′04″E	T-antenna[lower-alpha 10]	20 kW	Discontinued as of 1 January 2012
77.5 kHz	DCF77	Germany PTB	Mainflingen, Hessen 50°00′58″N 09°00′29″E	Vertical omni-directional antennas with top-loading capacity, height 150 m[6]	50 kW	Located southeast of Frankfurt am Main with a range of up to 2,000 km[3][7]
	BSF	Taiwan	Zhongli 25°00′19″N 121°21′55″E	T-antenna[lower-alpha 11]		[8]
100 kHz[lower-alpha 12]	BPL	China NTSC	Pucheng, Shaanxi 34°27′23″N 115°50′13″E	Single guyed lattice steel mast	800 kW	Loran-C compatible format signal on air from 05:30 to 13:30 UTC,[9] with a reception radius up to 3,000 km[10]
	RNS-E	Russia VNIIFTRI	Bryansk 53°08′00″N 34°55′00″E	5 guyed masts	800 kW	CHAYKA compatible format signal[2] 04:00–10:00 UTC and 14:00–18:00 UTC
	RNS-V	Russia VNIIFTRI	Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky 51°05′00″N 142°43′00″E	Single guyed mast	400 kW	CHAYKA compatible format signal[2] 23:00–05:00 UTC and 11:00–17:00 UTC
129.1 kHz[lower-alpha 13]	DCF49	Germany PTB	Mainflingen 50°00′58″N 09°00′29″E	T-antenna	100 kW	EFR radio teleswitch[11] time signal only (no reference frequency) FSK ± 170 Hz 200 baud
135.6 kHz[lower-alpha 13]	HGA22	Hungary PTB	Lakihegy 47°22′24″N 19°00′17″E	Single guyed mast	100 kW
139 kHz[lower-alpha 13]	DCF39	Germany PTB	Burg bei Magdeburg 52°17′13″N 11°53′49″E	Single guyed mast	50 kW
162 kHz[lower-alpha 14]	TDF	France ANFR	Allouis 47°10′10″N 02°12′16″E	Two guyed steel lattice masts, height 350 m, fed on the top	800 kW	AM-broadcasting transmitter, located 150 km south of Paris with a range of up to 3,500 km, using PM with encoding similar to DCF77[lower-alpha 15]
198 kHz[lower-alpha 14][lower-alpha 16]	BBC Radio 4	United Kingdom NPL	Droitwich 52.2955°N 2.1063°W / 52.2955; -2.1063 (BBC)	T-aerial[lower-alpha 17]	500 kW[12]	Additional (50 kW) transmitters is at Burghead and Westerglen. The time signal is transmitted by 25 bit/s phase modulation.[13]
2.5 MHz	BPM	China NTSC	Pucheng, Shaanxi 34°56′54″N 109°32′34″E			(BCD time code on 125 Hz sub-carrier not yet activated) 07:30–01:00 UTC[14]
	WWV	United States NIST	Near Fort Collins, Colorado 40°40′41″N 105°02′48″W	Broadband monopole	2.5 kW	Binary-coded decimal (BCD) time code on 100 Hz sub-carrier
	WWVH	United States NIST	Kekaha, Hawaii 21°59′16″N 159°45′46″W		5 kW
3.33 MHz	CHU	Canada NRC	Ottawa, Ontario 45°17′40″N 75°45′27″W		3 kW	300 baud Bell 103 time code
4.996 MHz	RWM	Russia VNIIFTRI	Taldom, Moscow 55°44′14″N 38°09′04″E		10 kW	CW
5 MHz	BPM	China NTSC	Pucheng, Shaanxi 34°56′54″N 109°32′34″E			BCD time code on 125 Hz sub-carrier. 00:00–24:00 UTC[14]
	HLA	South Korea KRISS	Daejeon 36°23′14″N 127°21′59″E		2 kW
	WWV	United States NIST	Near Fort Collins, Colorado 40°40′41″N 105°02′48″W	Broadband monopole	10 kW[lower-alpha 18]	BCD time code on 100 Hz sub-carrier
	WWVH	United States NIST	Kekaha, Hawaii 21°59′16″N 159°45′46″W		10 kW
	YVTO	Venezuela	Caracas		1 kW
7.85 MHz	CHU	Canada NRC	Ottawa, Ontario 45°17′40″N 75°45′27″W		10 kW	300 baud Bell 103 time code
9.996 MHz	RWM	Russia VNIIFTRI	Taldom, Moscow 55°44′14″N 38°09′04″E		10 kW	CW
10 MHz	BPM	China NTSC	Pucheng, Shaanxi 34°56′54″N 109°32′34″E			(BCD time code on 125 Hz sub-carrier not yet activated) 00:00–24:00 UTC[14]
	LOL	Argentina SHN	Buenos Aires		2 kW	Observatorio Naval Buenos Aires[15]
	WWV	United States NIST	Near Fort Collins, Colorado 40°40′41″N 105°02′48″W	Broadband monopole	10 kW	BCD time code on 100 Hz sub-carrier
	WWVH	United States NIST	Kekaha, Hawaii 21°59′16″N 159°45′46″W		10 kW
	PPE[16]	Brazil	Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22°53′44″S 43°13′27″W[16]	Horizontal half-wavelength dipole[16]	1 kW[16]	Maintained by National_Observatory_(Brazil)
14.67 MHz	CHU	Canada NRC	Ottawa, Ontario 45°17′40″N 75°45′27″W		3 kW	300 baud Bell 103 time code
14.996 MHz	RWM	Russia VNIIFTRI	Taldom, Moscow 55°44′14″N 38°09′04″E		10 kW	CW
15 MHz	BPM	China NTSC	Pucheng, Shaanxi 34°56′54″N 109°32′34″E			(BCD time code on 125 Hz sub-carrier not yet activated) 01:00–09:00 UTC[14]
	WWV	United States NIST	Near Fort Collins, Colorado 40°40′41″N 105°02′48″W	Broadband monopole	10 kW	BCD time code on 100 Hz sub-carrier
	WWVH	United States NIST	Kekaha, Hawaii 21°59′16″N 159°45′46″W		10 kW
20 MHz	WWV	United States NIST	Near Fort Collins, Colorado 40°40′41″N 105°02′48″W	Broadband monopole	2.5 kW	BCD time code on 100 Hz sub-carrier
25 MHz	WWV	United States NIST	Near Fort Collins, Colorado 40°40′41″N 105°02′48″W	Broadband monopole	1.0 kW	Schedule: variable (experimental broadcast)
	MIKES	Finland MIKES	Espoo, Finland 60°10′49″N 24°49′35″E	λ/4 sloper antenna	0.2 kW[17]	1 kHz amplitude modulation similar to DCF77. As of 2017 the transmission is discontinued until further notice.[18]

