Social Democratic Party (Romania)

The Social Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) is the major social-democratic[25] political party in Romania[26][27][28] founded[26][27][28] by Ion Iliescu, Romania's first democratically elected president. The largest party in Parliament with initially 63 seats in the Senate and 158 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, it also has the largest number of mayors, local and county councilors and county presidents thus being the biggest and most influential political force in the country.

Social Democratic Party

Partidul Social Democrat
AbbreviationPSD
PresidentMarcel Ciolacu
Secretary-GeneralPaul Stănescu
Honorary PresidentIon Iliescu
Leader in the SenateLucian Romașcanu
Leader in the Chamber of DeputiesAlfred Simonis
Leader in the European ParliamentDan Nica
Founded16 June 2001
Merger ofPDSR
PSDR
Preceded byPDSR (1993–2001)
FDSN (1992–1993)
HeadquartersȘos. Kiseleff nr. 10 Bucharest
Youth wingTSD
Women's wingOFSD
Membership (2014)509,000[1]
IdeologyBig tent[2][3]
Social democracy[4][5][6][2]
Left-wing nationalism[7][3][8]
Left-wing populism[9][10][11]
Social conservatism[2][12][13]
Soft Euroscepticism[14][15][16][17][18]
National affiliationSocial Liberal Union
(2011–2014)
Centre Left Alliance
(2012–2014)
European affiliationParty of European Socialists[19]
International affiliationSocialist International[20]
Progressive Alliance[21]
European Parliament groupProgressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats
Colors  Red
Senate
47 / 136
[22]
Chamber of Deputies
110 / 330
[23]
European Parliament
8 / 33
Mayors
1,362 / 3,176
[24]
County Presidents
20 / 41
[24]
County Councilors
362 / 1,340
[24]
Local Council Councilors
13,820 / 39,900
[24]
Website
psd.ro

PSD traces its origins to the Democratic National Salvation Front, a breakaway group established in 1992 from the post-communist National Salvation Front. In 1993 this merged with three other parties to become the Party of Social Democracy in Romania (PDSR). The present name was adopted after a merger with the smaller Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSDR) in 2001. Since its formation, it has always been one of the two dominant parties of the country. The PDSR governed Romania from 1992 to 1996, while the PSDR was a junior coalition partner between 1996 and 2000. The merged PSD was the senior party in the coalitions governing from 2000 to 2004, and from March 2014 to November 2015, as well as one of the main coalition partners between December 2008 and October 2009 (with the Democratic Liberal Party) and again between May 2012 and March 2014 (as part of the Social Liberal Union).

The party left government after Prime Minister Victor Ponta resigned in November 2015, only to return as the senior governing party in January 2017, after a major victory in the legislative elections. The founder of the party, Ion Iliescu, became President of the Republic, in office from the end of Communism in 1989 to 1996, and again from 2000 to 2004.

History

On 7 April 1992, the struggle for power inside the National Salvation Front (Romanian: Frontul Salvării Naționale, FSN) between the more hard-line group led by Ion Iliescu and the more reformist group led by Petre Roman resulted in the Iliescu group withdrawing from FSN and the founding of the Democratic National Salvation Front (Romanian: Frontul Democrat al Salvării Naționale, FDSN), which would later become the present-day PSD.

FDSN won the 1992 elections and went on to govern Romania until 1996. On 10 July 1993 it took the name of Party of Social Democracy in Romania (Romanian: Partidul Democrației Sociale in România, PDSR) upon merger with the Socialist Democratic Party of Romania, the Republican Party and the Cooperative Party.

From 1994 to 1996 the PDSR ruled in coalition with the right-wing Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR) and Greater Romania Party (PRM), and the left-wing Socialist Party of Labour. PUNR had ministers in the cabinet chaired by Nicolae Văcăroiu from March 1994 to September 1996. PRM was not present at the Cabinet, but was given some posts in the State administration. The PDSR went into opposition after the 1996 election, which was won by the right-wing coalition Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR).

After 4 years of governmental turmoil and economic downfall, poorly managed by the crumbling CDR, saw PDSR making a fulminant comeback, winning the November 2000 elections, this time in a coalition named the Social Democratic Pole of Romania along with the Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSDR) and the Romanian Humanist Party (PUR). PSDR merged with PDSR on 16 June 2001, and the resulting party took its present name, PSD.

