Demography of Australia

The demography of Australia covers basic statistics, most populous cities, ethnicity and religion. The population of Australia is estimated to be 25,744,500 as of 8 February 2021.[1] Australia is the 52nd most populous country in the world and the most populous Oceanian country. Its population is concentrated mainly in urban areas and is expected to exceed 28 million by 2030.[4]

Demographics of
 Australia
Indicator Rank Measure
Population
Population 53rd 25,744,500[1]
Economy
GDP (PPP) per capita 19th $63,699
GDP 12th $1.56 trillion
Unemployment rate ↓ 57th 5.80%[2]
CO2 emissions 11th 18.3 t†
Electricity consumption 17th 213.5 TWh
Economic freedom 3rd 82.5
Politics
Human Development Index 3rd 0.939
Political freedom 1st (equal)* 1
Corruption (A higher score means less (perceived) corruption.) 11th 80
Press freedom 18th 5.38
Society
Literacy rate 21st 99%
Broadband uptake 17th 13.8%
Beer consumption 20th[3] 4.49 L†
Health
Life expectancy 4th 81.2
Birth rate 148th 13.8‡
Fertility rate 137th 1.969††
Infant mortality 202nd 4.57‡‡
Death rate 122nd 7.56‡
Suicide rate 50th ♂ 14.9†‡
♀ 4.4†‡
HIV/AIDS rate 108th 0.10%
Notes
↓ indicates rank is in reverse order
(e.g. 1st is lowest)
† per capita
‡ per 1000 people
†† per woman
‡‡ per 1000 live births
†‡ per 100,000 people per year
♂ indicates males, ♀ indicates females

Australia's population has grown from an estimated population of between 300,000 and 1,000,000 Indigenous Australians at the time of British settlement in 1788 due to numerous waves of immigration during the period since. Also due to immigration, the European component's share of the population rose sharply in the late 18th and 19th centuries, but is now declining as a percentage.[5]

Australia has an average population density of 3.4 persons per square kilometre of total land area, which makes it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. This is generally attributed to the semi-arid and desert geography of much of the interior of the country. Another factor is urbanisation, with 89% of its population living in a handful of urban areas, Australia is one of the world's most urbanised countries.[6] The life expectancy of Australia in 2015–2017 was 83.2 years, among the highest in the world.[7]

Australia does not generally collect data on "race" as such. However, the Australian census asks respondents to nominate their ancestry, including whether respondents identify as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

Cities
Main article: List of cities in Australia by population

Australia contains five cities that consist of over one million people. Most of Australia's population live close to coastlines.[8]

Ancestry
Main article: Australians

The earliest accepted timeline for the first arrivals of indigenous Australians to the continent of Australia places this human migration to at least 65,000 years ago,[10] most probably from the islands of Indonesia and New Guinea.[11]

Captain James Cook claimed the east coast for Great Britain in 1770, the west coast was later settled by Britain also. At that time, the indigenous population was estimated to have been between 315,000 and 750,000,[12] divided into as many as 500 tribes speaking many different languages.

Between 1788 and the Second World War, the vast majority of settlers and immigrants came from the British Isles (principally England, Ireland and Scotland), although there was significant immigration from China and Germany during the 19th century. In the decades immediately following the Second World War, Australia received a large wave of immigration from across Europe, with many more immigrants arriving from Southern and Eastern Europe than in previous decades. Since the end of the White Australia policy in 1973, Australia has pursued an official policy of multiculturalism,[13] and there has been a large and continuing wave of immigration from across the world, with Asia being the largest source of immigrants in the 21st century.[14]

In the 2016 Australian census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:[N 1][15][16]

At the 2016 census, 649,171 people (2.8% of the total population) identified as being Indigenous — Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.[N 4][18]

Immigration and country of birth

In 2019, 30% of the Australian resident population, or 7,529,570 people, were born overseas.[19]

Australia's population has quadrupled since the end of World War I,[20] much of this increase from immigration. Australia has the world's eighth-largest immigrant population, with immigrants accounting for 30% of the population, a higher proportion than in any other nation with a population of over 10 million.[19][21] Most immigrants are skilled,[22] but the immigration quota includes categories for family members and refugees.[22]

The following table shows Australia's population by country of birth as estimated by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2019. It shows only countries or regions of birth with a population of over 100,000 residing in Australia.