Descriptions

A current list of times signal stations is published by the BIPM as an appendix to their annual report; the appendix includes coordinates of transmitter sites, operating schedules for stations, and the uncertainty of the carrier frequency of transmitters.[19][18]

Many other countries can receive these signals (JJY can sometimes be received in New Zealand, Western Australia, Tasmania, Southeast Asia, parts of Western Europe and the Pacific Northwest of North America at night), but success depends on the time of day, atmospheric conditions, and interference from intervening buildings. Reception is generally better if the clock is placed near a window facing the transmitter. There is also a propagation delay of approximately 1 ms for every 300 km the receiver is from the transmitter.

A number of manufacturers and retailers sell radio clocks that receive coded time signals from a radio station, which, in turn, derives the time from a true atomic clock.

One of the first radio clocks was offered by Heathkit in late 1983. Their model GC-1000 "Most Accurate Clock" received shortwave time signals from radio station WWV in Fort Collins, Colorado. It automatically switched between WWV's 5, 10, and 15 MHz frequencies to find the strongest signal as conditions changed through the day and year. It kept time during periods of poor reception with a quartz-crystal oscillator. This oscillator was disciplined, meaning that the microprocessor-based clock used the highly accurate time signal received from WWV to trim the crystal oscillator. The timekeeping between updates was thus considerably more accurate than the crystal alone could have achieved. Time down to the tenth of a second was shown on an LED display. The GC-1000 originally sold for US$250 in kit form and US$400 preassembled, and was considered impressive at the time. Heath Company was granted a patent for its design.[20][21]

In the 2000s (decade) radio-based "atomic clocks" became common in retail stores; as of 2010 prices start at around US$15 in many countries.[22] Clocks may have other features such as indoor thermometers and weather station functionality. These use signals transmitted by the appropriate transmitter for the country in which they are to be used. Depending upon signal strength they may require placement in a location with a relatively unobstructed path to the transmitter and need fair to good atmospheric conditions to successfully update the time. Inexpensive clocks keep track of the time between updates, or in their absence, with a non-disciplined quartz-crystal clock, with the accuracy typical of non-radio-controlled quartz timepieces. Some clocks include indicators to alert users to possible inaccuracy when synchronization has not been recently successful.

