Selenium trioxide

Selenium trioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula SeO3. It is white, hygroscopic solid. It is also an oxidizing agent and a Lewis acid. It is of academic interest as a precursor to Se(VI) compounds.[3]

Selenium trioxide[1]
Structural formula of the monomer as found in the gas phase
Space-filling model of the monomer as found in the gas phase
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.033.972
Properties
SeO3
Molar mass 126.96 g/mol
Appearance white hygroscopic crystals
Density 3.44 g/cm3
Melting point 118.35 °C (245.03 °F; 391.50 K)
Boiling point sublimes
very soluble
Structure
tetragonal
Hazards
O T+ C N
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
7 mg/kg (rat, oral)
7.08 mg/kg (mouse, oral)
5.06 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral)
2.25 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)
13 mg/kg (horse, oral)[2]
13 mg/kg (pig, oral)
9.9 mg/kg (cow, oral)
3.3 mg/kg (goat, oral)
3.3 mg/kg (sheep, oral)[2]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Preparation

Selenium trioxide is difficult to prepare because it is unstable with respect to the dioxide:

2 SeO3 → 2 SeO2 + O2

It has been generated in a number of ways despite the fact that the dioxide does not combust under normal conditions.[3] One method entails dehydration of anhydrous selenic acid with phosphorus pentoxide at 150–160 °C. Another method is the reaction of liquid sulfur trioxide with potassium selenate.

SO3 + K2SeO4 → K2SO4 + SeO3

Reactions

In its chemistry SeO3 generally resembles sulfur trioxide, SO3, rather than tellurium trioxide, TeO3.[3]

At 120 °C SeO3 reacts with selenium dioxide to form the Se(VI)-Se(IV) compound diselenium pentoxide:[4]

SeO3 + SeO2 → Se2O5

It reacts with selenium tetrafluoride to form selenoyl fluoride, the selenium analogue of sulfuryl fluoride

2SeO3 + SeF4 → 2SeO2F2 + SeO2

As with SO3 adducts are formed with Lewis bases such as pyridine, dioxane and ether.[3]

With lithium oxide and sodium oxide it reacts to form salts of SeVIO54− and SeVIO66−:[5] With Li2O, it gives Li4SeO5, containing the trigonal pyramidal anion SeVIO54− with equatorial bonds, 170.6–171.9 pm; and longer axial Se−O bonds of 179.5 pm. With Na2O it gives Na4SeO5, containing the square pyramidal SeVIO54−, with Se−O bond lengths ranging from range 172.9 → 181.5 pm, and Na12(SeO4)3(SeO6), containing octahedral SeVIO66−. SeVIO66− is the conjugate base of the unknown orthoselenic acid (Se(OH)6).

Structure

In the solid phase SeO3 consists of cyclic tetramers, with an 8 membered (Se−O)4 ring. Selenium atoms are 4-coordinate, bond lengths being Se−O bridging are 175 pm and 181 pm, non-bridging 156 and 154 pm.[5]

SeO3 in the gas phase consists of tetramers and monomeric SeO3 which is trigonal planar with an Se−O bond length of 168.78 pm.[6]

References

  1. Lide, David R. (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 4–81. ISBN 0-8493-0594-2.
  2. "Selenium compounds (as Se)". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  3. Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN 0123526515
  4. Z. Žák "Crystal structure of diselenium pentoxide Se2O5" Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 1980, volume 460, pp. 81–85. doi:10.1002/zaac.19804600108
  5. Handbook of Chalcogen Chemistry: New Perspectives in Sulfur, Selenium and Tellurium, Franceso A. Devillanova, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2007, ISBN 9780854043668
  6. Brassington, N. J.; Edwards, H. G. M.; Long, D. A.; Skinner, M. (1978). "The pure rotational Raman spectrum of SeO3". Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 7 (3): 158–160. doi:10.1002/jrs.1250070310. ISSN 0377-0486.

Further reading

  • Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  • Schmidt, Prof. Dr. Max; Dr. P. Bornmann; Dr. Irmgard Wilhelm (1963-10-02). "The Chemistry of Selenium Trioxide". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 2 (11): 691–692. doi:10.1002/anie.196306913.
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