Fushun

Fushun (simplified Chinese: 抚顺; traditional Chinese: 撫順; pinyin: Fǔshùn, formerly romanised as Fouchouen, using French spelling, also as Fuxi (撫西)[2]) is a prefecture level city in Liaoning province, China, about 45 km (28 mi) east of Shenyang, with a population of 2,138,090 inhabitants (2010 census) and a total area of 11,272 km2 (4,352 sq mi), 714 km2 (276 sq mi) of which is the city proper. Situated on the Hun River ("muddy river"), it is one of the industrial and economic development hubs in Liaoning.

For other uses, see Fushun County (disambiguation).
Fushun

抚顺市
Prefecture-level city
Fushun Skyline
Fushun administrative area in Liaoning
Fushun
Location of the city center in Liaoning
Coordinates (Fushun municipal government): 41°52′52″N 123°57′25″E
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceLiaoning
Districts and counties
Government
 • CPC FushunCommittee Secretary
Area
 • Prefecture-level city11,272 km2 (4,352 sq mi)
 • Urban
 (2017)[1]
605.50 km2 (233.78 sq mi)
 • Districts[1]1,409.8 km2 (544.3 sq mi)
Population
 (2012)
 • Prefecture-level city2,193,000
 • Density190/km2 (500/sq mi)
 • Urban
 (2017)[1]
1,307,200
 • Districts[1]
1,429,000
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code
113000
Area code(s)24
ISO 3166 codeCN-LN-04
Licence plates辽D
Administrative division code210400
Websitewww.fushun.gov.cn
www.fsgs.gov.cn

History
Fushun Industrial Area in 1940

The Ming dynasty first constructed Fushun walled city in 1384. "Fushun" is an abbreviation of the Chinese "(抚绥边疆，顺导夷民", literally "to pacify the frontiers; to guide the Yi foreigners".

The Jurchen (Manchu) leader Nurhaci married his granddaughter by his son Abatai to the Ming dynasty General Li Yongfang after Li surrendered Fushun in 1618.[3]:148[4]:79[5]:13[6][7][8][9] The offspring of Li received the "Third Class Viscount" (三等子爵; sān děng zǐjué) title.[10]

Fushun was in ruins in the one-and-a-half centuries of early Qing dynasty. In 1783, the new walled city was completed southwest of the old city. In 1908, Fushun became the seat of Xingren County (兴仁县, later renamed to Fushun County). Fushun was occupied by Russia until 1905 and by Japan until 1945. With the Japanese victory over Imperial Russia and signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth, the South Manchuria branch (from Changchun to Lüshun) of the China Far East Railway was transferred to Japanese control. South Manchuria Railway Company quickly expanded the system inherited from Russia to staggering proportions. Coal mines were developed at Fushun. Under the control of the Japanese and with 30 years of development, Fushun area became highly industrialized. Fushun gained city status in 1937.

Population

Fushun has 2.14 million inhabitants, including 1.34 million in the urban area. It is now part of the Shenyang-Fushun built-up area (comprising all the urban and suburban districts of Shenyang and Fushun) which was home to 6,756,379 inhabitants in 2010. This makes Shenyang-Fushun the 8th most populous built up area in China after the Pearl River Delta conurbation of Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Dongguan, Foshan, Jiangmen, Zhongshan and Huizhou, then Shanghai-Suzhou, Beijing, Tianjin, Hangzhou-Shaoxing, Wuhan and Nanjing.

Administrative divisions
Satellite image of Shenyang-Fushun urban agglomeration
(larger western part is Shenyang, eastern part is Fushun), Landsat 5, 2010-09-29.
Maps including Fushun

Fushun consists of 4 districts, 1 county and 2 autonomous counties.

Map
# Name Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Population (2003 est.) Area (km2) Density (/km2)
1 Shuncheng District 顺城区 Shùnchéng Qū 472,920 379 1,248
2 Xinfu District 新抚区 Xīnfǔ Qū 252,631 110 2,297
3 Dongzhou District 东洲区 Dōngzhōu Qū 320,949 610 526
4 Wanghua District 望花区 Wànghuā Qū 384,514 317 1,213
5 Fushun County 抚顺县 Fǔshùn Xiàn 162,588 1,647 99
6 Xinbin Manchu
Autonomous County		 新宾满族自治县 Xīnbīn Mǎnzú
Zìzhìxiàn		 254,118 4,288 59
7 Qingyuan Manchu
Autonomous County		 清原满族自治县 Qīngyuán Mǎnzú
Zìzhìxiàn		 290,370 3,924 74

Economy
Fushun Oil Factory in 1963

Fushun is a highly industrialized area and nicknamed "the City of Coal". It has developed as a thriving center for fuel, power and raw materials and is also offering more and more opportunities in textiles and electronics. One of the world's largest open-pit coal mines, the West Open Mine, is located south of the city. Exploited from the 12th century, it was operated as an open pit mine during the 20th and early 21st Century; however, as of 2015, the West Open pit, 1,000 feet deep, with an area of 4.2 square miles, was exhausted and unstable. Total coal production in Fushun as a whole had fallen below 3 million tons, down from 18.3 million tons in 1962.[11] Fushun has a major aluminum-reduction plant and factories producing automobiles, machinery, chemicals, cement, and rubber.