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics (2019)[23]
Place of birth Estimated resident population[upper-alpha 1]
Total Australian-born 17,836,000
Total foreign-born 7,529,570
England[upper-alpha 2] 986,460
Mainland China[upper-alpha 3] 677,240
India 660,350
New Zealand 570,000
Philippines 293,770
Vietnam 262,910
South Africa 193,860
Italy 182,520
Malaysia 175,920
Sri Lanka 140,260
Scotland[upper-alpha 4] 133,920
Nepal 117,870
South Korea 116,030
Germany 112,420
Greece 106,660
United States 108,570
Hong Kong SAR[upper-alpha 5] 101,290

For more information about immigration see Immigration to Australia and Foreign-born population of Australia.

Religion
Main article: Religion in Australia
Religion in Australia (2016)[24]
Religion Percent
No religion
 
 30.1%
Roman Catholic
 
 22.6%
Other Christian
 
 16.3%
Anglican
 
 13.3%
Islam
 
 2.6%
Buddhism
 
 2.4%
Hinduism
 
 1.9%
Sikhism
 
 0.5%
Judaism
 
 0.4%
Other
 
 0.4%
Undefined or not stated
 
 9.7%

Australia was, historically, a majority Protestant nation with a large Catholic minority.[25][26] Australia has become a religiously diverse country with 22% being Catholic, 30% having no religion and there are significant numbers of Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus and others. While Australia has no official religion, the various governments of Australia refer to the Christian God in their ceremonies, as do the various Australian Courts. In the 2016 census, 52.1% of Australians were Christian, 30.1% had no religion, 8.2% followed other religions, and 9.6% did not answer the question.[24]

In an optional question on the 2016 Census, 52.1% of the Australian population declared some variety of Christianity. Historically the percentage has been far higher and the religious landscape of Australia is changing and diversifying.[27] Also in 2016, 30.1% of Australians stated "no religion" and a further 9.6% chose not to answer the question.[27] The remaining population is a diverse group which includes Muslims (2.6%), Buddhists (2.4%), Hindus (1.9%), Sikhs (0.5%), and Jews (0.4%).[27][28]

The Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001 Census Dictionary statement on religious affiliation states the purpose for gathering such information:

Data on religious affiliation are used for such purposes as planning educational facilities, aged persons' care and other social services provided by religion-based organisations; the location of church buildings; the assigning of chaplains to hospitals, prisons, armed services and universities; the allocation of time on public radio and other media; and sociological research.

As in many Western countries, the level of active participation in religious services is lower than would be indicated by the proportion of the population identifying themselves as affiliated with a religion; weekly attendance at Christian church services is about 1.5 million, or about 7.5% of the population.[29] Christian charitable organisations, hospitals and schools play a prominent role in welfare and education services. The Catholic education system is the second biggest sector after government schools, with more than 650,000 students (and around 21 per cent of all secondary school enrolments).

Language

Although Australia has no official language, English has always been entrenched as the de facto national language.[30] Australian English is a major variety of the language with a distinctive accent and lexicon,[31] and differs slightly from other varieties of English in grammar and spelling.[32] General Australian serves as the standard dialect.

According to the 2016 census, English is the only language spoken in the home for close to 72.7% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home are:[33][34]

A considerable proportion of first- and second-generation migrants are bilingual.

Over 250 Indigenous Australian languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact, of which less than 20 are still in daily use by all age groups.[35][36] About 110 others are spoken exclusively by older people.[36] At the time of the 2006 census, 52,000 Indigenous Australians, representing 12% of the Indigenous population, reported that they spoke an Indigenous language at home.[37] Australia has a sign language known as Auslan, which is the main language of about 5,500 deaf people.[38]

Indigenous population
Indigenous Australians as a percentage of the population as of the 2011 census
Main article: Indigenous Australians

The earliest accepted timeline for the first arrivals of indigenous Australians to the continent of Australia places this human migration to at least 40,000 years ago.[11]

These first inhabitants of Australia were generalised as hunter-gatherers, who over the course of many succeeding generations diversified widely throughout the continent and its nearby islands in over 500 different nations. Although their technical culture remained static—depending on wood, bone, and stone tools and weapons— they developed intricate agricultural systems and carefully managed their environment to ensure ongoing sustainability. In addition to this their spiritual, LORE (system of law) and social life was highly complex. Most spoke several languages, and nation groups sometimes linked widely scattered tribal groups. Aboriginal population density ranged from approximately one person per 3 km2 (1 sq mi) along the coasts to one person per 90 km2 (35 sq mi) in the arid interior. Food procurement was usually a matter for the nuclear family, requiring an estimated 3 days of work per week.