In November 2004, Adrian Năstase, the PSD candidate and incumbent Prime Minister, won the first round of the presidential elections but did not have a majority and had to go to a second round of voting, which he narrowly lost to Traian Băsescu of the opposition Justice and Truth alliance, who became Romania's 4th president. In the legislative elections of 2004, the PSD gained the largest share of the vote but because it did not have a majority, the other parties that managed to enter parliament, UDMR and PUR, abandoned their respective pre-electoral agreements with PSD and joined the Justice and Truth Alliance, mainly at the pressure of the recently elected president.

Mircea Geoană was elected president of the party in April 2005 by delegates at a PSD Party Congress held in Bucharest. His victory represented a surprise defeat for former President Ion Iliescu, who was expected to defeat Geoană handily.

On 17 April 2008, the Social Democratic Party and the Conservative Party announced they would form a political alliance for the 2008 local elections.[29]

In February 2010, the Congress elected Victor Ponta as president, after Mircea Geoana lost the presidential elections in December 2009.

On 5 February 2011, the PSD formed a political alliance known as the Social Liberal Union (USL) with the Conservative Party and National Liberal Party.[30] The USL was disbanded on 25 February 2014 with exit of the National Liberal Party which immediately entered opposition.[31]

In July 2015, Liviu Dragnea was elected by the Congress of the PSD as the new president of the party, with 97% of the votes from the members. He was elected as leader after the former Prime Minister of Romania Victor Ponta stepped down on 12 July 2015, following charges of corruption that were later dropped.

On 12 April 2019 PSD was suspended from the Party of European Socialists following concerns about judicial reforms of the incumbent PSD government.[32]

After Liviu Dragnea's jailing, in May 2019, Viorica Dăncilă was elected by the Congress of the PSD as the new president of the party.

Ideology

According to Florin Poenaru, "the movement led by Ion Iliescu was from the very beginning the party of local capitalists and not of the industrial proletariat [...] PSD was the party that aggregated the interests of the autochthonous capitalists, but whose electoral basis was the former industrial proletariat."[33] Poenaru states that PSD never said no to the neoliberal agenda, but applied it rather slowly.[33] Andrei Pleșu once stated that the main post-Communist Romanian parties do not act according to some ideology or doctrine.[34]

The party has been described as having left-leaning rhetoric and economic policies, while being conservative on personal and ethical matters.

Structure

President

The president of the party conducts the general activity of the party, the activity of the National Executive Committee and the National Permanent Bureau and responds to the Congress on the general work of the Social Democratic Party. The president is elected by secret vote by the Congress for a four-year mandate and represents the party in the Romanian society, in relations with the central and local public authorities, as well as with other parties or organizations in the country or abroad.

Honorary President

PSD Honorary President is nominated by Congress for the four-year mandate of the party's recognized personalities. The Honorary President of the PSD participates with the right to vote in the work of the national governing bodies.

Secretary General

The Secretary-General manages the functional services at the central level and the relationship with the county and Bucharest organizations. It coordinates the Executive Secretariat of the PSD with 7 to 9 executive secretaries. Executive secretaries shall be appointed by the National Executive Committee, on a proposal from the Chair, after consulting the Secretary-General.

Permanent National Bureau

The Permanent National Bureau is the operative body for analyzing and deciding the party. It has the following composition: PSD President, PSD Honorary President, PSD Secretary General, PSD Deputy Chairpersons. At the National Permanent Bureau, the chairman of the National Council, the leaders of the parliamentary groups, the presidents of women and youth organizations, the treasurer, the director of the Social Democratic Institute, the representative of the county administrative council presidents, the mayors of municipalities and the representative of the National League of Mayors and PSD Councilors participate. The National Permanent Bureau meets weekly, usually Monday.

The Permanent National Bureau shall have the following duties:

  • To organize and direct the entire current activity of the Party, according to the decisions adopted as appropriate by the Congress, the National Council and the National Executive Committee;
  • Drafts draft decisions that it submits to the debate and adoption of the National Executive Committee;
  • Orientates the work of parliamentary groups;
  • Establishes and coordinates working committees on doctrine, electoral programs and strategies;
  • Establishes and co-ordinates political analysis groups of the economic, social, domestic and international situation;
  • Manages the party's patrimony.

