Mongondow language
Mongondow, or Bolaang Mongondow, is one of the Philippine languages spoken in Bolaang Mongondow Regency and neighbouring regencies of North Sulawesi (Celebes) and Gorontalo Provinces, Indonesia.[2]
| Mongondow | |
|---|---|
| Bolaang Mongondow | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | North Sulawesi |
| Ethnicity | Mongondow people |
Native speakers | 230,000 (2000 census)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mog |
| Glottolog | mong1342 |
Phonology
Mongondow has the following phoneme inventory:[3]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | (d͡ʒ) | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
The lateral /l/ is pronounced as alveolar [l] when adjacent to the front vowels /e/, /i/. In all other environments, it is a retroflex [ɭ].[4]
Grammar
Pronouns
The personal pronouns are:[5]
| nominative | genitive | oblique | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.sg. | akuoy | -ku | inako' |
| 2.sg. | iko | -mu | inimu |
| 3.sg. | sia | -ea/-nya | inia |
| 1.pl.inclusive | kita | -naton | inaton |
| 1.pl.exclusive | kami | -nami | inami |
| 2.pl. | mo'iko kamu-* |
-monimu -namu-* |
imonimu -inamu-* |
| 3.pl. | mosia taya-* |
-monia -naya-* |
imonia inaya-* |
| * kamu-, taya- etc. are used with suffixed numerals, e.g. taya-tolu "the three of them" | |||
Numerals
| 1 | inta' / mita'[6] |
|---|---|
| 2 | dua' / doyowa' |
| 3 | tolu' |
| 4 | opat |
| 5 | lima |
| 6 | onom |
| 7 | pitu |
| 8 | ualu |
| 9 | siow |
| 10 | mopulu' |
| 11 | mopulu' bo mita' |
| 12 (...) |
mopulu' bo doyowa' |
| 20 | doyowa no pulu' |
| 21 (...) |
doyowa no pulu' bo mita' |
| 30 | tolu no pulu' |
| 40 (...) |
opat no pulu' |
| 100 | mogatut |
| 200 (...) |
doyowa no gatut |
| 1000 | tongo ribu |
| 2000 (...) |
doyowa no ribu |
References
- Mongondow at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- Christopher Moseley (2008). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-1357-9640-2.
- Dunnebier (1929a), p. 297.
- Dunnebier (1929a), pp. 317–324.
- Dunnebier (1930), pp. 105–111.
- Dunnebier (1930), pp. 75ff..
Bibliography
- Dunnebier, W. (1929a). "Spraakkunst van het Bolaang Mongondowsch" [Bolaang Mongondow Grammar]. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (in Dutch). 85 (1): 297–468. doi:10.1163/22134379-90001486.
- Dunnebier, W. (1929b). "Spraakkunst van het Bolaang Mongondowsch (Tweede gedeelte)" [Bolaang Mongondow Grammar (second part)]. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (in Dutch). 85 (1): 524–621. doi:10.1163/22134379-90001490.
- Dunnebier, W. (1930). "Spraakkunst van het Bolaang Mongondowsch (Slot)" [Bolaang Mongondow Grammar (final part)]. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (in Dutch). 86 (1): 42–177. doi:10.1163/22134379-90001466.
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Mongondow language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator |
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