List of epidemics

This is a list of the largest known epidemics (including pandemics) caused by an infectious disease. Widespread non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer are not included.

17th-century German "plague panel" depicting the triumph of death. Panels of this kind were placed on the walls of houses to warn against the plague. A plague epidemic raged in Augsburg, Bavaria between 1632 and 1635.

An epidemic is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time. For example, in meningococcal infections, an attack rate in excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two consecutive weeks is considered an epidemic.[1]

Due to the large time spans, the first plague pandemic (6th century–8th century) and the second plague pandemic (14th century–early 19th century) are shown by individual outbreaks, such as the Plague of Justinian (first pandemic) and the Black Death (second pandemic).

Top epidemics by death toll

Emergency hospital during Spanish Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas (1918-20)

Events in boldface are ongoing.

Epidemics with at least 1 million deaths
Rank Epidemics/pandemics Death toll Population lost Time Location
1 Black Death 75–200 million 30–60% of European population[2] 1346–1353 Europe, Asia and North Africa
2 Spanish flu 17–100 million 1–5.4% of global population[3] 1918–1920 Worldwide
3 Plague of Justinian 15–100 million 25–60% of European population[4] 541–542 Europe and West Asia
4 HIV/AIDS pandemic 35 million+ (as of 2020) 1981–present Worldwide
5 Third plague pandemic 12 million+ 1855–1960 Worldwide
6 Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548 5–15 million 27–80% of Mexican population[5] 1545–1548 Mexico
7 Antonine Plague 5–10 million 25–33% of Roman population[6] 165–180 (possibly up to 190) Roman Empire
8 1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic 5–8 million 23–37% of Mexican population[5] 1519–1520 Mexico
9 1918–1922 Russia typhus epidemic 2–3 million 1918–1922 Russia
10 Asian flu 1–4 million 1957–1958 Worldwide
Hong Kong flu 1–4 million 1968–1969 Worldwide
12 COVID-19 pandemic 2.3 million+ (as of February 2021) 2019–present Worldwide
13 Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576 2–2.5 million 50% of Mexican population[5] 1576–1580 Mexico
14 735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic 2 million 33% of Japanese population[7] 735–737 Japan
1772–1773 Persian Plague 2 million 1772–1773 Persia
16 Naples Plague 1.25 million 1656–1658 Italy
17 Third cholera pandemic 1 million+ 1846–1860 Worldwide
18 1629–1631 Italian plague 1 million 1629–1631 Italy
1889–1890 flu pandemic 1 million 1889–1890 Worldwide

Chronology

Events in boldface are ongoing.

