Bukid language

The Bukid language, Binukid or Bukidnon, is an Austronesian language spoken by indigenous peoples of Northern Mindanao in southern Philippines. The word Bukid means "mountain" or “highland” while Binukid means "in the manner, or style, of the mountain or highland". It is a de facto co-official language in Bukidnon province, where it is referred to as Higaonon. There are many dialects but there is mutual intelligibility. The dialect of Malaybalay, in the Pulangi area, is considered to be the prestige and standard variety.[2]

Bukid
Binukid
Native toPhilippines
Regionmost parts of Bukidnon province, Mindanao
Native speakers
168,234 (2010)[1]
Dialects
  • Talaandig
Language codes
ISO 639-3bkd
Glottologbinu1244
Area where Binukid is spoken

Distribution

Binukid is spoken in the following areas (Ethnologue).

Phonology

Binukid consists[3] of 20 segmental phonemes and 1 suprasegmental phoneme. The syllable is the basic unit of word structure, and each syllable consists of one vowel and one or two consonants only, arranged in the following patterns: CV, CVC and, in some instances, CCV (which is found mostly in Spanish loanwords). A word consists of one or more of these syllables.

Consonants

There are 16 consonants in Binukid. In some instances, there is a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate [t͡ɕ] which appears in Spanish loanwords.

Bilabial Alveolar Velar Palatal Glottal
voiceless stop p t k ʔ
voiced stop b d ɡ
fricative s h
nasal m n ŋ
lateral l
tap ɾ
semivowel w j

The phoneme [ɾ] is sometimes trilled which is used in intervocalic position or in Spanish loanwords by some speakers. All consonants except [h] are found in initial and final position in the syllable; [h] is found only syllable-initial.

Vowels

There are generally four vowels in Binukid.[3]

Front (unrounded) Central (unrounded) Back (rounded)
Close i u
Close-mid ɘ
Open ä

Suprasegmentals

There is a suprasegmental phoneme of stress which usually falls on the penultimate syllable. Stress give contrast to words of the same segmental phonemes; for example beleng [ˈbɘlɘŋ] means "surprise" while beléng [bɘˈlɘŋ] means "drunk". Long words may have more than one stress: balángkawítan [bäˌläŋkaˈwitän] "rooster". Stress commonly shift when suffixes are added to the word (as in kahibeléngan "mysterious") or when the speaker wishes to emphasize the word.

Grammar

Pronouns

The following set of pronouns are the pronouns found in the Bukid language. The /d/-final allomorphs of the vowel-final NOM or GEN pronouns are used almost exclusively before en (already), a bound adverbial.[4]

  NOM or GEN free NOM bound GEN bound OBL free or bound
1st person singular siak a(d) ku(d) kanak
2nd person singular sikaw ka(d) nu(d) ikaw
3rd person singular Ø Ø din kandin
1st person dual sikit ki(d) ta(d) kanit
1st person plural inclusive sikuy kuy taw kanuy
1st person plural exclusive sikay kay day kanay
2nd person plural sinyu kaw nuy inyu
3rd person plural siran siran dan kandan

Writing system and orthography

Binukid uses the Latin script, particularly the Filipino abakada in writing the language. The Binukid alphabet[2] consists of the following letters which correspond to one phoneme. Word-initial and word-final glottal stops are not written but glottal stops following a consonant is marked by a hyphen. Example: hab-ung [ˈhäbʔuŋ] "mildew". The phoneme [ŋ] is represented by a digraph ⟨ng⟩, which is sometimes considered as a separate letter.

Letter Aa Bb Kk Dd Ee Gg Hh Ii Ll Mm Nn Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Ww Yy
Phoneme ä b k d ɘ g h i l m n p ɾ s t u w j

Suprasegmental phonemes and glottalization are featured in writing Binukid.[2][4] Stress is indicated by an acute accent ⟨′⟩. A grave accent ⟨`⟩ is marked over syllable- or word-final vowel to indicate a following glottal stop. If stress is shown on the final letter and there is a following glottal stop, a circumflex accent ⟨ˆ⟩ is used. There is no marking for words whose stress falls on the penultimate syllable and without a secondary stress.

Examples:

  • sala [ˈsälä] "living room"
  • salà [ˈsäläʔ] "small cut"
  • salâ [säˈläʔ] "sin"
  • pahid [ˈpähid] "to wipe"
  • pahíd [päˈhid] "shrub"
  • balángkawítan [bäˌläŋkaˈwitän] "rooster"
  • talètè [täˈlɘʔtɘʔ] "lizard"

Spelling Modification

Other letters are introduced through proper names, for example:

  • California instead of Kalipúrniya
  • Juan Carlos instead of Huwán Karlus

The plural particle marker manga is written mga, following accepted Philippine usage.

References
  1. "2010 Census of Population and Housing: Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. Post, Ursula (1978). Binukid Dictionary. Philippines: Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 14–15.
  3. Atherton, William (1953). "Binokid Phonemes". Summer Institute of Linguistics: 101–104 – via SIL.
  4. Peng, Adam (2008). "Binukid Pronominal Clisis" (PDF). Studies in Philippine Languages and Cultures. 17: 179–212.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.