Sambal language

Sambali has three vowels. They are:

• /a/ an open front unrounded vowel similar to English ‘father’
• /i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English ‘machine’
• /u/ (written as ‘o’) a close back unrounded vowel similar to English ‘flute’

There are five main diphthongs: /aɪ/, /uɪ/, /aʊ/, /ij/, and /iʊ/.

Below is a chart of Tina consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.

Note: Consonants [d] and [ɾ] sometimes interchange, as they were once allophones. Dy is pronounced [dʒ], ny [ɲ], sy [ʃ], and ty [tʃ].

Stress is phonemic in Sambal. Stress on words is very important, they differentiate words with the same spellings, but with different meanings, e.g. hikó (I) and híko (elbow).

Many words pronounced with /s/ and /ɡ/ in Cebuano and Tagalog are pronounced with /h/ and /j/, respectively, in their cognates in Sambal. Compare hiko and ba-yo with the Tagalog siko and bago.

ang, 'yung (iyong) – yay hikon-mong, ya-rin hikon-moy ng, n'ung (niyong) – nin kon-moyo Sa – ha Nasa – Ison ha (near), Itaw ha (far)

ang mgá, 'yung mgá (iyong mgá) – yay + first letter of plural word + aw (e.g. yay bawbabayi – ang mga babae; yay lawlalaki – ang mga lalaki) ng mgá, n'ung mgá (niyong mgá) – nin yay + first letter of plural word + aw (e.g. nin bawbabayi – ng mga babae, nin lawlalaki – ng mga lalaki) sa mgá – ha first letter of plural word + aw (e.g. habawbabayi – sa mga babae, halawlalaki – sa mga ki) Nasa mga – Iti, ison, itaw + pronoun

Si – hi Ni – Ni Kay – Kun ni na kay – hikun

Sina – Hila Nina – ni Kina – Kun li Nakina – Hikunla

Note: In a general conversation, “hi” is usually omitted or contracted from the pronoun. E.g. Hikunla tana hiya rin (sa kanila na lang iyan) is simply ‘kunla tana ‘ya-rin or even shorter as ‘kunlay na rin.

Example: The man arrived. Dumating ang lalaki: 1) Nakalato hiyay lalaki or nakalato ‘yay lalaki or ‘yay tawo . 2) Linu-mato hiyay lalaki; or 3) Lin’mato ‘yay lalaki or ‘yay tawo.

Yay (referring to object) Hiyay (singular person) Hikamon (plural second person) Hilay (plural third person)

Nakita ni Juan si Maria – Na-kit ni Juan hi Maria. "John saw Mary." Note that in Philippine languages, even the names of people require an article.

Pupunta sina Elena at Roberto sa bahay ni Miguel. Maku hila Elena tan Roberto ha bali ni Miguel.

Pupunta ako – maku-ko Papunta – ma-mako Punta – mako Pumupunta – ampako Pupuntahan – ampaku-tawan\makuku-son

"Helen and Robert will go to Miguel's house."

Nasaan ang mga aklat? Ayti yay lawlibro?

Na kay Tatay ang mga susi. Hikun niTatay yay sawsusi or ‘Kunni Tatay yay sawsusi "Father has the keys."

Malusog ang sanggol. Maganda yay lalaman nya-nin makating/makalog. "That baby is healthy."

Personal pronouns are categorized by case. The indirect forms also function as the genitive.

1st person singular Ako – hiko Ko – ko Akin – hikunko (shortened to ‘kunko)

1st person dual Kita – ta, kunta

1st person plural inclusive Tayo – hitamo or ‘tamo Natin – hikuntamo or ‘kuntamo Atin – hikuntamo or ‘kuntamo

1st person plural exclusive Kami – hikami or ‘kami Namin – mi Amin – hikunmi or ‘kunmi

2nd person singular ikáw – hika mo – mo iyó – hikunmo or ‘kunmo 2nd person plural Kayo – hikamo or ‘kamo Ninyo –moyo Inyo – hikunmoyo or ‘kunmoyo

3rd person singular Siya – hiya Niya – naya Kaniya – hikunnaya or ‘kunnaya

3rd person plural Silá – hila Nilá – la Kanilá – hikunla or ‘kunla

Examples: Sulat is hulat (Masinloc) or sulat (Sta. Cruz) Sumulat ako. Humulat ko or Sumulat ko. "I wrote."

Sinulatan ako ng liham. Hinulatan nya hiko or hinulatan nya’ ko. "He/She wrote me a letter." Hinomulat ya ‘kunko, nanulat ya kunko, or hinulatan mya ko.

Ibibigay ko sa kaniyá. Ebi ko ‘kunna (hikuna). "I will give it to him/her."

Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can take the place of the genitive pronoun but they precede the word they modify.

Ang bahay ko. Yay bali ko. Ang aking bahay. Yay ‘kunkon bali. "My house."

Sambal – Tagalog – English

Ayri/Ayti - Saan – Where

Anya - Ano - What

Anta/Ongkot - Bakit - why

hino - sino - who

nakano -kailan -when

Below is a translation in Sambal of the Philippine national proverb[5] “He who does not acknowledge his beginnings will not reach his destination,” followed by the original in Tagalog.

• Sambal: “Hay kay tanda mamanomtom ha pinangibatan, kay maka-lato ha ampako-taw-an.”
• Tagalog: “Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan.”

Ama mi an ison ha langit,
sambawon a ngalan mo.
Ma-kit mi na komon a pa-mag-ari mo.
Ma-honol komon a kalabayan mo iti ha lota
a bilang anamaot ison ha langit.
Biyan mo kami komon nin
pa-mangan mi para konan yadtin awlo;
tan patawaron mo kami komon ha kawkasalanan mi
a bilang anamaot ha pa-matawad mi
konlan ampagkasalanan komi.
Tan komon ando mo aboloyan a matokso kami,
nokay masbali ipa-lilih mo kamin kay makagawa doka,
ta ikon moy kaarian, kapangyarian tan karangalan a homin
panganggawan. Amen.[6]

Ama mi, maipatnag komon a banal mon kapangyarian.
Lomato ana komon an awlon sikay mag-ari.
Biyan mo kamin pa-mangan mi sa inawlo-awlo.
Inga-rowan mo kami sa kawkasalanan mi bilang
pa-nginganga-ro mi konlan nagkasalanan komi
tan ando mo kami aboloyan manabo sa tokso.
Wamoyo.[6]

One= a`sa

Two = luwa

} numbers from 3 to 9 generally use the same word as tagalog.

Three= tulo

Four= a`pat

Five= lima

Six= a`num

Seven= pito

Eight= walo

Nine= siyam

}

Ten= mapulo

kay ko tanda / tanda ko= i don't know / i know (english) = hindi ko alam / alam ko (tagalog)

papo = grandparent (english) = lola/lolo (tagalog)

kaka = sibling or cousin (english) = ate/kuya/pinsan (tagalog)

kay ko labay / labay ko = i don't like / i like (english) = hindi ko gusto / gusto ko (tagalog)

murong tamoy na= lets go home/back (english) = uwi/balik na tayo (tagalog)

hadilap = tomorrow (english) = bukas (tagalog)

hawanin = now/today (english) = ngayon (tagalog)

naapon = yesterday (english) = kahapon (tagalog)

ya = yes (english) = oo (tagalog)

ka`i = no (english) = hindi (tagalog)