Event Date Location Disease Death toll (estimate) Ref.
1200 BC Babylon influenza epidemic 1200 BC Babylon, or Babirus of the Persians, Central Asia, Mesopotamia and Southern Asia Sanskrit scholars found records of a disease resembling the Flu Unknown [8]
Plague of Athens 429–426 BC Greece, Libya, Egypt, Ethiopia Unknown, possibly typhus, typhoid fever or viral hemorrhagic fever 75,000–100,000 [9][10][11][12]
412 BC epidemic 412 BC Greece (Northern Greece, Roman Republic) Unknown, possibly influenza Unknown [13]
Antonine Plague 165–180 (possibly up to 190) Roman Empire Unknown, possibly smallpox 5–10 million [14][15]
Jian'an Plague 217 Han Dynasty Unknown, possibly typhoid fever Unknown [16][17]
Plague of Cyprian 250–266 Europe Unknown, possibly smallpox Unknown [18][19]
Plague of Justinian (beginning of First plague pandemic) 541–542 Europe and West Asia Bubonic plague 15–100 million (25–60% of population of Europe) [4][20][21]
Roman Plague of 590 (part of First plague pandemic) 590 Rome, Byzantine Empire Bubonic plague Unknown [22]
Plague of Sheroe (part of First plague pandemic) 627–628 Bilad al-Sham Bubonic plague 25,000+
Plague of Amwas (part of First plague pandemic) 638–639 Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa Bubonic plague Unknown [23]
Plague of 664 (part of First plague pandemic) 664–689 British Isles Bubonic plague Unknown [24]
Plague of 698–701 (part of First plague pandemic) 698–701 Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Syria, Mesopotamia Bubonic plague Unknown [25]
735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic 735–737 Japan Smallpox 2 million (approx. 13 of Japanese population) [7][26]
Plague of 746–747 (part of First plague pandemic) 746–747 Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa Bubonic plague Unknown [23]
Black Death (start of the Second plague pandemic) 1346–1353 Europe, Asia and North Africa Bubonic plague 75–200 million (10–60% of European population) [27]
Sweating sickness (multiple outbreaks) 1485–1551 Britain (England) and later continental Europe Unknown, possibly an unknown species of hantavirus 10,000+ [28]
1489 Spain typhus epidemic 1489 Spain Typhus 17,000 [29]
1510 influenza pandemic 1510 Asia, North Africa, Europe Influenza Unknown, around 1% of those infected [30]
1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic 1519–1520 Mexico Smallpox 5–8 million (40% of population) [5]
Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548 1545–1548 Mexico Possibly Salmonella enterica 5–15 million (80% of population) [31][32][33][34]
1557 influenza pandemic 1557–1559 Asia, Africa, Europe, and Americas Influenza Unknown
1561 Chile smallpox epidemic 1561–1562 Chile Smallpox Unknown (20-25% of native population) [35]
1563 London plague (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1563–1564 London, England Bubonic plague 20,100+ [36]
Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576 1576–1580 Mexico Possibly Salmonella enterica 2–2.5 million (50% of population) [31][32][33][34]
1582 Tenerife plague epidemic (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1582–1583 Tenerife, Spain Bubonic plague 5,000–9,000 [37]
1592–1596 Seneca nation measles epidemic 1592–1596 Seneca nation, North America Measles Unknown [38]
1592–93 Malta plague epidemic (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1592–1593 Malta Bubonic plague 3,000 [39]
1592–93 London plague (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1592–1593 London, England Bubonic plague 19,900+ [40]
1596–1602 Spain plague epidemic (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1596–1602 Spain Bubonic plague 600,000–700,000 [41]
1600–1650 South America malaria epidemic 1600–1650 South America Malaria Unknown
1603 London plague epidemic (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1603 London, England Bubonic plague 40,000 [42][43][44]
1616 New England infections epidemic 1616–1620 Southern New England, British North America, especially the Wampanoag people Unknown, possibly leptospirosis with Weil syndrome. Classic explanations include yellow fever, bubonic plague, influenza, smallpox, chickenpox, typhus, and syndemic infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis D Unknown (estimated 30–90% of population) [45][46]
1629–1631 Italian plague (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1629–1631 Italy Bubonic plague 1 million [47]
1632–1635 Augsburg plague epidemic (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1632–1635 Augsburg, Germany Bubonic plague 13,712 [48]
Massachusetts smallpox epidemic 1633–1634 Massachusetts Bay Colony, Thirteen Colonies Smallpox 1,000 [49]
1634–1640 Wyandot people epidemic of infections 1634–1640 Wyandot people, North America Smallpox and Influenza 15,000–25,000 [50]
1637 London plague epidemic (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1636–1637 London and Westminster, England Bubonic plague 10,400 [51]
Great Plague in late Ming Dynasty (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1633–1644 China Bubonic plague 200,000+ [52][53]
Great Plague of Seville (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1647–1652 Spain Bubonic plague 500,000 [54]
1648 Central America yellow fever epidemic 1648 Central America Yellow fever Unknown [55]
Naples Plague (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1656–1658 Italy Bubonic plague 1,250,000 [56]
1663–1664 Amsterdam plague epidemic (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1663–1664 Amsterdam, Netherlands Bubonic plague 24,148 [57]
Great Plague of London (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1665–1666 England Bubonic plague 100,000 [58][59]
1668 France plague (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1668 France Bubonic plague 40,000 [60]
1675–76 Malta plague epidemic (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1675–1676 Malta Bubonic plague 11,300 [61]
1676–1685 Spain plague (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1676–1685 Spain Bubonic plague Unknown [62]
1677–1678 Boston smallpox epidemic 1677–1678 Massachusetts Bay Colony, British North America Smallpox 750–1000 [63]
Great Plague of Vienna (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1679 Vienna, Austria Bubonic plague 76,000 [64]
1681 Prague plague epidemic (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1681 Prague, Czech Kingdom Bubonic plague 83,000 [65]
1687 South Africa Influenza outbreak 1687 South Africa Unknown, possibly Influenza Unknown [66]
1693 Boston yellow fever epidemic 1693 Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony, British North America Yellow fever 3,100+ [67]
1699 Charleston and Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic 1699 Charleston and Philadelphia, British North America Yellow fever 520 (300 in Charleston, 220 in Philadelphia) [68]
1702 New York City yellow fever epidemic 1702 New York City, British North America Yellow fever 500 [69]
1702–1703 St. Lawrence Valley smallpox epidemic 1702–1703 New France, Canada Smallpox 1,300 [70]
1707–1709 Iceland smallpox epidemic 1707–1709 Iceland Smallpox 18,000+ (36% of population) [71]
Great Northern War plague outbreak (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1710–1712 Denmark, Sweden, Lithuania Bubonic plague 164,000 [72][73]
1713–1715 North America measles epidemic 1713–1715 Thirteen Colonies and New France, Canada Measles Unknown [74][75]
Great Plague of Marseille (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1720–1722 France Bubonic plague 100,000+ [76]
1721 Boston smallpox outbreak 1721–1722 Massachusetts Bay Colony Smallpox 844 [77]
1730 Cádiz yellow fever epidemic 1730 Cádiz, Spain Yellow fever 2,200 [78]
1732–1733 Thirteen Colonies influenza epidemic 1732–1733 Thirteen Colonies Influenza Unknown [79]
1733 New France smallpox epidemic 1733 New France, Canada Smallpox Unknown [80]
1735–1741 Diphtheria epidemic 1735–1741 New England, Province of New York, Province of New Jersey, British North America Diphtheria 20,000 [81]
Great Plague of 1738 (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1738 Balkans Bubonic plague 50,000 [82]
1738–1739 North Carolina smallpox epidemic 1738–1739 Province of Carolina, Thirteen Colonies Smallpox 7,700–11,700 [83]
1739–1740 Thirteen Colonies measles epidemic 1739–1740 Thirteen Colonies Measles Unknown
1741 Cartagena yellow fever epidemic 1741 Cartagena, Colombia Yellow fever 20,000 [84]
1743 Sicily plague epidemic (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1743 Messina, Sicily, Italy Bubonic plague 40,000–50,000 [85][86]
1747 Thirteen Colonies measles outbreak 1747 Thirteen Colonies Measles Unknown
1759 North America measles outbreak 1759 North America Measles Unknown [87]
1760 Charleston smallpox epidemic 1760 Charleston, British North America Smallpox 730–940 [88][89]
1762 Havana yellow fever epidemic 1762 Havana, Cuba Yellow fever 8,000 [84]
1763 Pittsburgh area smallpox outbreak 1763 North America, present-day Pittsburgh area Smallpox Unknown [90]
Russian plague of 1770–1772 (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1770–1772 Russia Bubonic plague 50,000 [91]
1772 North America measles epidemic 1772 North America Measles 1,080 [92]
1772–1773 Persian Plague (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1772–1773 Persia Bubonic plague 2 million [93]
1775–1776 England influenza outbreak 1775–1776 England Influenza Unknown [94]
1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic 1775–1782 Native populations in what is now the Pacific Northwest of the United States Smallpox 11,000+ [95][96]
1778 Spain dengue fever outbreak 1778 Spain Dengue fever Unknown [97]
1788 Pueblo Indians smallpox epidemic 1788 Pueblo Indians in northern New Spain (what is now the Southwestern United States) Smallpox Unknown [98]
1788 United States measles epidemic 1788 United States Measles Unknown
1789–1790 New South Wales smallpox epidemic 1789–1790 New South Wales, Australia Smallpox Unknown (50–70% of native population) [99][100]
1793 United States influenza and typhus epidemic 1793 United States Influenza and epidemic typhus Unknown
1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic 1793 Philadelphia, United States Yellow fever 5,000+ [101]
1800–1803 Spain yellow fever epidemic 1800–1803 Spain Yellow fever 60,000+ [102]
1801 Ottoman Empire and Egypt bubonic plague epidemic 1801 Ottoman Empire, Egypt Bubonic plague Unknown [103]
1802–1803 Saint-Domingue yellow fever epidemic 1802–1803 Saint-Domingue Yellow fever 29,000–55,000 [104]
1812 Egypt bubonic plague epidemic (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1812 Egypt Bubonic plague Unknown
1812 Russia Typhus epidemic 1812 Russia Typhus 300,000 [29]
1812–19 Ottoman plague epidemic (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1812–1819 Ottoman Empire Bubonic plague 300,000+ [105]
1813–14 Malta plague epidemic (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1813–1814 Malta Bubonic plague 4,500 [106]
Caragea's plague (part of the Second plague pandemic) 1813 Romania Bubonic plague 60,000 [107]
1817–1819 Ireland typhus epidemic 1817–1819 Ireland Typhus 65,000 [108]
First cholera pandemic 1817–1824 Asia, Europe Cholera 100,000+ [109]
1820 Savannah yellow fever epidemic 1820 Savannah, Georgia, United States Yellow fever 700 [110]
1821 Barcelona yellow fever epidemic 1821 Barcelona, Spain Yellow fever 5,000–20,000 [111][112]
Second cholera pandemic 1826–1837 Asia, Europe, North America Cholera 100,000+ [113]
1828–1829 New South Wales smallpox epidemic 1828–1829 New South Wales, Australia Smallpox 19,000 [114][115]