Dutch navigators landed on the coasts of modern Western Australia and Queensland several times during the 17th century. Captain James Cook wrote that he claimed the east coast for Great Britain in 1770 while standing on Possession Island off the west coast of Cape York Peninsula. The west coast was later settled by Britain also. At that time, the indigenous population was estimated to have been between 315,000 and 750,000,[12] divided into many tribes speaking many different languages. In the 2011 census, 495,757 respondents declared they were Aboriginal, 31,407 declared they were Torres Strait Islander, and a further 21,206 declared they were both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders.[39]

Since the end of World War II, efforts have been made both by the government and by the public to be more responsive to Aboriginal rights and needs.

Today, most of Australia's Indigenous population live on the east coast of Australia, where almost 60% of Indigenous Australians live in New South Wales (208,476) and Queensland (188,954) which roughly represents 2–5% of those state's populations. The Northern Territory has an Indigenous population of almost 70,000 and represents about 30% of the total Northern Territory population.

States and territories
See also: States and territories of Australia
State/territory Population
(2016 census)		 Land area Population density % of population
in capital		 Notes
km² mi² per km² per mi²
 New South Wales7,797,800800,642 309,1308.64 2263%[40]
 Victoria6,244,200227,416 87,80623.54 6171%[41]
 Queensland4,883,7001,730,648 668,2072.50 646%[42]
 Western Australia2,567,8002,239,170 864,5480.89 273.4%[43]
 South Australia1,717,000983,482 379,7251.62 473.5%[44]
 Tasmania519,10068,401 26,4107.24 1941%[45]
 Australian Capital Territory406,4002,358 910151.49 392100%[46]
 Northern Territory245,0001,349,129 520,9020.16 0.454%[47]

Historical population

Note that population estimates in the table below do not include the Aboriginal population before 1961. Estimates of Aboriginal population prior to European settlement range from 300,000 to one million, with archaeological finds indicating a sustainable maximum population of around 750,000.[48] Where available, actual population figures from census years are included.

Historic population (estimated)
Pre-1788
YearIndigenous population±%
pre 1788300,000 to 1,000,000—    
Source: [49]
Settlement – Federation
YearNon-indigenous population±% p.a.
1788 859—    
1798 4,588+18.24%
1808 10,263+8.38%
1818 25,859+9.68%
1828 58,197+8.45%
1838 151,868+10.07%
1848 332,328+8.15%
1858 1,050,828+12.20%
1868 1,539,552+3.89%
1878 2,092,164+3.11%
1888 2,981,677+3.61%
1898 3,664,715+2.08%
Source: [50]
Post-Federation
YearTotal population±%
1901 3,788,123—    
1906 4,059,083+7.2%
1911 4,489,545+10.6%
1916 4,943,173+10.1%
1921 5,455,136+10.4%
1926 6,056,360+11.0%
1931 6,526,485+7.8%
1936 6,778,372+3.9%
1941 7,109,898+4.9%
1946 7,465,157+5.0%
1951 8,421,775+12.8%
1956 9,425,563+11.9%
1961 10,548,267+11.9%
1966 11,599,498+10.0%
1971 13,067,265+12.7%
1976 14,033,083+7.4%
1981 14,923,260+6.3%
1986 16,018,350+7.3%
1991 17,284,036+7.9%
1996 18,224,767+5.4%
2001 18,769,249+3.0%
2006 19,855,288+5.8%
2011 21,507,717+8.3%
2016 23,401,892+8.8%
Note: Estimated populations prior to 1961 do not include the Indigenous population.
Source: [51][52][53][54][55]

Total Fertility Rate from 1850 to 1899

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[56]

The following figures show the total fertility rates since the first years of British colonisation.