The total GDP of the city of Fushun was 54.27 billion yuan in 2009 (ranked 4th out of the 58 cities and counties in Liaoning province). The GDP per capita of the city of Fushun was 40391 yuan in 2009. (ranked 21st out of all 58 cities and counties in Liaoning province).[12]

Resources

Fushun is rich in wood, coal, oil shale, iron, copper, magnesium, gold, marble, titanium, and marl resources.

Fushun is known as "the capital of coal". The main coal and oil shale company is Fushun Mining Group, which produced about 6 million tons of coal in 2001, mainly blending coking coal and steam coal.[13][14] The company also has coalbed methane resources of around 8.9 billion cubic meters.[14] In addition, it owns geological reserves of high grade oil shale, about 3.5 billion tons, of which the exploitable reserve is 920 million tons.

Industrial development

Hydroelectric and thermal power are important locally available energy sources.

Fushun has developed through the utilization of the abundant natural mineral deposits found in the area and is a nationally important heavy industrial base for petroleum, chemical, metallurgy machinery and construction material industries. New sectors also becoming prominent are electronics, light industry, weaving and spinning.

In 1928, the commercial-scale production of shale oil began in Fushun with the construction of Fushun Coal Mine Temporary Oil Plant (Chinese: 抚顺炭矿临时制油工场; pinyin: Fǔshùn Tànkuàng Línshí Zhìyóu Gōngchǎng) of South Manchurian Railway, aka the Western Refinery (Chinese: 西制油; pinyin: Xī Zhìyóu), operating Fushun-type retorts.[15] After World War II, shale oil production ceased, but 100 Fushun-type oil shale retorts and the related shale oil processing units were restored in 1949.[16] In 1950,a total of 266 retorts were in operation, each with a capacity of 100–200 tonnes of shale oil per day.[15] In 1954, "Refinery No. 2" began production and in 1959 maximum annual shale oil production increased to 780,000 tonnes.[15][16]

From 1965 oil shale usage in Fushun started to decline[17] with the discovery of Da Qing oil field in the 1960s. Sinopec, a shale oil producer during those times, shut down its oil shale operations in the beginning of the 1990s.[16] At the same time, the Fushun Oil Shale Retorting Plant was established as a part of the Fushun Mining Group. It started production in 1992. In the same year, the China National Oil Shale Association was established in Fushun.[16]

At the end of 2006, the Fushun Mining Group operated the largest shale oil plant in the world, consisting of seven retorting units with 20 retorts in each unit, for a total 140 sets of Fushun type retorts.[17][18]

There are also two oil refineries. Fushun Petrochemical Company, a subsidiary of PetroChina, is building a refining and petrochemical complex in Fushun.[19]

Transportation

Fushun is located 40 km (25 mi) from Shenyang Taoxian airport. Railways and highways connect the city to Shenyang and Jilin Province. The seaports of Dalian and Yingkou are also nearby, 400 and 200 km (250 and 120 mi) away respectively, with good highway connections.

Education

The highest-ranked institution of higher education is the Liaoning University of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, ranked 123rd in China overall. Fushun No.1 High School and Fushun No.2 High School are major high schools in Fushun.

The 44 middle school is located in the second street, Xin Fu District. Location is close to FuShun's CBD. Transport is very convenient. All students come from this community. Because of the population's decline in current years there are not many students compared to 10 years ago. There were over 1000 students in the 1990S, while now around 200 students. Although the number of students has dropped, the quality of education, the advanced learning facilities and modern school are still evident. There are indoors gymnasium, big dance and musical instrument rooms. The play yard is all about synthetic surface track. The 44 middle school is actually changed in term of their learning and teaching's facilities, equipment and school's building. It represents new outlooks regarding middle level education in a third-line city in China.

Tourism

Fushun has high mountains and thick woods. Houshi National Forest Park, about 55 km (34 mi) from Fushun city centre, is rated by the central government as an AAAA tourist attraction. Saer Hu Scenic Area covers some 268 km2 (103 sq mi). It includes the 110 km2 (42 sq mi) Dahuofang Reservoir, the largest man-made lake in northeast China.