Groningen epidemic 1829 Netherlands Malaria 2,800 [116]
1829–1833 Pacific Northwest malaria epidemic 1829–1833 Pacific Northwest, United States Malaria, possibly other diseases too 150,000 [117][118]
1829–1835 Iran plague outbreak 1829–1835 Iran Bubonic plague Unknown [119]
1831–1834 Plains Indians smallpox epidemic 1831–1834 Plains Indians Smallpox Unknown
1834–1836 Egypt plague epidemic 1834–1836 Egypt Bubonic plague Unknown [120][121]
1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic 1837–1838 Great Plains, United States and Canada Smallpox 17,000+ [122]
1840 South Africa smallpox epidemic 1840 South Africa Smallpox Unknown
1841 Southern United States yellow fever epidemic 1841 Southern United States (especially Louisiana and Florida) Yellow fever 3,498 [123]
1847 North American typhus epidemic 1847–1848 Canada Typhus 20,000+ [124]
1847 Southern United States yellow fever epidemic 1847 Southern United States (especially New Orleans) Yellow fever 3,400 [125]
1847–1848 influenza epidemic 1847–1848 Worldwide Influenza Unknown [126]
1848–1849 Hawaii epidemic of infections 1848–1849 Hawaiian Kingdom Measles, whooping cough, dysentery and influenza 10,000 [127]
1853 New Orleans yellow fever epidemic 1853 New Orleans, United States Yellow fever 7,970 [111]
Third cholera pandemic 1846–1860 Worldwide Cholera 1 million+ [128]
1853 Ottoman Empire plague epidemic 1853 Ottoman Empire Bubonic plague Unknown [129]
1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak 1853 Copenhagen, Denmark Cholera 4,737 [130]
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak 1854 London, England Cholera 616 [131]
1855 Norfolk yellow fever epidemic 1855 Norfolk and Portsmouth, England Yellow fever 3,000 (2,000 in Norfolk, 1,000 in Portsmouth) [132]
Third plague pandemic 1855–1960 Worldwide Bubonic plague 12 million+ (India and China) [133][134]
1857 Lisbon yellow fever epidemic 1857 Lisbon, Portugal Yellow fever 6,000 [111]
1857 Victoria smallpox epidemic 1857 Victoria, Australia Smallpox Unknown [135]
1857–1859 Europe and the Americas influenza epidemic 1857–1859 Europe, North America, South America Influenza Unknown [136]
1862–1863 British Columbia Smallpox epidemic 1862–1863 British Columbia, Canada Smallpox 32,000 [137][138]
1861–1865 United States typhoid fever epidemic 1861–1865 United States Typhoid fever 80,000 [139]
Fourth cholera pandemic 1863–1875 Middle East Cholera 600,000 [140]
1867 Sydney measles epidemic 1867 Sydney, Australia Measles 748 [141]
1871 Buenos Aires yellow fever epidemic 1871 Buenos Aires, Argentina Yellow fever 13,500–26,200 [142]
1870–1875 Europe smallpox epidemic 1870–1875 Europe Smallpox 500,000 [143][144]
1875 Fiji measles outbreak 1875 Fiji Measles 40,000 [145]
1875–1876 Australia scarlet fever epidemic 1875–1876 Australia Scarlet fever 8,000 [141]
1876 Ottoman Empire plague epidemic 1876 Ottoman Empire Bubonic plague 20,000 [146]
1878 New Orleans yellow fever epidemic 1878 New Orleans, United States Yellow fever 4,046 [104]
1878 Mississippi Valley yellow fever epidemic 1878 Mississippi Valley, United States Yellow fever 13,000 [104]
Fifth cholera pandemic 1881–1896 Asia, Africa, Europe, South America Cholera 298,600 [147]
1885 Montreal smallpox epidemic 1885 Montreal, Canada Smallpox 3,164 [148]
1889–1890 flu pandemic 1889–1890 Worldwide Influenza or Human coronavirus OC43 / HCoV-OC43[149][150] (disputed) 1 million [151]
1894 Hong Kong plague (part of the Third plague pandemic) 1894–1929 Hong Kong Bubonic plague 20,000+ [152]
Bombay plague epidemic (part of the Third plague pandemic) 1896–1905 Bombay, India Bubonic plague 20,788 [153]
1896–1906 Congo Basin African trypanosomiasis epidemic 1896–1906 Congo Basin African trypanosomiasis 500,000 [154]
1899 Porto plague outbreak (part of the Third plague pandemic) 1899 Porto, Portugal Bubonic plague 132 [155]
Sixth cholera pandemic 1899–1923 Europe, Asia, Africa Cholera 800,000+ [156]
San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 (part of the Third plague pandemic) 1900–1904 San Francisco, United States Bubonic plague 119 [157]
1900 Sydney bubonic plague epidemic (part of the Third plague pandemic) 1900 Australia Bubonic plague 103 [158]
1900–1920 Uganda African trypanosomiasis epidemic 1900–1920 Uganda African trypanosomiasis 200,000–300,000 [154]
Papua New Guinea kuru epidemic 1901–2009 Papua New Guinea Kuru 2,700–3,000+ [159][160]
1903 India plague epidemic (part of the Third plague pandemic) 1903 India Bubonic plague 22 [161]
1903 Fremantle plague epidemic (part of the Third plague pandemic) 1903 Fremantle, Western Australia Bubonic plague 4 [162]
1906 malaria outbreak in Ceylon 1906–1936 Ceylon Malaria 80,000 [163]
Manchurian plague (part of the Third plague pandemic) 1910–1911 China Pneumonic plague 60,000 [164]
1910 China plague (part of the Third plague pandemic) 1910–1912 China Bubonic plague 40,000 [165]
1915 Encephalitis lethargica pandemic 1915–1926 Worldwide Encephalitis lethargica 500,000 [166][167][168]
1916 United States polio epidemic 1916 United States Poliomyelitis 7,130 [169]
1918 influenza pandemic ('Spanish flu') 1918–1920 Worldwide Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
H1N1 virus
17–100 million [170][171][172]
1918–1922 Russia typhus epidemic 1918–1922 Russia Typhus 2–3 million [173]
1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak 1924 Los Angeles, United States Pneumonic plague 30 [174]
1924–1925 Minnesota smallpox epidemic 1924–1925 Minnesota, United States Smallpox 500 [175]
1927 Montreal typhoid fever epidemic 1927 Montreal, Canada Typhoid fever 538 [176]
1929–1930 Psittacosis Pandemic 1929–1930 Worldwide Psittacosis 100+ [177]
Croydon typhoid outbreak of 1937 1937 Croydon, United Kingdom Typhoid fever 43 [178]
1937 Australia polio epidemic 1937 Australia Poliomyelitis Unknown [179]
1940 Sudan yellow fever epidemic 1940 Sudan Yellow fever 1,627 [180]
1942–1944 Egypt malaria epidemic 1942–1944 Egypt Malaria Unknown [120][121]
1946 China plague epidemic (part of the Third plague pandemic) 1946 China Bubonic plague Unknown
1946 Egypt relapsing fever epidemic 1946 Egypt Relapsing fever Unknown [120][121]
1947 Egypt cholera epidemic 1947 Egypt Cholera 10,277 [120][121][181]
1948–1952 United States polio epidemic 1948–1952 United States Poliomyelitis 9,000 [169]
1957–1958 influenza pandemic ('Asian flu') 1957–1958 Worldwide Influenza A virus subtype H2N2 1–4 million [170][182][183]
1960–1962 Ethiopia yellow fever epidemic 1960–1962 Ethiopia Yellow fever 30,000 [184]
Seventh cholera pandemic 1961–1975 Worldwide Cholera (El Tor strain) Unknown [185]
Hong Kong flu 1968–1970 Worldwide (mainly in Hong Kong) Influenza A virus subtype H3N2
H3N2 virus
1–4 million [170][182][183]
1971 Staphorst polio epidemic 1971 Staphorst, Netherlands Poliomyelitis 5 [186]
1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak 1972 Yugoslavia Smallpox 35 [187]
London flu 1972–1973 United States Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 1,027 [188]
1973 Italy Cholera El Tor epidemic 1973 Italy Cholera (El Tor strain) 24 [189]
1974 smallpox epidemic of India 1974 India Smallpox 15,000 [190]
1977 Russian flu 1977–1979 Worldwide Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 700,000 [191][192]
Sverdlovsk anthrax leak 1979 Russia Anthrax 105 [193]
HIV/AIDS pandemic 1981–present Worldwide HIV/AIDS 35 million+ (as of 2020) [194]
1984 Western Sahara plague 1984 Western Sahara Bubonic plague 64
1986 Oju yellow fever epidemic 1986 Oju, Nigeria Yellow fever 5,600+ [195]
1987 Mali yellow fever epidemic 1987 Mali Yellow fever 145 [196]
1991 Bangladesh cholera epidemic 1991 Bangladesh Cholera 8,410–9,432 [197]
1991 Latin America cholera epidemic 1991–1993 Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala Cholera 8,000 [198][199]
1994 plague in India 1994 India Bubonic plague and Pneumonic plague 56 [200]
United Kingdom BSE outbreak 1996–2001 United Kingdom Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease / vCJD 178 [201][202]
1996 West Africa meningitus epidemic 1996 West Africa Meningitis 10,000 [203]
1998–99 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak 1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus infection 105 [204]
2000 Central America dengue epidemic 2000 Central America Dengue fever 40+ [205]
2001 Nigeria cholera epidemic 2001 Nigeria Cholera 400+ [206]
2001 South Africa cholera epidemic 2001 South Africa Cholera 139 [207][208]
2002–04 SARS outbreak 2002–2004 Worldwide Severe acute respiratory syndrome / SARS 774 [209]
2003 Algeria plague outbreak 2003 Algeria Bubonic plague 1 (18 cases) [210]
2003–2019 Asia and Egypt Avian influenza epidemic 2003–2019 Southeast Asia and Egypt Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 455 [211]
2004 Afghanistan leishmaniasis epidemic 2004 Afghanistan Leishmaniasis 0 (3,958 cases) [212][213]
2004 Indonesia dengue epidemic 2004 Indonesia Dengue fever 658 [214]
2004 Senegal cholera outbreak 2004 Senegal Cholera 2 [215]
2004 Sudan ebola outbreak 2004 Sudan Ebola 7 [216]
2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore 2005 Singapore Dengue fever 27 [217]
2006 Luanda cholera epidemic 2006 Luanda, Angola Cholera 1,200+ [218]
2006 Ituri Province plague epidemic 2006 Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo Bubonic plague 61 [219][220]
2006 India malaria outbreak 2006 India Malaria 17 [221]
2006 dengue outbreak in India 2006 India Dengue fever 50+ [222]
2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan 2006 Pakistan Dengue fever 50+ [223]
2006 Philippines dengue epidemic 2006 Philippines Dengue fever 1,000 [224]
2006–07 East Africa Rift Valley fever outbreak 2006–2007 East Africa Rift Valley fever 394 [225]
Mweka ebola epidemic 2007 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola 187 [226]
2007 Ethiopia cholera epidemic 2007 Ethiopia Cholera 684 [227]
2007 Iraq cholera outbreak 2007 Iraq Cholera 10 [228]
2007 Nigeria polio outbreak 2007 Nigeria Poliomyelitis Unknown (69 cases) [229]
2007 Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and Mexico dengue fever epidemic 2007 Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Mexico Dengue fever 183 [230]
2007 Uganda ebola outbreak 2007 Uganda Ebola 37 [216]
2007 Vietnam cholera outbreak 2007 Vietnam Cholera 2 [231][232]
2007 Netherlands Q-fever epidemic 2007–2018 Netherlands Q-fever 95 [233]
2008 Brazil dengue epidemic 2008 Brazil Dengue fever 67 [234]
2008 Cambodia dengue epidemic 2008 Cambodia Dengue fever 407 [235]
2008 Chad cholera epidemic 2008 Chad Cholera 123 [236]
2008–2017 China hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic 2008–2017 China Hand, foot, and mouth disease 3,322+ [237]
2008 India cholera epidemic 2008 India Cholera 115 [238]
2008 Madagascar plague outbreak 2008 Madagascar Bubonic plague 18+ [239]
2008 Philippines dengue epidemic 2008 Philippines Dengue fever 172 [240]
2008–09 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak 2008–2009 Zimbabwe Cholera 4,293 [241]
2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic 2009 Bolivia Dengue fever 18 [242]
2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak 2009 India Hepatitis B 49 [243]
Queensland 2009 dengue outbreak 2009 Queensland, Australia Dengue fever 1+ (503 cases) [244]
Mumps outbreaks in the 2000s 2009 Worldwide Mumps Unknown
2009–10 West African meningitis outbreak 2009–2010 West Africa Meningitis 1,100 [245]
2009 swine flu pandemic 2009–2010 Worldwide Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 Lab confirmed deaths: 18,449 (reported to the WHO)