The National Executive Committee

Coordinates the entire activity of the party between the meetings of the National Council. The PSD National Executive Committee analyzes, debates and decides on the fundamental issues of the Party's work on: the program, the electoral strategy, the political and electoral alliances, the governing program, the structure and the nominal composition of the Government, the validation of the party's preliminary election for the nomination of candidates for senators, MEPs, MEPs and elected local, merging by absorption or merging with other parties; PSD collaboration agreements with trade unions and employers' confederations; the strategy of selecting, preparing, training and promoting the party's human resources, organizing and conducting internal party choices, coordinating the activities of the Youth Organization and the Women's Organization. The adopted decisions are validated by the National Council. The National Executive Committee consists of PSD President, PSD Honorary President, PSD Secretary General, PSD Vice Presidents, President of the National Council, Presidents of County Organizations, Sectors and the Bucharest Municipality Organization, the President of the Women's Organization and the President of the Youth Organization.

National Council
Adrian Năstase during a meeting of the National Council

The National Council is the governing body of the party in the interval between two congresses. It consists of a maximum of 751 members elected from the candidates nominated by the County and Bucharest Conferences, or proposed by the Congress. The National Council elects and revokes by secret vote the President of the National Council and the treasurer, validates the composition of the National Executive Committee and The Permanent National Bureau; decides to conclude political alliances as well as merge by merging or absorbing with other political parties or political parties; to hear the activity reports submitted by members of the Permanent National Bureau, by the Chairman of the Commission for Arbitration and Moral Integrity, by the President of the National Commission for Financial Control and Treasurer and decides accordingly on the basis of the mandate given by the Congress, according to the provisions of the Statute; is responsible for organizing presidential, parliamentary, euro-parliamentary and local electoral campaigns; analyzes the work of parliamentary groups, women's and youth organizations, the National League of Mayors and PSD Councilors; validates the decisions of the National Executive Committee on the Governance Program and confirms the proposals of members of the Government; resolve the appeals lodged against the decisions of the councils of the county organizations or of the Bucharest municipality; resolves the divergences between the Councils of the County Organizations, respectively the Bucharest Municipality Organization and the National Executive Committee in connection with the nomination of the candidates for the legislative elections, if they persist; approves the party's annual revenue and expenditure budget, decides on its execution. The PSD National Council meets annually and whenever needed. Deputies, senators and MEPs who are not members of the National Council participate in its meetings without the right to vote. The National Council may decide, on a proposal from the Permanent National Bureau, to organize forums, leagues, associations, clubs and other such bodies for the promotion of strategies in the PSD Political Program, in the Romanian society and in partnership with the trade unions. The party-union relationship as well as the concrete ways of collaboration will be established by the National Permanent Bureau. Within the PSD there are: the National Workers' Forum; National Farmers Forum; National Ecologists' Forum; The National Forum of Scientists, Culture and Art and the Pensioners' League. In order to develop PSD programs and strategies in the field of party life, consultative councils can be set up on: political analysis, image and relations with the media; organization and human resources. The Consultative Council for the Problems of National Minorities of the PSD carries out activities to identify the specific problems faced by national minorities in Romania and develops appropriate solutions and proposals for their resolution.

Congress

The supreme governing party of the Social Democratic Party is the Congress, which is convened every four years or in extraordinary cases. The PSD Congress is made up of elected delegates by secret ballot by the County Conferences and the Bucharest Municipality and has the following attributions: adopting or modifying the PSD Statute and the Political Program of the Party; sets out the party's guidelines, strategy and tactics for the period between two congresses; elects the party chairman, the vice-presidents, the general secretary, the other members of the National Council, the National Commission for Arbitration and Moral Integrity and the National Commission for Financial Control; appoints the PSD candidate to the position of President of Romania and the Prime Minister in the event of winning the elections; resolves possible appeals against decisions of other PSD central bodies.

