Timeline of influenza
This is a timeline of influenza, briefly describing major events such as outbreaks, epidemics, pandemics, discoveries and developments of vaccines. In addition to specific year/period-related events, there's the seasonal flu that kills between 250,000 and 500,000 people every year, and has claimed between 340 million and 1 billion human lives throughout history.[1][2]
Overview
Year/period | Key developments |
---|---|
Before the 16th Century | The outbreak of influenza reported in 1173 is not considered to be a pandemic, and other reports to 1500 generally lack reliability. |
16th Century | The 1510 influenza pandemic spread from Asia to Africa, then engulfing Europe. It is the first documented case of intercontinental spread of an influenza virus, with less lethality than future pandemics.
The 1557 influenza pandemic spread from Asia to the Ottoman Empire, then Europe, the Americas, and Africa. This flu pandemic is the first to be reliably recorded as spreading worldwide,[3][4][5][6] is when flu received its first English names.[7][8] It is also the first pandemic in which flu is linked to miscarriages.[9] The pandemic lasted for at least two years.[10][11] The 1580 pandemic is well-documented, with high mortality recorded as influenza spreads across Europe.[12] |
18th century | Data from this century is more informative of pandemics than those of previous years. The first agreed influenza pandemic of the 18th century begins in 1729.[12] |
19th century | Two influenza pandemics are recorded in the century.[12] Avian influenza is recorded for the first time.[13] |
20th century | Influenza pandemics are recorded four times, starting with the deadly Spanish flu. This is also the period of virus isolation and development of vaccines.[14] Prior to 20th century, much information about influenza is generally not considered certain. Although the virus seems to have caused epidemics throughout human history, historical data on influenza are difficult to interpret, because the symptoms can be similar to those of other respiratory diseases.[15][16] |
1945 – 21st century | International health organizations merge, and large scale vaccination campaigns begin.[17] |
21st century | Worldwide accessible databases multiply in order to control outbreaks and prevent pandemics. New influenza strain outbreaks still occur. Efficacy of currently available vaccines is still insufficient to diminish the current annual health burden induced by the virus.[17] |
Full timeline: Hippocrates - 2017
![](../I/Reported_cases_of_influenza_in_American_countries_for_the_period_1949-1958.png.webp)
![](../I/Influenza_subtypes.svg.png.webp)
Influenza has been studied by countless physicians, epidemiologists, and medical historians. Chroniclers distinguished its outbreaks from other diseases by the rapid, indiscriminate way it struck down entire populations. Flu has been called various names including tac,[20] coqueluche,[21][22][23] the new disease,[24]gruppie,[25] grippe, castrone,[26][27] influenza,[28] and commonly just catarrh[29][30][31] by many chroniclers and physicians throughout the ages.
Year/period | Type of event | Event | Geographical location |
---|---|---|---|
400 BCE | Medical development | The symptoms of human influenza are described by Hippocrates.[32][14] | |
1173 | Epidemic | First epidemic, where symptoms are probably influenza, is reported.[12] | Europe |
1357 | The term influenza is first used to describe a disease prevailing in 1357.[28][33] It would be applied again to the epidemic in 1386−1387.[34] | Italy | |
1386–1387 | Epidemic | Influenza-like illness epidemic develops in Europe, preferentially killing elderly and debilitating persons. This is probably the first documentation of a key epidemiological feature of both pandemic and seasonal influenza.[34] | Europe |
1411 | Epidemic | Epidemic of coughing disease associated with spontaneous abortions is noted in Paris.[34] The illness is referred to as le tac by some contemporaries.[20] | France |
1414 | Epidemic | Another outbreak of flu is recorded in Paris, possibly the first time the disease is referred to as coqueluche. | |