Estimated death toll: 284,000 (possible range 151,700-575,400)

[246][247]
2010s Haiti cholera outbreak 2010–2019 Haiti Cholera (strain serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa) 10,075 [248]
2010–2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo measles outbreak 2010–2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Measles 4,500+ [249][250]
2011 Vietnam hand, foot and mouth disease epidemic 2011 Vietnam Hand, foot and mouth disease 170 [251][252]
2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan 2011 Pakistan Dengue fever 350+ [253]
2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan 2012 Darfur, Sudan Yellow fever 171 [254]
2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak 2012–present Worldwide Middle East respiratory syndrome / MERS-CoV 935 (as of 4 July 2020) [255]
2013 dengue outbreak in Singapore 2013 Singapore Dengue fever 8 [256]
2013 Vietnam measles outbreak 2013–2014 Vietnam Measles 142 [257]
Western African Ebola virus epidemic 2013–2016 Worldwide, primarily concentrated in Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone Ebola
Ebola virus virion
11,323+ [258][259][260]
2013–14 chikungunya outbreak 2013–2015 Americas Chikungunya 183 [261]
2013–19 Avian influenza epidemic 2013–2019 China Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 616 [262]
2014 Madagascar plague outbreak 2014–2017 Madagascar Bubonic plague 292 [263]
2014 Odisha jaundice outbreak 2014–2015 India Primarily Hepatitis E, but also Hepatitis A 36 [264]
2015 Indian swine flu outbreak 2015 India Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 2,035 [265][266][267]
2015–16 Zika virus epidemic 2015–2016 Worldwide Zika virus 53 [268]
2016 Angola and DR Congo yellow fever outbreak 2016 Angola and DR Congo Yellow fever 498 (377 in Angola, 121 in Congo) [269]
2016–20 Yemen cholera outbreak 2016–present Yemen Cholera 3,886 (as of 30 November 2019) [270]
2017 dengue outbreak in Peshawar 2017 Peshawar, Pakistan Dengue fever 69 [271]
2017 Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis outbreak 2017 India Japanese encephalitis 1,317 [272]
2017 dengue outbreak in Sri Lanka 2017 Sri Lanka Dengue fever 440 [273]
2017–18 United States flu season 2017–2018 United States Seasonal influenza 61,000 (46,000–95,000)[274] [275][276][277]
2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala 2018 India Nipah virus infection 17 [278]
Kivu Ebola epidemic 2018–2020 Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda Ebola 2,280 [279][280][281]
2018 NDM-CRE outbreak in Italy 2018–present Italy New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-producing CRE 31 (as of September 2019) [282][283]
2019 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2019–2020 Democratic Republic of the Congo Measles 7,018+ [284]
2019–2020 New Zealand measles outbreak 2019–present New Zealand Measles 2 [285]
2019 Philippines measles outbreak 2019–present Philippines Measles 415 [286]
2019 Kuala Koh measles outbreak 2019 Kuala Koh, Malaysia Measles 15 [287]
2019 Samoa measles outbreak 2019–present Samoa Measles 83 [288]
2019–20 dengue fever epidemic 2019–present Asia-Pacific, Latin America Dengue fever 3,930 [289]
COVID-19 pandemic 2019–present Worldwide Coronavirus disease 2019 / COVID-19 2.3 million+ (as of February 2021) [290]
2019 Nigeria lassa fever epidemic 2019–present Nigeria Lassa fever 246 (as of January 2021) [291]
2020 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola outbreak 2020 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola 55 [292]
2020 novel bunyavirus outbreak 2020–present China Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome 7 (as of 5 August 2020) [293]
2020 Nigeria yellow fever epidemic 2020–present Nigeria Yellow Fever 296 (as of 31 December 2020) [294]