Years18501851185218531854185518561857185818591860[56]
Total Fertility Rate in Australia4.945.014.075.034.865.325.195.635.715.755.71
Years1861186218631864186518661867186818691870[56]
Total Fertility Rate in Australia5.675.85.595.755.645.335.415.435.195.19
Years1871187218731874187518761877187818791880[56]
Total Fertility Rate in Australia5.094.975.014.934.814.814.694.744.84.73
Years1881188218831884188518861887188818891890[56]
Total Fertility Rate in Australia4.734.624.664.774.784.744.774.764.654.69
Years189118921893189418951896189718981899[56]
Total Fertility Rate in Australia4.624.524.44.134.073.813.783.643.66

Crude birth rates from 1860 to 1899

The crude birth rate is the total number of live births per 1,000 population in a year. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics.[57]

Crude birth rate in Australia[57]
Years18601861186218631864186518661867186818691870
42.642.343.341.742.942.139.840.440.538.738.7
Years1871187218731874187518761877187818791880
38.037.137.436.835.935.935.035.435.835.3
Years1881188218831884188518861887188818891890
35.334.534.835.635.735.435.635.534.735.0
Years189118921893189418951896189718981899
34.533.732.830.830.428.428.227.227.3

Historical percent distribution of the total population by age

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics.[58][59][60][61]

Ages 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2007 2016
0–14 ​years 35.1 31.6 31.8 28.5 24.2 27.2 30.3 28.7 25.0 21.9 20.5 19.4 18.6
15–24 ​years 19.4 20.1 16.9 18.1 17.5 14.1 14.3 17.4 17.4 16.0 13.7 14.0 12.8
25–44 ​years 29.4 28.8 30.0 29.3 30.0 29.4 27.7 27.4 28.4 28.6 30.0 29.2 27.9
45–64 ​years 12.0 14.8 17.0 18.0 20.9 20.4 19.9 20.0 19.2 19.3 23.1 25.0 25.1
65 years ​and over 4.0 4.3 4.5 6.1 7.4 8.1 8.5 8.3 9.8 11.3 12.6 13.2 15.8
Total (%) 100 99.6 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Historical median age of the population

Median age of the Australia population through history. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics.[59][60][62][63]

Years19011911192119511961197119811991200120152017
Median age of the total population22.524.025.830.329.327.729.632.435.737.438.7
Median age of males23.624.626.129.928.727.029.031.734.937.9
Median age of females21.523.425.530.830.228.330.233.036.439.5

Vital statistics since 1900

Source:[64]