Attached to other broadcast stations

Broadcast stations in many countries have carriers precisely synchronized to a standard phase and frequency, such as the BBC Radio 4 longwave service on 198 kHz, and some also transmit sub-audible or even inaudible time-code information, like the Radio France longwave transmitter on 162 kHz. Attached time signal systems generally use audible tones or phase modulation of the carrier wave.

Teletext (TTX)

Digital text pages embedded in television video also provide accurate time. Many modern TV sets and VCRs with TTX decoders can obtain accurate time from Teletext and set the internal clock. However the TTX time can vary up to 5 minutes.[23]

Many digital radio and digital television schemes also include provisions for time-code transmission.

Digital Terrestrial Television

The DVB and ATSC standards have 2 packet types that send time and date information to the receiver. Digital television systems can equal GPS stratum 2 accuracy (with short term clock discipline) and stratum 1 (with long term clock discipline) provided the transmitter site (or network) supports that level of functionality.

VHF FM Radio Data System (RDS)

RDS can send a clock signal with sub-second precision but with an accuracy no greater than 100 ms and with no indication of clock stratum. Not all RDS networks or stations using RDS send accurate time signals. The time stamp format for this technology is Modified Julian Date (MJD) plus UTC hours, UTC minutes and a local time offset.

L-band and VHF Digital Audio Broadcasting

DAB systems provide a time signal that has a precision equal to or better than Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) but like FM RDS do not indicate clock stratum. DAB systems can equal GPS stratum 2 accuracy (short term clock discipline) and stratum 1 (long term clock discipline) provided the transmitter site (or network) supports that level of functionality. The time stamp format for this technology is BCD.

Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM)

DRM is able to send a clock signal, but one not as precise as navigation satellite clock signals. DRM timestamps received via shortwave (or multiple hop mediumwave) can be up to 200 ms off due to path delay. The time stamp format for this technology is BCD.

• 
  A low frequency (LF) radio clock
• 
  LF time signal receiver
• 
  World's first radio clock wrist watch, Junghans Mega (analog model)
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  Citizen Attesa Eco-Drive ATV53-3023 analog-digital chronograph with 4 area Radio Controlled reception (North America, Europe, China, Japan)
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  Radio controlled analog wall clock
• 
  Radio controlled alarm clock
• 
  The DCF77 time signal is used by organizations like the Deutsche Bahn railway company to synchronize their station clocks

Many modern radio clocks use the Global Positioning System to provide more accurate time than can be obtained from terrestrial radio stations. These GPS clocks combine time estimates from multiple satellite atomic clocks with error estimates maintained by a network of ground stations. Due to effects inherent in radio propagation and ionospheric spread and delay, GPS timing requires averaging of these phenomena over several periods. No GPS receiver directly computes time or frequency, rather they use GPS to discipline an oscillator that may range from a quartz crystal in a low-end navigation receiver, through oven-controlled crystal oscillators (OCXO) in specialized units, to atomic oscillators (rubidium) in some receivers used for synchronization in telecommunications. For this reason, these devices are technically referred to as GPS-disciplined oscillators.

GPS units intended primarily for time measurement as opposed to navigation can be set to assume the antenna position is fixed. In this mode, the device will average its position fixes. After approximately a day of operation, it will know its position to within a few meters. Once it has averaged its position, it can determine accurate time even if it can pick up signals from only one or two satellites.

GPS clocks provide the precise time needed for synchrophasor measurement of voltage and current on the commercial power grid to determine the health of the system.[28]

Although any satellite navigation receiver that is performing its primary navigational function must have an internal time reference accurate to a small fraction of a second, the displayed time is often not as precise as the internal clock. Most inexpensive navigation receivers have one CPU that is multitasking. The highest-priority task for the CPU is maintaining satellite lock—not updating the display. Multicore CPUs for navigation systems can only be found on high end products.

For serious precision timekeeping, a more specialized GPS device is needed. Some amateur astronomers, most notably those who time grazing lunar occultation events when the moon blocks the light from stars and planets, require the highest precision available for persons working outside large research institutions. The Web site of the International Occultation Timing Association[29] has detailed technical information about precision timekeeping for the amateur astronomer.