See also

References

  1. Green MS; Swartz T; Mayshar E; Lev B; Leventhal A; Slater PE; Shemer Js (January 2002). "When is an epidemic an epidemic?". Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 4 (1): 3–6. PMID 11802306.
  2. Wade, Lizzie (2020-05-14). "From Black Death to fatal flu, past pandemics show why people on the margins suffer most". Science. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  3. "The Spanish flu (1918-20): The global impact of the largest influenza pandemic in history". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  4. Mordechai, Lee; Eisenberg, Merle; Newfield, Timothy P.; Izdebski, Adam; Kay, Janet E.; Poinar, Hendrik (2019-12-17). "The Justinianic Plague: An inconsequential pandemic?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (51): 25546–25554. doi:10.1073/pnas.1903797116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6926030. PMID 31792176.
  5. Acuna-Soto, R.; Stahle, D. W.; Cleaveland, M. K.; Therrell, M. D. (April 8, 2002). "Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (4): 360–362. doi:10.3201/eid0804.010175. PMC 2730237. PMID 11971767.
  6. "Antonine Plague". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  7. Suzuki, A. (2011). "Smallpox and the epidemiological heritage of modern Japan: Towards a total history". Medical History. 55 (3): 313–318. doi:10.1017/S0025727300005329. PMC 3143877. PMID 21792253.
  8. Mouritz, A. (1921). The Flu. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  9. "Pandemics That Changed History". History.com. Archived from the original on 2020-03-03. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  10. "Plague of Athens: Another Medical Mystery Solved at University of Maryland". University of Maryland Medical Center. Archived from the original on 2015-12-04. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
  11. Papagrigorakis, Manolis J.; Yapijakis, Christos; Synodinos, Philippos N.; Baziotopoulou-Valavani, Effie (2007). "DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 10 (3): 206–214. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2005.09.001. PMID 16412683.
  12. Olson, PE; Hames, CS; Benenson, AS; Genovese, EN (1996). "The Thucydides syndrome: Ebola déjà vu? (or Ebola reemergent?)". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2 (2): 155–156. doi:10.3201/eid0202.960220. PMC 2639821. PMID 8964060.
  13. Potter, C. W. (2002). "Foreword". Influenza. Elsevier Science. p. vii.
  14. "Reactions to Plague in the Ancient & Medieval World". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  15. "Past pandemics that ravaged Europe" Archived 2017-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 7 November 2005
  16. Mazanec, Thomas J. (2020-09-01). "Review: The Halberd at Red Cliff: Jian'an and the Three Kingdoms, by Xiaofei Tian". Studies in Late Antiquity. 4 (3): 353–359. doi:10.1525/sla.2020.4.3.353. ISSN 2470-6469.
  17. Tian, Xiaofei (2018-10-14). Plague and Poetry: Rethinking Jian’an. Brill. ISBN 978-1-68417-092-0.
  18. D. Ch. Stathakopoulos Famine and Pestilence in the late Roman and early Byzantine Empire (2007) 95
  19. Harper, Kyle (1 November 2017). "Solving the Mystery of an Ancient Roman Plague". The Atlantic. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  20. Tharoor, Ishaan (2010-10-26). "Top 10 Terrible Epidemics - TIME". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  21. Maugh, Thomas. "An Empire's Epidemic". University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  22. Frerichs, Ralph R. "An Empire's Epidemic". Ph.ucla.edu. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  23. Turner, David (November 1990). "The Politics of Despair: The Plague of 746–747 and Iconoclasm in the Byzantine Empire1". Annual of the British School at Athens. 85: 419–434. doi:10.1017/S006824540001577X. ISSN 2045-2403.
  24. Maddicott, J. R. (1 August 1997). "Plague in seventh century England". Past & Present. 156 (1): 7–54. doi:10.1093/past/156.1.7. ISSN 0031-2746.
  25. Little, Little (2007). Plague and the end of Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-521-84639-4.
  26. Kohn, George C. (2002). Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present. Princeton, New Jersey: Checkmark Books. p. 213. ISBN 978-0816048939.
  27. Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective. University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8263-2871-7. Archived from the original on 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
  28. Heyman, Paul; Simons, Leopold; Cochez, Christel (7 January 2014). "Were the English Sweating Sickness and the Picardy Sweat Caused by Hantaviruses?". Viruses. 6 (1): 151–171. doi:10.3390/v6010151. PMC 3917436. PMID 24402305.
  29. "Typhus, War, and Vaccines". historyofvaccines.org. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  30. Morens, David; North, Michael; Taubenberger, Jeffrey (4 December 2011). "Eyewitness accounts of the 1510 influenza pandemic in Europe". Lancet. 367 (9756): 1894–1895. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62204-0. PMC 3180818. PMID 21155080.
  31. "American plague". New Scientist. December 19, 2000. Archived from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  32. Acuna-Soto, R.; Romero, L. C.; Maguire, J. H. (2000). "Large epidemics of hemorrhagic fevers in Mexico 1545–1815". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 62 (6): 733–739. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.733. PMID 11304065.
  33. Acuna-Soto, Rodolfo; Stahle, D. W.; Cleaveland, M. K.; Therrell, M. D. (2002). "Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (4): 360–362. doi:10.3201/eid0804.010175. PMC 2730237. PMID 11971767.
  34. Vågene, Åshild J.; Herbig, Alexander; Campana, Michael G.; Robles García, Nelly M.; Warinner, Christina; Sabin, Susanna; Spyrou, Maria A.; Andrades Valtueña, Aida; Huson, Daniel; Tuross, Noreen; Bos, Kirsten I.; Krause, Johannes (2018). "Salmonella enterica genomes from victims of a major sixteenth-century epidemic in Mexico". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (3): 520–528. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0446-6. PMID 29335577. S2CID 3358440.
  35. Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo Historia de Chile desde su descubrimiento hasta el año 1575. Cervantesvirtual.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-06.
  36. Creighton, Charles (1891). A History of Epidemics in Britain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 305.
  37. "Plague. The fourth horseman – Historic epidemics and their impact in Tenerife" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 28. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  38. "American Indian Epidemics". Archived from the original on February 14, 2015.
  39. "Our Heritage Saved: St Roque Chapel". The Malta Independent. 30 May 2007. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
  40. Creighton, Charles (November 1891). A History of Epidemics in Britain: From A.D 664 to the Extinction of Plague. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 353–354.
  41. "A History of Spain". Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  42. "The Death of Queen Elizabeth I, the Return of the Black Plague, the Rise of Shakespeare, Piracy, Witchcraft, and the Birth of the Stuart Era". Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  43. "Worst Diseases in Shakespeare's London". Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  44. Bell, Walter George (1951). Belinda Hollyer (ed.). The great Plague in London (folio society ed.). Folio society by arrangement with Random House. pp. 3–5
  45. Marr, John S.; Cathey, John T. (2010). "New Hypothesis for Cause of Epidemic among Native Americans, New England, 1616–1619". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (2): 281–286. doi:10.3201/eid1602.090276. PMC 2957993. PMID 20113559.
  46. Mann, Charles C. (December 2005). "Native intelligence". Archived from the original on 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
  47. Hays, J. N. (2005). Epidemics and pandemics their impacts on human history. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 103. ISBN 978-1851096589.
  48. Eckert, Edward-A. (1978). Annales de Démographie Historique. p. 55. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  49. "1633–34 — Smallpox Epidemic, New England Natives, Plymouth Colonists, MA –>1000". usdeadlyevents.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  50. Johansen, Bruce E. (2015). American Indian Culture: From Counting Coup to Wampum [2 volumes]: From Counting Coup to Wampum. ABC-CLIO. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-4408-2874-4. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  51. Newman, Kira L. S. (2012). "Shutt up: bubonic plague and quarantine in early modern England". Journal of Social History. 45 (3): 809–834. doi:10.1093/jsh/shr114. ISSN 0022-4529. JSTOR 41678910. PMID 22611587. S2CID 24952354.
  52. Ch’iu, Chung-lin. "The Epidemics in Ming Beijing and the Responses from the Empire's Public Health System". 中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊 (in Chinese): 331–388.
  53. Timothy Brook (1999). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. University of California Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-520-22154-3. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  54. Stanley G. Payne: A History of Spain and Portugal Volume 1, Ch 15 The Seventeenth-Century Decline THE LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE, accessed 26 May 2020
  55. Rogers, D.J.; Wilson, A.J.; Hay, S.I.; Graham, A.J. (2006). "The Global Distribution of Yellow Fever and Dengue". Advances in Parasitology. 62: 181–220. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62006-4. ISBN 9780120317622. ISSN 0065-308X. PMC 3164798. PMID 16647971.
  56. Scasciamacchia, Silvia; Serrecchia, Luigina; Giangrossi, Luigi; Garofolo, Giuliano; Balestrucci, Antonio; Sammartino, Gilberto; Fasanella, Antonio (2012). "Plague Epidemic in the Kingdom of Naples, 1656–1658". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 18 (1): 186–188. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110597. PMC 3310102. PMID 22260781.
  57. "De pest" (in Dutch). 23 April 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  58. Ross, David. "UK travel and heritage – Britain Express UK travel guide". The London Plague of 1665. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  59. Archives, The National. "Great Plague of 1665–1666 – The National Archives". Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  60. Jones, Colin (1996). "Plague and Its Metaphors in Early Modern France". Representations. 53 (53): 97–127. doi:10.2307/2928672. ISSN 0734-6018. JSTOR 2928672.
  61. Grima, Noel (19 June 2017). "The 1676 plague in Malta". The Malta Independent. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017.
  62. Casey, James (1999). Early Modern Spain: A Social History. Psychology Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-415-13813-0. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  63. "1677–1678 — Smallpox Epidemic, Massachusetts Bay Colony, esp. Boston & vic. –750-1,000". usdeadlyevents. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  64. Payne, Joseph Frank (1911). "Plague" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 696.
  65. "Plague". britannica. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  66. History of South Africa 1486–1691, George McCall Theal, London, pub. Swan Sonnenschein, 1888. p. 332 "Towards the beginning of the winter of 1687 the colony was visited by a destructive disease, a kind of fever which carried off many of the inhabitants. The natives suffered very..."
  67. "1693 — June 17 start, Yellow Fever, Boston, British fleet arrival from Martinique[1] — <10?". Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  68. "1699 — Yellow Fever Epidemics Charleston, SC(170–311); Philadelphia (220) –390 – 531". Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  69. "1702 — Summer to late Fall, Yellow Fever Epidemic, New York City, NY −500-570". Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  70. Desjardins, Bertrand (1996). "Demographic Aspects of the 1702–1703 Smallpox Epidemic in the St. Lawrence Valley". Canadian Studies in Population. 23 (1): 49–67. doi:10.25336/P6459C.
  71. J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  72. Sticker, Georg (1908). Die Pest. Abhandlungen aus der Seuchengeschichte und Seuchenlehre. 1. Gießen: A. Töpelmann (vormals J. Ricker). p. 213.