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) Total fertility rates[upper-alpha 6][56] Net overseas migration[65][66][67]
1900 3,715,000 102,221 44,060 58,161 27.3 11.8 15.5 3.66
1901 3,765,000 102,945 46,330 56,615 27.1 12.2 14.9 3.64
1902 3,824,000 102,776 48,078 54,698 26.7 12.5 14.2 3.39
1903 3,875,000 98,443 47,293 51,150 25.3 12.1 13.2 3.58
1904 3,916,000 104,113 43,572 60,541 26.4 11.0 15.4 3.54
1905 3,974,000 104,941 43,514 61,427 26.2 10.9 15.3 3.51
1906 4,032,000 107,890 44,333 63,557 26.6 10.9 15.7 3.35
1907 4,091,000 110,347 45,305 55,042 26.7 11.0 15.7 3.35
1908 4,161,000 111,545 46,426 55,119 26.6 11.1 15.5 3.35
1909 4,232,000 114,071 44,172 59,899 26.7 10.3 16.4 3.35
1910 4,323,000 116,801 45,590 61,211 26.7 10.4 16.3 3.35
1911 4,425,000 122,193 47,869 74,324 27.2 10.6 16.6 3.51
1912 4,573,000 133,088 52,177 80,911 28.6 11.2 17.4 3.51
1913 4,820,172 135,714 51,789 83,925 28.2 10.7 17.5 3.51
1914 4,893,000 137,983 51,720 86,263 28.0 10.5 17.5 3.51
1915 4,971,000 134,871 52,782 82,089 27.1 10.6 16.5 3.51
1916 4,969,000 131,426 54,197 77,219 26.6 11.0 15.6 3.07
1917 4,917,000 129,965 48,029 81,936 26.3 9.7 16.6 3.35
1918 4,982,000 125,739 50,249 75,490 25.0 10.0 15.0 3.07
1919 5,080,000 122,290 65,930 56,360 23.6 12.7 10.9 3.07
1920 5,303,000 136,406 56,289 80,117 25.5 10.5 15.5 3.07
1921 5,411,000 136,198 54,076 82,122 24.9 9.9 15.0 3.12
1922 5,510,000 137,496 51,311 86,185 24.7 9.2 15.5 3.11
1923 5,637,000 135,222 56,236 78,986 23.7 9.9 13.8 3.02
1924 5,755,000 134,927 54,980 79,953 23.2 9.4 13.8 2.97
1925 5,882,000 135,792 54,658 81,134 22.9 9.2 13.7 2.95
1926 6,000,000 133,162 56,952 76,210 22.0 9.4 12.6 2.85
1927 6,124,000 133,698 58,282 75,716 21.6 9.4 12.2 2.80
1928 6,251,000 134,078 59,378 74,700 21.3 9.4 11.9 2.77
1929 6,355,000 129,480 60,857 68,623 20.2 9.5 10.7 2.64
1930 6,436,000 128,399 55,331 73,068 19.8 8.6 11.2 2.58
1931 6,500,000 118,509 56,560 61,949 18.2 8.7 9.5 2.36
1932 6,552,000 110,933 56,757 54,176 16.9 8.6 8.3 2.19
1933 6,603,000 111,269 59,117 52,152 16.8 8.9 7.9 2.17
1934 6,656,000 109,475 62,229 47,246 16.4 9.3 7.1 2.11
1935 6,707,000 111,325 63,599 47,726 16.5 9.4 7.1 2.12
1936 6,755,000 116,073 63,932 52,141 17.1 9.4 7.7 2.18
1937 6,810,000 119,131 64,496 54,635 17.4 9.4 8.0 2.21
1938 6,871,000 120,415 66,451 53,964 17.4 9.6 7.8 2.21
1939 6,935,000 122,891 69,147 53,744 17.6 9.9 7.7 2.22
1940 7,004,000 126,347 68,384 57,963 17.9 9.7 8.2 2.26
1941 7,077,000 134,525 71,176 63,349 18.9 10.0 8.9 2.36
1942 7,143,000 136,708 75,191 61,517 19.1 10.5 8.6 2.38
1943 7,201,000 149,295 74,486 74,809 20.6 10.3 10.3 2.57
1944 7,269,000 153,344 69,596 83,748 21.0 9.5 11.5 2.63
1945 7,347,000 160,560 70,231 90,229 21.7 9.5 12.2 2.74
1946 7,430,000 176,379 74,661 101,718 23.6 10.0 13.6 2.99
1947 7,517,000 182,384 73,468 108,916 24.1 9.7 14.4 3.08
1948 7,637,000 177,976 76,839 101,137 23.1 10.0 13.1 2.98
1949 7,792,000 181,261 75,260 106,001 22.9 9.5 13.4 2.99
1950 8,045,000 190,591 78,187 112,404 23.3 9.6 13.7 3.01
1951 8,307,000 193,298 81,788 111,510 23.0 9.7 13.3 3.06
1952 8,527,000 201,650 81,597 120,053 23.4 9.5 13.9 3.15
1953 8,739,000 202,235 80,188 122,047 22.9 9.1 13.8 3.23
1954 8,902,000 202,256 81,805 120,451 22.5 9.1 13.4 3.3
1955 9,089,000 207,677 82,036 125,641 22.6 8.9 13.7 3.35
1956 9,311,000 212,633 86,088 126,545 22.5 9.1 13.4 3.39
1957 9,530,000 220,358 84,953 135,405 22.9 8.8 14.1 3.41
1958 9,744,000 222,504 83,723 138,481 22.6 8.5 14.1 3.42
1959 9,947,000 226,976 89,212 137,765 22.6 8.9 13.7 3.41
1960 10,160,000 230,326 88,464 141,862 22.4 8.6 13.8 3.39
1961 10,391,000 239,986 88,961 151,025 22.8 8.5 14.3 3.35
