East Bodish languages

East Bodish
Ethnicity	Monpa people etc.
Geographic; distribution	Bhutan
Linguistic classification	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Kanauri ? Bodish East Bodish; ; ;
Glottolog	east1469

The East Bodish languages are a small group of non-Tibetic Bodish languages spoken in eastern Bhutan and adjacent areas of Tibet and India. They include:

Dakpa (Tawang Monpa)
Dzala
Nyen, including Mangde and Phobjib
Chali
Bumthang
Kheng
Kurtöp

George van Driem initially proposed that 'Ole belonged to the group, but later decided that it belonged to a group of its own.[1]

Although the East Bodish languages are closely related, Tshangla and related languages of eastern Bhutan, also called "Monpa" and predating Dzongkha, form a sister branch not to the East Bodish group, but to its parent Bodish branch.[2][3] Thus the ambiguous term "Monpa" risks separating languages that should be grouped together, whereas grouping languages together that are quite distinct.[4] Zakhring is apparently also related, though strongly influenced by Miju or a similar language.[5]

Internal classification

Languages of Bhutan, including the East Bodish languages

Hyslop (2010)[6] classifies the East Bodish languages as follows.

East Bodish

Dakpa–Dzala
- Dakpa
- Dzala
(core branch)
- Phobjip
- Chali–Bumthang
  - Chali
  - Bumthangic
    - Bumthang
    - Kheng
    - Kurtöp

She regards the Dakpa–Dzala and Bumthangic subgroups as secure, and the placement of Phobjip and Chali as more tentative.[7]

Lu (2002) divides the "Menba language" (门巴语) into the following subdivisions:[8]

Southern: 30,000 speakers in Cona County, Lhoka (Shannan) Prefecture, Tibet
- Mama dialect 麻玛土语: Mama Township 麻玛乡 (or 麻麻乡), Lebu District 勒布区
- Dawang dialect 达旺土语: Dawang Township 达旺镇, Mendawang District 门达旺地区
Northern: 5,000 speakers in Mêdog County, Nyingchi Prefecture, Tibet
- Wenlang dialect 文浪土语: Wenlang Township 文浪乡, Dexing District 德兴区
- Banjin dialect 邦金土语: Bangjin District 邦金地区

Reconstruction

Hyslop (2014)[9] reconstructs the following Proto-East Bodish forms.

*kwa ‘tooth’
*kra ‘hair’
*kak ‘blood’
*kʰrat ‘waist’
*lak ‘hand’
*ná ‘nose’
*pOskOm (?) ‘knee’
*rOs ‘bone’
*gO- ‘head’
*mE- ‘eye’
*kram ‘otter’
*ta ‘horse’
*kʰa- ‘hen’
*wam ‘bear’
*kʰwi ‘dog’
*kʰaça ‘deer’
*zV ‘eat’
*ra ‘come’
*gal ‘go’
*lok ‘pour’
*dot ‘sleep’
*bi ‘give’
*kʰar ‘white’
*mla ‘arrow’
*gor ‘stone’
*kʰwe/*tsʰi ‘water’
*rO (?) ‘wind’
*On (?) ‘baby’
*daŋ ‘yesterday’
*néŋ ‘year’
*da- ‘today’
*tʰek ‘one’
*sum ‘three’
*ble ‘four’
*laŋa ‘five’
*grok ‘six’
*nís ‘seven’
*gʲat ‘eight’
*dOgO ‘nine’
*kʰal(tʰek) ‘twenty’
*ŋa ‘1.SG’
*i/*nVn ‘2.SG’
*kʰi/*ba ‘3.SG’
*-ma ‘FUT’
*lo ‘Q.COP’

Additional reconstructions can be found in Hyslop (2016).[10]

References

van Driem, George (2011). "Tibeto-Burman subgroups and historical grammar". Himalayan Linguistics Journal. 10 (1): 31–39.
van Driem, George L. (1994). "Language Policy in Bhutan" (PDF). Bhutan: aspects of culture and development. Kiscadale. pp. 87–105. ISBN 978-1-87083-817-7.
van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill. p. 915. ISBN 978-90-04-12062-4.
Andvik, Eric E. (2009). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. 10. Brill. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4.
Blench, Roger; Post, Mark (2011), (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-26
Hyslop, Gwendolyn. 2010. On the internal phylogeny of East Bodish. Paper presented at the 5th NEILS meeting, Gauhati University 12–14 February 2010.
Hyslop, Gwendolyn (2013). "On the internal phylogeny of East Bodish". In Hyslop, Gwendolyn; Morey, Stephen; Post, Mark W. (eds.). North East Indian Linguistics. 5. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press India. pp. 91–112. ISBN 978-93-82264-72-9.
Lu, Shaozun 陆绍尊 (2002). 门巴语方言研究 [A study of Menba (Monpa) dialects] (in Chinese). Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House 民族出版社.
Hyslop, Gwendolyn (2014). "A preliminary reconstruction of East Bodish". In Owen-Smith, Thomas; Hill, Nathan W. (eds.). Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 155–179. ISBN 978-3-11-031074-0.
Hyslop, Gwendolyn. 2016. East Bodish reconstructions in a comparative light. Fourth Workshop on Sino-Tibetan Languages of Southwest China (STLS-2016). University of Washington, Seattle, September 8–10, 2016.

Hyslop, Gwendolyn (2014). "A preliminary reconstruction of East Bodish". In Owen-Smith, Thomas; Hill, Nathan W. (eds.). Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 155–179. ISBN 978-3-11-031074-0.

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[1] van Driem, George (2011). "Tibeto-Burman subgroups and historical grammar". Himalayan Linguistics Journal. 10 (1): 31–39.

[vanDriem93-2] van Driem, George L. (1994). "Language Policy in Bhutan" (PDF). Bhutan: aspects of culture and development. Kiscadale. pp. 87–105. ISBN 978-1-87083-817-7.

[vanDriem1-3] van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill. p. 915. ISBN 978-90-04-12062-4.

[Andvik-4] Andvik, Eric E. (2009). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. 10. Brill. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4.

[5] Blench, Roger; Post, Mark (2011), (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-26

[6] Hyslop, Gwendolyn. 2010. On the internal phylogeny of East Bodish. Paper presented at the 5th NEILS meeting, Gauhati University 12–14 February 2010.

[7] Hyslop, Gwendolyn (2013). "On the internal phylogeny of East Bodish". In Hyslop, Gwendolyn; Morey, Stephen; Post, Mark W. (eds.). North East Indian Linguistics. 5. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press India. pp. 91–112. ISBN 978-93-82264-72-9.

[8] Lu, Shaozun 陆绍尊 (2002). 门巴语方言研究 [A study of Menba (Monpa) dialects] (in Chinese). Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House 民族出版社.

[9] Hyslop, Gwendolyn (2014). "A preliminary reconstruction of East Bodish". In Owen-Smith, Thomas; Hill, Nathan W. (eds.). Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 155–179. ISBN 978-3-11-031074-0.

[10] Hyslop, Gwendolyn. 2016. East Bodish reconstructions in a comparative light. Fourth Workshop on Sino-Tibetan Languages of Southwest China (STLS-2016). University of Washington, Seattle, September 8–10, 2016.