  73. Kroll, Stefan; Grabinsky, Anne. "Städtesystem und Urbanisierung im Ostseeraum in der Neuzeit – Historisches Informationssystem und Analyse von Demografie, Wirtschaft und Baukultur im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert. B: Komplexe Historische Informationssysteme. B2: Der letzte Ausbruch der Pest im Ostseeraum zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts. Chronologie des Seuchenzugs und Bestandsaufnahme überlieferter Sterbeziffern. Karte". University of Rostock. Retrieved 2012-08-14.
    Specific sections: Danzig; Königsberg; Stettin; Memel; Tilsit; Narva; Stargard; Riga; Pernau; Reval; Stralsund; Stockholm; Visby; Linköping; Jönköping; Ystad; Malmö; Helsingør; Kopenhagen; Hamburg
  74. Morens, David M. (2015). "The Past Is Never Dead – Measles Epidemic, Boston, Massachusetts, 1713". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 21 (7): 1257–1260. doi:10.3201/eid2107.150397. PMC 4480406. PMID 26277799.
  75. Mazan, Ryan; Gagnon, Alain; Desjardins, Bertrand (2009). "The Measles Epidemic of 1714–1715 in New France". Canadian Studies in Population. 36 (3–4): 295–323. doi:10.25336/P63P5Q.
  76. Devaux, Christian A. (2013). "Small oversights that led to the Great Plague of Marseille (1720–1723): Lessons from the past". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 14: 169–185. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2012.11.016. PMID 23246639.
  77. "Zabdiel Boylston and inoculation". Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  78. "Yellow Fever Timeline: The History Of A Long Misunderstood Disease". 28 August 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  79. "Ambrosevideo.com". Archived from the original on 2016-04-17. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
  80. Gagnon, Alain; Mazan, Ryan (2009). "Does exposure to infectious diseases in infancy affect old-age mortality? Evidence from a pre-industrial population". Social Science & Medicine. 68 (9): 1609–1616. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.008. PMID 19269727.
  81. Purvis, Thomas L. (2014). Colonial America To 1763. p. 173. ISBN 9781438107998. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  82. "Banat's historical chronology for the last millennium- XVIII Century". www.genealogy.ro. Genealogy RO Group. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  83. "1738–39 — Smallpox, Catawba (NC/SC) and Cherokee Natives (NC) –7,700–11,700". usdeadlyevents.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  84. "The Early History of Yellow Fever". jdc.jefferson.edu. Thomas Jefferson University. September 2009. p. 3. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  85. Tognotti, Eugenia (February 2013). "Lessons from the History of Quarantine, from Plague to Influenza A". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 19 (2): 254–259. doi:10.3201/eid1902.120312. PMC 3559034. PMID 23343512.
  86. Wyman, Walter (April 1897). "The North American Review". The Black Plague. University of Northern Iowa. 164 (485): 442. JSTOR 25118799.
  87. LeMay, Michael C. (2016). Global Pandemic Threats: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-4408-4283-2. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  88. Krebsbach, Suzanne (1996). "The Great Charlestown Smallpox Epidemic of 1760". The South Carolina Historical Magazine. 97 (1): 30–37. ISSN 0038-3082. JSTOR 27570134.
  89. "1760 — Smallpox Epidemic, Charleston, SC (as well as undocumented Native deaths)–730-940". usdeadlyevents.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  90. Ranlet, Philip (2000). "The British, the Indians, and Smallpox: What Actually Happened at Fort Pitt in 1763?". Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. 67 (3): 427–441. ISSN 0031-4528. JSTOR 27774278.
  91. Melikishvili, Alexander (2006). "Genesis of the anti-plague system: the Tsarist period" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 36 (1): 19–31. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.204.1976. doi:10.1080/10408410500496763. PMID 16610335. S2CID 7420734.
  92. "1772 — Measles Epidemics, Charleston, SC (800-900), Philadelphia, PA (180) –980-1,080". usdeadlyevents.com. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  93. Hashemi Shahraki A, Carniel E, Mostafavi E (2016). "Plague in Iran: its history and current status". Epidemiol Health. 38: e2016033. doi:10.4178/epih.e2016033. PMC 5037359. PMID 27457063.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  94. Prichard, Augustin; Fothergill, John (1894). "Influenza in 1775". The Lancet. 143 (3673): 175–176. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)66026-4. Archived from the original on 2020-01-03. Retrieved 2019-07-05.
  95. Greg Lange,"Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s" Archived 2008-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, 23 Jan 2003, HistoryLink.org, Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, accessed 2 Jun 2008
  96. Houston, C. S.; Houston, S. (2000). "The first smallpox epidemic on the Canadian Plains: In the fur-traders' words". The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 11 (2): 112–115. doi:10.1155/2000/782978. PMC 2094753. PMID 18159275.
  97. Rohé, George Henry; Robin, Albert (1908). Text-book of Hygiene: A Comprehensive Treatise on the Principles and Practice of Preventive Medicine from an American Standpoint. Davis. p. 428. Retrieved 12 February 2020. spain 1788 dengue fever.
  98. Waldman, Carl; Braun, Molly (2009). Atlas of the North American Indian. Infobase Publishing. p. 295. ISBN 978-1-4381-2671-5. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  99. The History of Small-Pox in Australia, 1788–1908, JHL Cumpston, (1914, Government Printer, Melb.)This epidemic is unlikely to have been a natural event. see, Warren (2013) doi:10.1080/14443058.2013.849750 After Cook and coinciding with Colonisation "With the arrival of the Europeans, the Gadigal population was virtually wiped. In 1789 and 1790 a smallpox epidemic swept through the Aboriginal population around Sydney" Archived 2008-06-25 at the Wayback Machine
  100. "The origin of the smallpox outbreak in Sydney in 1789". thefreelibrary. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  101. "Epidemics". Archived from the original on 2013-07-22. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
  102. "Tiger mosquitoes and the history of yellow fever and dengue in Spain". Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  103. Andrew Davidson (1893). Hygiene & diseases of warm climates. Pentland. p. 337. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  104. "The 1802 Saint-Domingue Yellow Fever Epidemic and the Louisiana Purchase (page 78)" (PDF). 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  105. Lynch, Lily (5 December 2015). "Odessa, 1812: Plague and Tyranny at the Edge of the Empire". Balkanist. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020.
  106. Mangion, Fabian (19 May 2013). "Maltese islands devastated by a deadly epidemic 200 years ago". Times of Malta. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  107. Ştefan Ionescu, Bucureştii în vremea fanarioţilor (Bucharest in the time of the Phanariotes), Editura Dacia, Cluj, 1974. p. 287-293
  108. Fenning, Hugh (1999). "Typhus Epidemic in Ireland, 1817–1819: Priests, Ministers, Doctors". Collectanea Hibernica. 41 (41): 117–152. JSTOR 30004680.
  109. J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  110. "The Autumnal Fever: The Outbreak of the Yellow Fever in Savannah, Georgia in 1820". projects.leadr.msu.edu. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  111. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Yellow Fever" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 910–911.
  112. "Yellow fever in Barcelona". 14 May 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  113. J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 211. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  114. "Aboriginal Health History". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  115. "The smallpox holocaust that swept Aboriginal Australia – Red hot echidna spikes are burning me". candobetter. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  116. "Epidemieën in Groningen: De Groninger ziekte (1826)". rtvnoord (in Dutch). 22 March 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  117. "A Listing Of Some Worldwide Epidemics". raogk. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  118. "Disease Epidemics among Indians, 1770s–1850s (essay)". oregonencyclopedia. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  119. A History of the Human Plague in Iran Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine, Mohammad Azizi, Farzaneh Azizi
  120. Kuhnke, Laverne. Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. ark.cdlib.org Archived 2008-11-20 at the Wayback Machine, Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990.
  121. Gallagher, Nancy. Egypt's Other Wars: Epidemics and the Politics of Public Health. Syracuse University Press, c1990. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 977-424-295-5
  122. "Smallpox decimates tribes; survivors join together – Timeline – Native Voices". www.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  123. "1841 — Yellow Fever, esp. FL & LA, esp. New Orleans, also Vicksburg, Charleston −3,498". usdeadlyevents.com. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  124. Gallagher, The Reverend John A. (1936). "The Irish Emigration of 1847 and Its Canadian Consequences". Canadian Catholic Historical Association Report, University of Manitoba Web Site. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  125. "1847 –Yellow Fever, esp. New Orleans, also Galveston, Mobile, Pensacola, Vicksburg >3,400". usdeadlyevents.com. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  126. a s, &NA (1849). "On the Influenza, or Epidemic Catarrhal Fever of 1847–8". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 18 (35): 148–154. doi:10.1097/00000441-184907000-00018. PMC 5277660.
  127. Schmitt, Robert C.; Nordyke, Eleanor C. (2001). "Death in Hawai'i: the Epidemics of 1848 - 1849". Hawaiian Journal of History. 35. hdl:10524/339.
  128. J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  129. Practitioner. 1877. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  130. Archived 2015-01-03 at the Wayback Machine About Cholera epidemic of Copenhagen 1853
  131. John Snow (1855). On the mode of communication of cholera. John Churchill. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  132. "Norfolk's Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1855". historicforrest.com. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  133. Pryor, E. G. (1975). "The great plague of Hong Kong". Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 15: 61–70. JSTOR 23881624. PMID 11614750.
  134. Stenseth, Nils Chr (8 August 2008). "Plague Through History". Science. 321 (5890): 773–774. doi:10.1126/science.1161496. S2CID 161336516.
  135. "Australian Medical Pioneers Index (AMPI) – Colonial Medical Life". Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  136. Beveridge, W.I.B. Influenza, the Last Great Plague (Heinemann, London, 1977)
  137. Creating Canada: 1850–1890 (PDF). p. 42. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  138. "How a smallpox epidemic forged modern British Columbia". macleans.ca. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  139. "Typhoid Fever History". news-medical.net. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  140. J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 267. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  141. "Epidemics". dictionaryofsydney.org. 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  142. "The Yellow Fever Outbreak of 1871". Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  143. "Franco-Prussian War". strategypage.com. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  144. Jorland, Gerard (2011). "Smallpox and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870". Les Tribunes de la Santé. 33: 25–30. doi:10.3917/seve.033.0025.
  145. "Death of Forty Thousand Fijians from Measles". Liverpool Mercury. 29 Sep 1875. Retrieved 9 Nov 2012.
  146. "Plague in the 19th Century: (2) 1853–84". 1902encyclopedia. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  147. J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  148. Plague A Story of Smallpox in Montreal Michael Bliss, 1991, accessed 8 May 2020
  149. King, Anthony (May 2020). "An uncommon cold". New Scientist. 246 (3280): 32–35. Bibcode:2020NewSc.246...32K. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(20)30862-9. PMC 7252012. PMID 32501321.
  150. Huynh, Jeremy; Li, Shimena; Yount, Boyd; Smith, Alexander; Sturges, Leslie; Olsen, John C.; Nagel, Juliet; Johnson, Joshua B.; Agnihothram, Sudhakar; Gates, J. Edward; Frieman, Matthew B.; Baric, Ralph S.; Donaldson, Eric F. (1 December 2012). "Evidence Supporting a Zoonotic Origin of Human Coronavirus Strain NL63". Journal of Virology. 86 (23): 12816–12825. doi:10.1128/JVI.00906-12. PMC 3497669. PMID 22993147.