1962 10,642,000 237,081 93,163 143,918 22.1 8.7 13.4 3.3
1963 10,846,000 235,689 94,894 140,795 21.5 8.7 12.8 3.24
1964 11,055,000 229,149 100,594 128,555 20.5 8.7 11.8 3.17
1965 11,280,000 222,854 99,715 123,139 19.6 8.8 10.8 2.97
1966 11,505,000 223,731 103,929 119,802 19.3 9.0 10.3 2.89
1967 11,704,000 229,796 102,703 127,093 19.4 8.7 10.7 2.85
1968 11,912,000 240,906 109,547 131,359 20.0 9.1 10.9 2.89
1969 12,145,000 250,175 106,496 143,681 20.4 8.7 11.7 2.93
1970 12,407,000 257,516 113,048 144,468 20.5 9.0 10.5 2.94
1971 12,663,000 276,361 110,650 165,711 21.5 8.6 12.9 2.98
1972 13,067,000 271,960 110,191 161,769 20.6 8.4 12.2 2.74
1973 13,303,000 255,848 111,336 144,512 19.1 8.3 10.8 2.49
1974 13,504,000 243,658 110,179 133,479 17.9 8.1 9.8 2.32
1975 13,722,000 239,794 114,501 125,293 17.4 8.3 9.1 2.15
1976 13,892,000 231,135 110,610 120,525 16.6 7.9 8.7 2.06
1977 14,033,000 226,954 111,490 115,464 16.1 7.9 8.2 2.01
1978 14,192,000 226,359 108,059 118,300 15.9 7.6 8.3 1.95
1979 14,359,000 223,370 108,315 115,055 15.5 7.5 8.0 1.91
1980 14,515,000 223,664 106,654 117,010 15.3 7.3 8.0 1.89
1981 14,695,000 230,920 109,429 121,491 15.6 7.4 8.2 1.94
1982 14,923,000 237,076 110,990 116,086 15.7 7.4 8.3 1.93 128,100
1983 15,184,000 241,764 112,918 128,846 15.8 7.4 8.4 1.92 73,300
1984 15,393,000 240,544 110,887 129,657 15.5 7.2 8.3 1.84 49,100
1985 15,579,000 241,814 114,197 127,617 15.4 7.3 8.1 1.92 73,800
1986 15,788,000 239,115 116,069 123,046 15.0 7.3 7.7 1.87 100,500
1987 16,018,000 242,977 116,139 126,838 15.0 7.2 7.8 1.85 125,800
1988 16,263,000 246,200 120,463 125,737 15.0 7.3 7.7 1.83 149,400
1989 16,532,000 250,155 118,767 131,388 15.1 7.1 8.0 1.84 157,500
1990 16,814,000 257,521 125,112 132,409 15.3 7.4 7.9 1.90 124,700
1991 17,065,000 261,158 119,572 141,586 15.2 7.0 8.2 1.85 86,500
1992 17,284,000 259,186 120,836 138,350 14.9 6.9 8.0 1.89 68,600
1993 17,494,000 259,959 121,338 138,621 14.8 6.9 7.9 1.86 30,100
1994 17,667,000 258,314 123,496 134,818 14.5 7.0 7.5 1.84 46,600
1995 17,854,000 258,210 126,232 131,978 14.4 7.0 7.4 1.82 80,200
1996 18,071,000 250,438 126,400 124,038 13.8 6.9 6.9 1.80 104,000
1997 18,310,000 253,660 127,298 126,362 13.7 6.9 6.8 1.78 87,200
1998 18,517,000 249,105 129,255 119,850 13.4 6.9 6.5 1.75 79,100
1999 18,711,000 249,965 128,278 121,487 13.3 6.8 6.5 1.75 96,500
2000 18,925,000 249,310 128,392 120,918 13.1 6.7 6.4 1.75 107,200
2001 19,153,000 247,500 128,913 118,587 12.8 6.7 6.1 1.73 135,700
2002 19,413,000 250,988 133,707 117,281 12.9 6.9 6.0 1.77 110,600
2003 19,651,000 246,663 132,239 114,424 12.5 6.7 5.8 1.75 116,500
2004 19,895,000 249,082 133,231 115,851 12.4 6.7 5.7 1.76 100,000
2005 20,127,000 255,934 131,354 124,580 12.6 6.5 6.1 1.79 123,800
2006 20,394,000 263,540 134,041 129,499 12.8 6.5 6.3 1.82 146,700
2007 20,697,000 274,330 134,785 139,545 13.2 6.4 6.8 1.87 232,700
2008 21,015,000 302,272 143,946 158,326 14.4 6.8 7.6 2.02 277,400
2009 21,262,000 295,700 140,760 154,940 13.9 6.6 7.3 1.90 299,800
2010 22,183,000 297,900 143,473 154,427 13.4 6.4 7.0 1.89 172,038
2011 22,340,000 301,617 146,932 156,050 13.5 6.6 6.9 1.92 205,679
2012 22,723,000 309,582 147,098 161,782 13.6 6.5 7.1 1.91 241,151
2013 23,162,000 308,065 147,708 160,357 13.3 6.4 6.9 1.88 235,797
2014 23,413,000 299,697 153,400 146,300 12.8 6.5 6.3 1.8 179,000
2015 23,858,000 305,377 159,052 146,325 12.8 6.7 6.1 1.81 181,000
2016[68] 24,385,600 311,104 158,504 152,600 12.9 6.5 6.4 1.789 243,800
2017 24,770,700[69] 309,142 160,909 148,233 12.6 6.5 6.1 1.741 241,700
2018 25,180,200[70] 315,147[71] 158,493 156,654 12.6 6.5 6.1 1.740 248,400
2019 25,522,100 305,832 169,301 136,531 12.1 6.7 5.4 1.657 210,700