Leadership of FDSN, PDSR, and PSD

Presidents:

Executive presidents

  • Ion Iliescu
  • Adrian Năstase
  • Mircea Geoană
  • Victor Ponta
  • Liviu Dragnea
  • Viorica Dăncilă

Notable members

Current members

Former members

Electoral history

Legislative elections
Election Chamber Senate Position Aftermath
Votes % Seats Votes % Seats
1992 3,015,708 27.72
117 / 341
 3,102,201 28.29
49 / 143
  1st 
(as FDSN)		 PDSR-PUNR-PRM government
(with PSM support)
1996 2,633,860 21.52
91 / 343
 2,836,011 23.08
41 / 143
  2nd 
(as PDSR)		 Opposition to CDR-USD-UDMR government
2000 3,968,464 36.61
139 / 345
 4,040,212 37.09
59 / 140
  1st 
(within PDSR)1		 PDSR minority government
(with UDMR support)
2004 3,730,352 36.61
113 / 332
 3,798,607 36.30
46 / 137
  1st 
(within PSD+PUR)2		 Opposition to DA-PUR3-UDMR government (until April 2007)
Supporting PNL-UDMR minority government
2008 2,279,449 33.10
110 / 334
 2,352,968 34.16
48 / 137
  2nd 
(within PSD+PC)4		 PDL-PSD government (until December 2009)
Opposition to PDL-UNPR-UDMR government (until May 2012)
USL government (until December 2012)
2012 4,344,288 58.63
149 / 412
 4,457,526 60.10
58 / 176
  1st 
(within USL)5		 USL government (until March 2014)
PSD-UNPR-UDMR-PC government (until December 2014)
PSD-UNPR-ALDE government (until November 2015)
Supporting the technocratic Cioloș Cabinet (2015–2017)
2016 3,204,864 45.48
154 / 329
 3,221,786 45.68
67 / 136
  1st  PSD-ALDE government (2017–2019)
PSD minority government (2019)
Supporting PNL minority government (2019–2020)
Opposition to PNL minority government (2020)
2020 1,705,777 28.90
110 / 330
 1,732,276 29.32
47 / 136
  1st  Opposition to PNL-USR-PLUS-UDMR government (2020–present)

Notes:

1 Social Democratic Pole of Romania members: PDSR, PSDR (2 senators and 10 deputies) and PUR (4 senators and 6 deputies).
2 National Union PSD+PUR members: PSD and PUR (11 senators and 19 deputies).
3 Soon after the elections, PUR broke the alliance and switched sides, joining Justice and Truth Alliance.
4 Alliance PSD+PC members: PSD and PC (1 senator and 4 deputies).
5 Social Liberal Union was an alliance of two smaller alliances: Centre Left Alliance and Centre Right Alliance. Centre Left Alliance members: PSD and UNPR (5 senators and 10 deputies). Centre Right Alliance members: PNL (51 senators and 101 deputies) and PC (8 senators and 13 deputies).

Presidential elections
Election Candidate First round Second round
Votes Percentage Position Votes Percentage Position
1990 Ion Iliescu12,232,498
85.07%
 1st 
1992 Ion Iliescu5,633,465
47.5%
 1st 7,393,429
61.4%
 1st 
1996 Ion Iliescu4,081,093
32.3%
 1st 5,914,579
45.6%
 2nd 
2000 Ion Iliescu4,076,273
36.4%
 1st 6,696,623
66.8%
 1st 
2004 Adrian Năstase4,278,864
40.9%
 1st 4,881,520
48.8%
 2nd 
2009 Mircea Geoană3,027,838
31.1%
 2nd 5,205,760
49.7%
 2nd 
2014 Victor Ponta3,836,093
40.4%
 1st 5,264,383
45.6%
 2nd 
2019 Viorica Dăncilă2,051,725
22.3%
 2nd 3,339,922
33.91%
 2nd 

European elections
ElectionVotesPercentageMEPsPositionEU PartyEP Group
2007 1,184,018 23.11%
10 / 35
  2nd  PES S&D
2009 1,504,218 31.07%
10 / 33
  1st 
(within PSD+PC)1		 PES S&D
2014 2,093,237 37.60%
12 / 32
  1st 
(within USD)2		 PES S&D
2019 2,040,765 22.51%
8 / 32
  2nd  PES S&D