  151. Great Britain. Local Government Board (1893). Further report and papers on epidemic influenza, 1889–92: with an introduction by the medical officer of the Local Government Board. Eyre. p. 49. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  152. "A lesson from history – Hong Kong's plague epidemic points way ahead in face of crisis". South China Morning Post. 2016-01-11. Retrieved 2021-01-16.
  153. "The 1896 Bombay Plague: Lessons In What Not To Do". outlookindia. 9 April 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  154. "The history of sleeping sickness". WHO. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  155. Pontes, David (2012). O cerco da peste no Porto: Cidade, imprensa e saúde pública na crise sanitária de 1899 (PDF) (master's degree) (in Portuguese). Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  156. J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 345. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  157. Echenberg, Myron (2007). Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague: 1894–1901. Sacramento: New York University Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-8147-2232-9.
  158. "The day bubonic plague hit Sydney". www.dailytelegraph.com.au. 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  159. Liberski, Pawel; Gajos, Agata; Sikorska, Beata; Lindenbaum, Shirley (2019). "Kuru, the First Human Prion Disease †". Viruses. 11 (3): 232. doi:10.3390/v11030232. PMC 6466359. PMID 30866511.
  160. Zafar Khan, Zartash. "Kuru: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology".
  161. "Texas Department of State Health Services, History of Plague". Archived from the original on 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
  162. Blackburne, George Hugh Spencer; Anderson, T. L. (1903). Report on the outbreak of plague at Fremantle  via Wikisource.
  163. Wijesundere, Dilkushi Anula; Ramasamy, Ranjan (2017-08-28). "Analysis of Historical Trends and Recent Elimination of Malaria from Sri Lanka and Its Applicability for Malaria Control in Other Countries". Frontiers in Public Health. 5: 212. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00212. ISSN 2296-2565. PMC 5581355. PMID 28894732.
  164. Meiklejohn, Iain. "Manchurian plague, 1910–11". Disaster History. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  165. "In Memory of the 1910 Harbin Plague". Archived from the original on 2017-10-28. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
  166. Ravenholt, R. T; Foege, WilliamH (1982-10-16). "1918 Influenza, Encephalitis Lethargica, Parkinsonism". The Lancet. Originally published as Volume 2, Issue 8303. 320 (8303): 860–864. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)90820-0. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 6126720. S2CID 45138249.
  167. McCall, Sherman; Vilensky, Joel A; Gilman, Sid; Taubenberger, Jeffery K (May 2008). "The relationship between encephalitis lethargica and influenza: A critical analysis". Journal of Neurovirology. 14 (3): 177–185. doi:10.1080/13550280801995445. ISSN 1355-0284. PMC 2778472. PMID 18569452.
  168. Foster, Harold D.; Hoffer, Abram (1 January 2007). "Chapter 16 – Hyperoxidation of the Two Catecholamines, Dopamine and Adrenaline: Implications for the Etiologies and Treatment of Encephalitis Lethargica, Parkinson's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Schizophrenia". Oxidative Stress and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Elsevier Science B.V.: 369–382. doi:10.1016/B978-044452809-4/50157-5. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  169. Ochman, Sophie; Roser, Max (9 November 2017). "Polio (graph "Reported paralytic polio cases and deaths in the United States since 1910")". Our World in Data. OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  170. "Pandemic Influenza Risk Management WHO Interim Guidance" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2013. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  171. P. Spreeuwenberg; et al. (1 December 2018). "Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic". American Journal of Epidemiology. 187 (12): 2561–2567. doi:10.1093/aje/kwy191. PMC 7314216. PMID 30202996.
  172. Borza, T. (2001-12-10). "[Spanish flu in Norway 1918-19]". Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening. 121 (30): 3551–3554. ISSN 0029-2001. PMID 11808016.
  173. Patterson KD (1993). "Typhus and its control in Russia, 1870–1940". Med Hist. 37 (4): 361–381 [378]. doi:10.1017/s0025727300058725. PMC 1036775. PMID 8246643.
  174. Viseltear A.J. (March 1974). "The Pneumonic Plague Epidemic of 1924 in Los Angeles". Yale J. Biol. Med. 47 (1): 40–54. PMC 2595158. PMID 4596466.
  175. Nelson, Paul (2018-01-02). "Smallpox Epidemic, 1924–1925". MNopedia. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
  176. Berger, Stephen (20 January 2017). Typhoid and Enteric Fever: Global Status: 2017 edition. ISBN 9781498816878. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  177. Honigsbaum, Mark (2020). "3. The Great Parrot Fever Pandemic". The Pandemic Century: One Hundred Years of Panic, Hysteria and Hubris (PDF). London: Hurst & Company. pp. 67–98. ISBN 9781787381216.
  178. Ravenel, Mazÿk P. (May 1938). "The Croydon Epidemic of Typhoid Fever". American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health. 28 (5): 644–646. doi:10.2105/AJPH.28.5.644. PMC 1529192. PMID 18014847.
  179. Melbourne, Professor Joan McMeeken, University of (2018-01-18). "Remembering Australia's polio scourge". Pursuit. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  180. "Yellow Fever in Sudan" (PDF). Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  181. Shousha AT (1948). "Cholera Epidemic in Egypt (1947): A Preliminary Report". Bull. World Health Organ. 1 (2): 353–81. PMC 2553924. PMID 20603928.
  182. William E. Paul (2008). Fundamental Immunology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-6519-0. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  183. "Report of the Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) in relation to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009" (PDF). 2011-05-05. p. 37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  184. Lilay, Abrham; Asamene, Negga; Bekele, Abyot; Mengesha, Mesfin; Wendabeku, Milliyon; Tareke, Israel; Girmay, Abiy; Wuletaw, Yonas; Adossa, Abate; Ba, Yamar; Sall, Amadou; Jima, Daddi; Mengesha, Debritu (15 May 2017). "Reemergence of yellow fever in Ethiopia after 50 years, 2013: epidemiological and entomological investigations". BMC Infectious Diseases. 17 (1): 343. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2435-4. PMC 5432991. PMID 28506254. S2CID 21276606.
  185. J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 421. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  186. "Polio in Staphorst". anderetijden (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  187. Ehrengut W (1974). "[Smallpox in Yugoslavia in 1972 (author's transl)]". Med Klin. 69 (8): 350–352. PMID 4826683.
  188. "New, Deadly Flu Strain Detected in Albany Co". Schenectady Gazette. Associated Press. January 24, 1975. p. 3. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
  189. De Lorenzo F., Manzillo G., Soscia M., Balestrieri G.G. (1974). "Epidemic of Cholera el Tor in Naples, 1973". The Lancet. 303 (7859): 669. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(74)93214-0. PMID 4132328.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  190. "The control and eradication of smallpox in South Asia". www.smallpoxhistory.ucl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2008-10-19. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  191. Michaelis, Martin; Doerr, Hans Wilhem; Cinatl, Jindrich (2009-08-01). "Novel swine-origin influenza A virus in humans: another pandemic knocking at the door". Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 198 (3): 175–183 (Table 1). doi:10.1007/s00430-009-0118-5. ISSN 1432-1831.
  192. "You're more likely to die from the H1N1 flu if you were born in 1957". University of Montreal. 2020-11-18. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
  193. Meselson, Matthew; Guillemin, J; Hugh-Jones, Martin; Langmuir, A; Popova, I; Shelokov, A; Yampolskaya, O (1994-12-01). "The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979". Science. 266 (5188): 1202–8. Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1202M. doi:10.1126/science.7973702. PMID 7973702.
  194. "Statistics Overview - HIV surveillance report (International Statistics)". cdc.gov. Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  195. De Cock KM, Monath TP, Nasidi A, Tukei PM, Enriquez J, Lichfield P, Craven RB, Fabiyi A, Okafor BC, Ravaonjanahary C (1988). "Epidemic yellow fever in eastern Nigeria, 1986". Lancet. 1 (8586): 630–3. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91425-0. PMID 2894558. S2CID 31563771.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  196. "Yellow fever in Mali". who.int. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  197. Summary of cholera cases and deaths reported in the literature, by date, country and World Health Organization (WHO) mortality stratum Mohammad Ali, Anna Lena Lopez, Young Ae You, Young Eun Kim, Binod Sah, Brian Maskery & John Clemens, Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, Volume 90, Number 3, March 2012, 209-218A www.who.int, accessed 4 May 2020
  198. Tickner, Joel; Gouveia-Vigeant, Tami (June 2005). "The 1991 Cholera Epidemic in Peru: Not a Case of Precaution Gone Awry". Risk Analysis. 25 (3): 495–502. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00617.x. PMID 16022685. S2CID 15792284.
  199. "Cholera in the Americas". Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization. 25 (3): 267–273. 1991. ISSN 0085-4638. PMID 1742573.
  200. Dutt, Ashok (2006). "Surat Plaque of 1994 re-examined" (PDF). Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 37 (4): 755–760. PMID 17121302. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  201. "'Mad cow disease': What is BSE?". BBC. 18 October 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  202. "Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease, Current Data (July 2012)". The National Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit (NCJDSU), University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2020.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link);
  203. Wide Epidemic of Meningitis Fatal to 10,000 in West Africa Eoward W. French, 8 May 1996 www.nytimes.com, accessed 26 April 2020
  204. Lai-Meng Looi; Kaw-Bing Chua (2007). "Lessons from the Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia" (PDF). The Malaysian Journal of Pathology. Department of Pathology, University of Malaya and National Public Health Laboratory of the Ministry of Health, Malaysia. 29 (2): 63–7. PMID 19108397. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2019.
  205. "Dengue in the Americas: The Epidemics of 2000". Archived from the original on 2017-10-17. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
  206. "Nigeria cholera outbreak kills 400". 2001-11-26. Archived from the original on 19 December 2003. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  207. "Cholera Spreads Through South Africa Townships". Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  208. 2001 – Cholera in South Africa 16 March 2001 www.who.int, accessed 28 April 2020
  209. "WHO | Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003".
  210. Bertherat, Eric; Bekhoucha, Souad; Chougrani, Saada; Razik, Fathia; Duchemin, Jean B.; Houti, Leila; Deharib, Larbi; Fayolle, Corinne; Makrerougrass, Banaouda; Dali-Yahia, Radia; Bellal, Ramdan; Belhabri, Leila; Chaieb, Amina; Tikhomirov, Evgueni; Carniel, Elisabeth (2007). "Plague Reappearance in Algeria after 50 Years, 2003". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 13 (10): 1459–1462. doi:10.3201/eid1310.070284. PMC 2851531. PMID 18257987.
  211. "Cumulative number of confirmed human cases for avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO, 2003 – 2020" (PDF). 8 May 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  212. "World Health Organization action in Afghanistan aims to control debilitating leishmaniasis". Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  213. Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Afghanistan Volume 12, Number 10 – October 2006 wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid, accessed 30 April 2020
  214. Dengue fever in Indonesia – update 4 11 May 2004 www.who.int, accessed 16 February 2020