There are a number of historic and cultural sites. Fushun's success in applying for two UNESCO World Heritage sites is expected to attract more tourists. They include a site known as Xingjing City, the origin of the Qing Dynasty, which is within today's Fushun. It was the first capital of the Late Jin dynasty, dating to 1616. The second site contains the Yongling tombs, where several members of the royal household are buried.

In more recent times, Fushun was where Lei Feng was stationed as a soldier and died, and a memorial museum telling his life story is a popular attraction. It is located at Wang Hua District in Fushun. It was also in Fushun that the last emperor, Puyi, was imprisoned after the end of World War II. The Fushun War Criminals Management Centre is converted into a museum in 1986. Another war memorial, the Pingdingshan Tragedy Memorial Hall Ruins, tells the story of a massacre of Chinese people by the Japanese in 1931. It was rebuilt and expanded in 2007. It includes a pit filled with about 800 bodies—largely infants, adults, and the elderly who were killed by the Japanese.

The Ring of Life monument opened in 2013 and features an observation deck overseeing the city. This circular tower, 515-foot (approximately 157 meters) tall, cost over $15 million to build.[20] It is covered with 12,000 LED lights.[21]

In addition, Red River Valley in Fushun has opened a number of summer resorts. Tourists can travel down the river on small rubber rafts through mountain scenery; the valley is called 'the first rafting route in northern China'.

Sports

The city used to be home of the Chinese Super League (soccer) team of Liaoning FC at Leifeng Stadium. However, when the team could not afford the rent at the Leifeng Stadium it moved to Beijing, where it now plays out of Chaolai Soccer Base in the northeastern part of that city.

Notable figures
  • Nurhaci, the first Manchu ruler, was born in today's Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County.
  • Lei Feng, who was a soldier enshrined in new China history after 1949, died in this city. There is a memorial park named after him in Fushun's Wanghua District.
  • Li Xianglan, also known as Yoshiko Otaka, Yoshiko Yamaguchi, or Shirley Yamaguchi, was a famous Fushun-born ethnic Japanese singer and movie star in China during the 1930s and 1940s.
  • Wang Nan, famous table-tennis sportswoman, who has won many gold medals around the world.
  • Puyi, the last Emperor of China, spent ten years in a Fushun War Criminals Management Centre.

The film The Lover starring Tony Leung Ka Fai described a love story between a young French woman and a young man from Fouchouen.

Sister cities

International

References
  1. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, ed. (2019). China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017. Beijing: China Statistics Press. p. 50. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  2. 来源：遼寧省档案館 (2012-11-26). 清代撫順為什麼又叫撫西？ [Qing Dynasty Fushun called Fuxi] (in Chinese). 東北新聞網>遼寧頻道>遼寧档案. Retrieved 2012-11-26.
  3. Walthall, Anne (2008). Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520254442.
  4. Wakeman, Frederic (1977). Fall of Imperial China. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780029336809.
  5. Swope, Kenneth M (2014). The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44. Routledge. ISBN 9781134462094.
  6. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-12-03. Retrieved 2018-04-14.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. http://www.fs7000.com/wap/?9179.html%5B%5D
  8. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-10-07. Retrieved 2016-06-30.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. https://read01.com/aP055D.html
  10. Evelyn S. Rawski (15 November 1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0.
  11. Yifu Dong (October 6, 2015). "Coal, Which Built a Chinese City, Now Threatens to Bury It". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  12. Liaoning Statistical Yearbook. []. 2009.
  13. Qian, Jialin; Wang, Jianqiu; Li, Shuyuan (2003). "Oil Shale Development in China" (PDF). Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal. Estonian Academy Publishers. 20 (3): 356–359. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
  14. "Investment Opportunities in Coal Mine Methane Projects in Fushun Mining Area" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. October 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2008-12-14. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. "Shale oil: Perspective with China focus" (PDF). Intelligence Dynamics. 2007-03-07. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2014. Retrieved 2008-12-14. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. Qian, Jialin; Wang Jianqiu; Li Shuyuan (2006). Oil Shale Activity in China (PDF). 26th Oil Shale Symposium; Colorado School of Mines. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
  17. Purga, Jaanus (2004). "Today's rainbow ends in Fushun" (PDF). Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal. Estonian Academy Publishers. 21 (34): 269–272. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
  18. Yin, Liang (2006-11-07). Current status of oil shale industry in Fushun, China (PDF). Amman, Jordan: International Oil Shale Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
  19. "PetroChina Fushun Petrochemical Company , China". SPG Media Limited. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
  20. "The Ring of Life: 500-foot steel ring built in Chinese city of Fushun | BelleNews.com, Latest News". Bellenews.com. 2012-11-17. Retrieved 2012-12-15.
  21. "'Ring of Life' Lights Up Fushun". English.cri.cn. 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2012-12-15.
  22. "Overview of China-Philippines Bilateral Relations". ph.china-embassy.org. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
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