Notes:

1 Alliance PSD+PC members: PSD and PC (1 MEP).

2 Social Democractic Union (USD) members: PSD, PC (2 MEPs) and UNPR (2 MEPs).

Controversies

Political opponents have criticised PSD for harbouring former Romanian Communist Party officials, and for allegedly attempting to control the Romanian mass media. A number of its current or former senior members have also been accused of corruption, interfering in the judiciary and using their political positions for personal enrichment.[35] Founding member Ion Iliescu is currently facing prosecution on charges of crimes against humanity for his role in the June 1990 Mineriad,[36] while former president Liviu Dragnea was convicted for electoral fraud and for instigation to the abuse of public office and currently being indicted for forming an “organised criminal group”.[37] Former president Victor Ponta had also been investigated for corruption, but was ultimately acquitted.[38]

Alleged text transcripts of PSD meetings surfaced on an anonymous Web site just before the 2004 Romanian presidential election. Năstase and his ministers are shown talking about political involvement in corruption trials of the government's members, or involvement in suppressing "disobedient" media. Năstase stated that the transcripts were fake, but several party members, including former PSD president and former Foreign Minister Mircea Geoană, have said they are indeed genuine. Geoană later retracted his statement.[39]

Adrian Năstase temporarily "self-suspended" himself from the position on 16 January 2006 pending investigation of a scandal provoked by his wealth declaration, where he was accused of corruption.[40]

Politicians of the party have occasionally employed "utilitarian anti-Semitism". This means that politicians who may usually not be anti-Semites played off certain anti-Semitic prejudices, in order to serve their political necessities.[41] PSD Senator Dan Șova, at the time party spokesman, claimed, on 5 March 2012, on the Money Channel that "no Jew suffered on Romanian territory, thanks to marshal Antonescu."[42] Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania expressed its deep disagreement and indignation over the statements of the spokesman of the party.[43] Following public outcry, Șova retracted his statement and issued a public apology. Nevertheless, the chairman of the party, Victor Ponta, announced his removal from the office of party spokesman.[44]

Since 2017 the party, together with its coalition members, the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats and the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania, is trying to pass a series of controversial laws related to the judicial system. In a preliminary opinion, the Venice Commission noted that the changes could undermine the independence of judges and prosecutors.[45] This endeavour by the current coalition is the basis for the 2017–2019 Romanian protests.

See also

References
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  2. Păun, Carmen (13 December 2016). "Pragmatism is a winner for Romanian Left". POLITICO. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  3. Leiße, Olaf; Leiße, Utta-Kristin; Richter, Alexander (2013) [2004]. "3.3 Parteien und politische Entwicklung". Beitrittsbarometer Rumänien. Grundprobleme des Landes und Einstellungen rumänischer Jugendlicher auf dem Weg in die Europäische Union (in German). Wiesbaden: Deutscher UniversitätsVerlag. p. 51. ISBN 978-3322813206.
  4. Nordsieck, Wolfram (2020). "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
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  9. Bossart, Marco Kauffmann (21 February 2018). "Rumäniens Justiz im Belagerungszustand". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 17 October 2019.
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  19. https://www.pes.eu/en/members/parties-map/#214168d5-7e5a-11e6-b095-8cdcd4d4c346/080529e6-8576-11e6-aa40-9a82572148c5
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  21. "Parties & Organisations". Progressive Alliance. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  22. "Grupuri parlamentare Senatul României". www.senat.ro.
  23. Chamber of Deputies website
  24. http://www.2016bec.ro/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/SIAL2016_Situatia_mandatelor_partide-2.xlsx
  25. Almeida, Dimitri (27 April 2012). The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus. CRC Press. pp. 71–. ISBN 978-1-136-34039-0. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  26. Hogea, Alina. "Coming to Terms with the Communist Past in Romania: An Analysis of the Political and Media Discourse Concerning the Tismăneanu Report". Studies of Transition States and Societies. 2: 16–30.
  27. Tismăneanu, Vladimir (7 July 2011). "225. Romania's First Post-Communist Decade: From Iliescu to Iliescu". Wilson Center. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
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