1510 | Pandemic | Influenza pandemic develops in Asia and proceedes northward to involve North Africa, then all of Europe. Attack rates are extremely high, but fatality is low and said to be restricted to weaker individuals like children and those who were bled.[34] | Africa, Europe |
1557–1558 | Pandemic | Influenza pandemic spreads westward from Asia to Africa and Europe, then travels aboard European ships across the Atlantic Ocean. Another wave in 1558-59 spreads worldwide with devastating effects.[35][3][4][5][6][34] | Eurasia |
1580 | Pandemic | [12][34] | Eurasia, Africa |
1729 | Pandemic | [16][12][34] | Eurasia |
1761–1762 | Pandemic | [34] | Americas, Europe |
1780–1782 | Pandemic | [34] | Eurasia |
1830–1833 | Pandemic | [12] | Eurasia, Americas |
1878 | Scientific development | First descriptions of avian influenza, termed "fowl plague," is recorded by Perroncito in Italy.[36][37][13] | Italy |
1889–1892 | Pandemic | [38][34] | Eurasia, Americas |
1901 | Scientific development | [37] | |
1918-1920 | Pandemic | In March of 1918, 48 soldiers die of "pneumonia" during a, outbreak at Fort Riley, Kansas. Flu travels unchecked eastward[39] to New England military bases before traveling across the Atlantic Ocean on crowded military ships to Europe amid World War I. It spread rapidly through European cities, and was nicknamed Spanish flu for the uncensored reporting in Spain, as moving armies spread flu around the world. Spanish flu returns in waves for the next 2 years.[40][41] | Worldwide; originated in the US, some theories suggest France or other countries |
1931 | Scientific development | Richard Shope isolates the Influenza A virus from pigs.[42] | |
1933 | Scientific development | Shope and his team discover the Influenza A virus.[43] [44][45][46] | United Kingdom |
1936 | Medical development | [47] | Russia |
1942 | Medical development | [46] | |
1945 | Medical development | [48] | United States |
1946 | Organization | [49][50] | United States (Atlanta) |
1947 | Organization | [51] | France (serves worldwide) |
1948 | Organization | [52] | |
1952 | Organization (Research institute) | [53] | |
1957 | Pandemic | [54][55][56][57][34] | China |
1959 | Non–human infection | [58] | United Kingdom |
1961 | Non–human infection | [59] | South Africa |
1963 | Non–human infection | [58] | United Kingdom |
1966 | Non–human infection | [58] | Canada |
1968-1969 | Pandemic | [34][60] | Eurasia, North America |
1973 | Program launch | [46] | |
1976 | Epidemic | [61][62] | United States (New Jersey) |
1976 | Non–human infection | [58] | Australia |
1977 | Epidemic | [62] | Russia, China, worldwide |
1978 | Medical development | [46] | |
1980 | Medical development | [63] | United States |
1983 | Non–human infection | [64] | Ireland |
1988 | Infection | [65] | China |
1990-1996 | Medical development | [66] | United States |
1997 | Infection | [67] | China (Hong Kong) |
1997 | Infection | Australia | |
1999 | Infection | [62] | China (Hong Kong) |
2002 | Infection | [68] | United States |
2003–2007 | Infection | [69] | East Asia, Southeast Asia |
2003 | Infection | [70] | Netherlands |
2004 | Organization | [71] | |
2004 | Infection | [72] | Canada |
2004 | Infection | [73] | Egypt |
2004 | Non–human infection | [74] | United States |
2005 | Organization | [75][76] | United States |
2005 | Organization | [77][78] | United States (New York City) |
2005 | Infection | [79] | Cambodia, Romania |
2006 | Organization | [80] | China (Beijing) |
2007 | Non-human infection | [81] | Australia |
2008 | Scientific development | [82] | Worldwide |
2008 | Service launch | [83] | United States |
2009 | Pandemic | [84] [85][62] | Worldwide |
2011 | Non–human infection | [86] | United States |
2012 | Scientific development | [87] | |
2012 | Scientific project/controversy | [88][89] | Netherlands (Erasmus Medical Center), United States (University of Wisconsin–Madison) |
2012 | Medical development | [90] | United States |
2013 | Epidemic | [91][92] | China, Vietnam |
2013 | Medical development | [93] | United States |
2013 | Infection | [94] | China |
2015 | Program | [95] [96][97] | United States |
2017 | Medical development | [98] | United States |
2017 | Scientific development | [99] | Finland |
See also
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