In 2012, the total fertility rate of Australian-born women was 1.94, while for overseas-born women, it was 1.81,[72] while in 2013, it was 1.91 and 1.79 respectively.[73] In 2017, TFR was 1.68 for overseas women (overseas father 1.73) and 1.78 for native women (native father 1.69).

Life expectancy at birth from 1921 to 2015

Sources: Our World In Data and the United Nations.

1921–1950

Years 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930[74]
Life expectancy in Australia 61.0 62.9 61.7 62.5 63.2 62.9 62.8 62.9 63.1 64.9
Years 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940[74]
Life expectancy in Australia 65.3 65.6 65.4 64.8 65.1 65.2 65.8 65.8 65.8 66.2
Years 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950[74]
Life expectancy in Australia 66.1 65.9 66.4 68.0 68.5 68.0 68.6 68.5 69.1 69.0

1950–2015

Period Life expectancy in
Years		 Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 69.4 1985–1990 76.2
1955–1960 70.4 1990–1995 77.7
1960–1965 70.9 1995–2000 78.8
1965–1970 70.8 2000–2005 80.3
1970–1975 71.8 2005–2010 81.5
1975–1980 73.6 2010–2015 82.3
1980–1985 75.1

Source: UN World Population Prospects[75]

Other general demographic statistics

As of February 2018, the population growth rate was 0.9%.[76] This rate was based on estimates of (April 2019):[1]

  • one birth every 1 minute and 41 seconds,
  • one death every 3 minutes and 20 seconds,
  • one migrant person arriving to live in Australia every 56 seconds,
  • one Australian resident leaving Australia to live overseas every 1 minute and 53 seconds, leading to
  • an overall total population increase of one person every 1 minute and 13 seconds.

Much of the data that follows has been derived from the CIA World Factbook[67] and the Australian Bureau of Statistics, through censuses.

Population
Estimated resident population of Australia since 1981
Australia's age and gender structure in 2005, illustrated in a population pyramid.[77]

The following figures are ABS estimates for the resident population of Australia, based on the 2001 and 2006 Censuses and other data.

25,744,500 (as of 8 February 2021)[1]
23,470,145 (July 2018 est.)
23,232,413 (July 2017 est.)
21,262,641 (July 2009 – CIA World Factbook)

Age structure
Population pyramid of Australia in 2017
Australian babies: 0 year olds as a fraction of total persons, in Australia, according to the 2011 census results.
Australian babies: 0-4 year olds as a fraction of total persons, in Australia, according to the 2011 census results
0-14 years: 17.75% (male 2,138,080 /female 2,027,583)
15-24 years: 12.62% (male 1,520,528 /female 1,442,461)
25-54 years: 41.35% (male 4,944,587 /female 4,760,752)
55-64 years: 11.84% (male 1,379,681 /female 1,398,177)
65 years and over: 16.44% (male 1,786,595 /female 2,071,701) (2018 est.)
0–14 years: 17.8% (male 2,122,139/female 2,012,670)
15–24 years: 12.79% (male 1,524,368/female 1,446,663)
25–54 years: 41.45% (male 4,903,130/female 4,725,976)
55–64 years: 11.83% (male 1,363,331/female 1,384,036)
65 years and over: 16.14% (male 1,736,951/female 2,013,149) (2017 est.)

Median age
Map of the median age of Australians by Statistical Local Area in the 2011 census
total: 38.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 58th
male: 38.1 years
female: 39.7 years (2018 est.)
Total: 36.9 years[78]
Male: 36.6 years
Female: 38.1 years (2009 est.)