  215. Staff Reporter. "Cholera epidemic takes hold in Senegal". The M&G Online. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  216. "Ebola virus disease" (Press release). World Health Organization (WHO). 12 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  217. Koh, B. K.; Ng, L. C.; Kita, Y.; Tang, C. S.; Ang, L. W.; Wong, K. Y.; James, L.; Goh, K. T. (2008). "The 2005 dengue epidemic in Singapore: Epidemiology, prevention and control" (PDF). Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 37 (7): 538–545. PMID 18695764. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
  218. Worst cholera outbreak in Angola Archived 2017-04-29 at the Wayback Machine, BBC
  219. Plague in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 14 June 2006 www.who.int, accessed 26 February 2020
  220. Plague in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 13 October 2006 www.who.int, accessed 26 February 2020
  221. "Malaria Epidemic Sweeps Northeast India". Archived from the original on 2017-02-03. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
  222. "Dengue epidemic threatens India's capital". News-Medical.net. 2 October 2006. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  223. Khan, E.; Siddiqui, J.; Shakoor, S.; Mehraj, V.; Jamil, B.; Hasan, R. (2007). "Dengue outbreak in Karachi, Pakistan, 2006: Experience at a tertiary care center". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 101 (11): 1114–1119. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.06.016. PMID 17706259.
  224. Epidemiology of Dengue Disease in the Philippines (2000–2011): A Systematic Literature Review November 2014 PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases via www.researchgate.net, accessed 16 February 2020
  225. Rift Valley fever 19 February 2018 www.who.int, accessed 26 April 2020
  226. "Mourners die as fever grips Congo." Archived 2012-07-30 at WebCite Sydney Morning Herald, August 30, 2007
  227. Xan Rice (2007-02-22). "Fatal outbreak not a cholera epidemic, insists Ethiopia". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  228. Cholera outbreak in Iraq growing Archived 2017-02-04 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press
  229. Vaccine-linked polio hits Nigeria Archived 2016-08-20 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News
  230. Dengue fever epidemic hits Caribbean, Latin America Archived 2009-08-03 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters
  231. Cholera epidemic losing its sting Archived 2008-06-26 at the Wayback Machine
  232. Sithivong N, Izumiya H, Munnalath K, Phouthavane T, Chomlasak K, Sisavath L, Vongdouangchanh A, Vongprachanh P, Watanabe H, Ohinishi M (2010). "Cholera outbreak, Laos, 2007". Emerg Infect Dis. 16 (4): 745–6. doi:10.3201/eid1604.091493. PMC 3321958. PMID 20350415.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  233. "Q-koorts nog niet voorbij: In totaal al 95 doden". nu.nl (in Dutch). 3 November 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  234. Thousands hit by Brazil outbreak of dengue edition.cnn.com, accessed 16 February 2020
  235. Cambodia suffers worst dengue epidemic, 407 dead Archived 2009-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters
  236. "Cholera epidemic in western Chad kills 123". 2004-09-02. Archived from the original on 2009-01-12. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
  237. Huang, Jiao; Liao, Qiaohong; Ooi, Mong How; Cowling, Benjamin J.; Chang, Zhaorui; Wu, Peng; Liu, Fengfeng; Li, Yu; Luo, Li; Yu, Shuanbao; Yu, Hongjie; Wei, Sheng (2018). "Epidemiology of Recurrent Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, China, 2008–2015". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 24 (3). doi:10.3201/eid2403.171303. PMC 5823341. PMID 29460747.2008–2015, ≈13 million HFMD cases were reported, including 123,261 severe cases and 3,322 deaths in 31 provinces of mainland China
  238. Cholera death toll in India rises Archived 2017-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News
  239. "Madagascar: eighteen dead from Bubonic Plague, five in hospital since 1 January 2008". Archived from the original on May 9, 2009.
  240. "Dengue cases in Philippines rise by 43 percent: government". Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  241. "Cholera Country Profile: Zimbabwe" (PDF). World Health Organization – Global Task Force on Cholera Control. 31 October 2009. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  242. Brathwaite Dick O, San Martín JL, Montoya RH, del Diego J, Zambrano B, Dayan GH (2012). "The history of dengue outbreaks in the Americas". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 87 (4): 584–593. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0770. PMC 3516305. PMID 23042846.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  243. "NDTV Report". Archived from the original on 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
  244. McCredie, J. (2009). "Dengue fever epidemic hits northern Australia". BMJ. 338: b967. doi:10.1136/bmj.b967. PMID 19273518. S2CID 41469446.
  245. Odigwe, C. (2009). "West Africa has worst meningitis epidemic for 10 years". BMJ. 338: b1638. doi:10.1136/bmj.b1638. PMID 19383759. S2CID 11085562.
  246. "First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration". www.cdc.gov. 2019-11-20. Retrieved 2020-03-12.
  247. "Pandemic (H1N1) 2009".
  248. "Epidemiological Update Cholera 28 Dec 2017". www.paho.org.
  249. "Doctorswithoutborders.org". MSF USA. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  250. "Democratic Republic of Congo: More measles vaccinations needed". Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  251. Vietnam on alert as common virus kills 81 children – Yahoo News Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. News.yahoo.com (2011-08-19). Retrieved on 2014-05-12.
  252. Nguyen, Ngoc TB; Pham, Hau V.; Hoang, Cuong Q.; Nguyen, Tien M.; Nguyen, Long T.; Phan, Hung C.; Phan, Lan T.; Vu, Long N.; Tran Minh, Nguyen N. (2014). "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children who died from hand, foot and mouth disease in Vietnam, 2011". BMC Infectious Diseases. 14: 341. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-341. PMC 4068316. PMID 24942066.
  253. Surveillance, forecasting and response International conference on dengue control, 27–29 February 2012 www.emro.who.int accessed 16 February 2020
  254. Yuill, Thomas M.; Woodall, John P.; Baekeland, Susan (2013). "Latest outbreak news from ProMED-mail. Yellow fever outbreak–Darfur Sudan and Chad". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 17 (7): e476–e478. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2013.03.009.
  255. "MERS coronavirus update: 61 cases reported in first half of 2020".
  256. "7th person dies of dengue" Channel Newsasia Retrieved 2013-11-20
  257. "Vietnam measles outbreak kills more than 100 people, mostly children". Sydney Morning Herald. 18 April 2014.
  258. "2014–2016 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa (section titled 'Impact')". www.cdc.gov. 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  259. "Situation summary Latest available situation summary, 26 June 2015. World Health Organisation (2015-06-19). Retrieved on 2015-06-20". Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  260. Gignoux, Etienne; Idowu, Rachel; Bawo, Luke; Hurum, Lindis; Sprecher, Armand; Bastard, Mathieu; Porten, Klaudia (2015). "Use of Capture–Recapture to Estimate Underreporting of Ebola Virus Disease, Montserrado County, Liberia". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 21 (12): 2265–2267. doi:10.3201/eid2112.150756. PMC 4672419. PMID 26583831.
  261. "Número de casos informados de artritis epidémica chikungunya en las Américas – SE 5 (February 6, 2015)". Pan American Health Organization. Archived from the original on February 18, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  262. "FAO H7N9 situation update – Avian Influenza A(H7N9) virus". www.fao.org. 2019-12-04. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  263. "Plague – Madagascar". WHO. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  264. "Odisha grapples with jaundice outbreak". Deccan Herald. 17 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  265. Press Trust of India (March 21, 2015). "Swine flu deaths at 1895; number of cases near 32K mark". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on October 12, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  266. "India struggles with deadly swine flu outbreak". BBC News. 20 February 2015. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  267. "Death toll Gujarat". Business Standard. 15 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  268. "2015–16 Zika Virus Epidemic". worldwideoutbreak. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  269. "Yellow fever – countries with dengue: alert 2016-03-28 20:39:56 Archive Number: Archive Number: 20160328.4123983". ProMED-mail. International Society for Infectious Diseases. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  270. WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Cholera Situation in Yemen November 2019". Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  271. "Pakistan: Dengue Outbreak – Sep 2017". reliefweb.int. WHO. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  272. Encephalitis outbreak: AES is a perennial issue in eastern Uttar Pradesh, northern Bihar Bihar's AES data summary looks more like a repeat of 2017 when a major JEV outbreak in Uttar Pradesh's Gorakhpur claimed the lives of many children. 17 June 2019 www.indiatvnews.com, accessed 17 February 2020
  273. "Trends". www.epid.gov.lk. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
  274. "Archived Estimated Influenza Illnesses, Medical visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths in the United States — 2017–2018 influenza season | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 22 November 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  275. "Over 80,000 Americans Died of Flu Last Winter, Highest Toll in Years". The New York Times Company. 1 October 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  276. Belluz, Julia (27 September 2018). "80,000 Americans died of the flu last winter. Get your flu shot". Vox. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  277. "Disease Burden of Influenza". www.cdc.gov. 17 April 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  278. "Nipah virus contained, last two positive cases have recovered: Kerala Health Min". The News Minute. 2018-06-11. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  279. "Operations Dashboard for ArcGIS". who.maps.arcgis.com. 25 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  280. "Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak Uganda Situation Reports". WHO | Regional Office for Africa. Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  281. "DR Congo's deadliest Ebola outbreak declared over". BBC News. 25 June 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  282. "CDTR, Week 4, 24-30 January 2021" (PDF). europa. 29 Jan 2021. Retrieved 29 Jan 2021.
  283. "Hospitals on alert after superbug outbreak in Tuscany". thelocal. 12 September 2019. Retrieved 29 Jan 2021.
  284. "DRC: More Ebola and plague cases reported, End of measles epidemic declared".
  285. "2019 measles outbreak information2019/20 measles outbreak information". www.health.govt.nz. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  286. Tomacruz, Sofia (11 February 2019). "At least 70 deaths due to measles – DOH". Rappler. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  287. Alyssa J. Oon (17 June 2019). "A Measles Outbreak Is The Cause of 15 Orang Asli Deaths In Kelantan". Says.com. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  288. "Two more deaths from measles in samoa over new year period". Radio New Zealand. 2020-01-07. Archived from the original on 2020-01-07.
  289. "Dengue and severe dengue". World Health Organization (WHO). 2 March 2020.
  290. "ArcGIS Dashboards- COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University". gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  291. "Nigeria reports 2 Lassa fever deaths in first week of 2021". 19 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  292. "UNICEF welcomes end of Ebola outbreak in the Equateur Province of the DRC". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  293. Cheng, Ching-Tse (2020-08-05). "Novel bunyavirus re-emerges in China, kills seven". Taiwan News. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  294. "YELLOW FEVER SITUATION REPORT week 53 (December 31 2020)". Nigeria Centre for Disease Control. 31 Dec 2020. Retrieved 27 Jan 2021.

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.