Birth rate
12 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 165th
12.1 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)
12.47 births/1,000 population (2009 est.) (Rank 164)

Death rate
7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 118th
6.68 deaths/1,000 population (2009 est.) (Rank 146)

Total fertility rate
1.77 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 155th

Net migration rate
5.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 22nd
5.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) (Rank 21)
6.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population. (2009 est.) (Rank 15)

Population growth rate
1.01% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 107th
1.03% (2017 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth
28.7 years (2014 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
total population: 82.4 years (2018 estimate)
male: 79.9 years (2018 estimate)
female: 85 years (2018 estimate)

At the time of Australian Federation in 1901, the rate of natural increase was 14.9 persons per 1,000 population. The rate increased to a peak of 17.4 per thousand population in the years 1912, 1913 and 1914. During the Great Depression, the rate declined to a low of 7.1 per thousand population in 1934 and 1935. Immediately after World War II, the rate increased sharply as a result of the start of the post–World War II baby boom and the immigration of many young people who then had children in Australia. A rate plateau of over 13.0 persons per 1,000 population occurred for every year from 1946 to 1962.

There has been a fall in the rate of natural increase since 1962 due to falling fertility. In 1971, the rate of natural increase was 12.7 persons per 1,000 population; a decade later it had fallen to 8.5. In 1996 the rate of natural increase fell below seven for the first time, with the downward trend continuing in the late 1990s. Population projections by the Australian Bureau of Statistics indicate that continued low fertility, combined with the increase in deaths from an ageing population, will result in natural increase falling below zero sometime in the mid-2030s. However, in 2006 the fertility rate rose to 1.81, one of the highest rates in the OECD.

Since 1901, the crude death rate has fallen from about 12.2 deaths per 1,000 population, to 6.4 deaths per 1,000 population in 2006.[79]

Urbanisation
urban population: 86% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Urbanisation population: 89% of total population (2008)
Rate of urbanisation: 1.2% annual rate of change (2005–2010)

Sex ratio
Birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
Under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
Total population: 1 male(s)/female (2009)

Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 51.1
youth dependency ratio: 28.5
elderly dependency ratio: 22.6
potential support ratio: 4.4 (2015 est.)

HIV/AIDS
Main article: HIV/AIDS in Australia
Adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2017 est.)
People living with HIV/AIDS: 26,000 (2017 est.)
Deaths: fewer than 200 (2017 est.)[80]

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 23 years
male: 23 years
female: 23 years (2016)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24
total: 12.6%. Country comparison to the world: 105th
male: 13.7%
female: 11.5% (2017 est.)

Incarceration and punishment
Main article: Punishment in Australia

In March 2019, there was 43,320 adults imprisoned in Australia, which was an incarceration rate of 221 prisoners per 100,000 adult population.,[81] or 169 per 100,000 total population.[82] Additionally, there was 75,544 people in community corrections (various non-custodial punishments such as parole, bail, probation and community service).[83]

In June 2018, there was about 980 minors imprisoned in Australia on an average night.[84]

Literacy
Definition: aged 15 years and over can read and write
Total population: 99%
Male: 99%
Female: 99% (2003 est.)

As of 2016, Indian Australians were the highest educated migrant group in Australia with 54.6% of Indians in Australia having a bachelor's or higher degree, more than three times Australia's national average of 17.2% in 2011.[85]

Education expenditure
4.9% of GDP (2013)
country comparison to the world: 55

Population density

As of June 2016, the population density of Australia was reported as 3.1/km2 (8.0/sq mi).[86] This makes Australia the 3rd least densely populated country in the world, after Namibia and Mongolia.[87]

See also

Notes
  1. Only countries with 100,000 or more are listed here.
  2. The Australian Bureau of Statistics source lists England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland separately although they are all part of the United Kingdom. These should not be combined as they are not combined in the source.
  3. In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, Mainland China, Taiwan and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately.
  4. The Australian Bureau of Statistics source lists England and Scotland separately although they are both part of the United Kingdom. These should not be combined as they are not combined in the source.
  5. In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, Mainland China, Taiwan and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately.
  6. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.
  1. As a percentage of 21,769,209 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census. The Australian Census collects information on ancestry, but not on race or ethnicity.
  2. The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the Anglo-Celtic group.[17]
  3. Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
  4. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.

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Sources
General references

Further reading
  • Jupp, James. The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins (2002)
  • O'Farrell, Patrick. The Irish in Australia: 1798 to the Present Day (3rd ed. Cork University Press, 2001)
  • Wells, Andrew, and Theresa Martinez, eds. Australia's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook (ABC-CLIO, 2004)
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