Hrusish languages

The Hrusish or Southeast Kamengic languages[1] possibly constitute a Sino-Tibetan branch in Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. They are Hruso (Aka) and Miji (which includes Bangru).[1] In Glottolog, Hammarström, et al.[2] does not accept Hrusish, and considers similarities between Hruso and Miji to be due to loanwords.

Hrusish
Southeast Kamengic
Hruso-Miji
Geographic
distribution		Arunachal Pradesh
Linguistic classificationpossibly Sino-Tibetan
Subdivisions
GlottologNone

Names

George van Driem (2014) and Bodt & Lieberherr (2015)[3] use the name Hrusish, while Anderson (2014)[1] prefers Southeast Kamengic.

Classification

Anderson (2014)[1] considers Hrusish to be a branch of Tibeto-Burman. However, Blench and Post (2011) suggest that the Hruso languages likely constitute an independent language family.[4]

Bodt's & Lieberherr's (2015:69)[3] internal classification of the Hrusish languages is as follows.

Hrusish
  • Hruso (ʁuso, Aka)
  • Miji-Bangru
    • Western Miji (Đəmmai, Sadʑalaŋ)
    • Eastern Miji (Nəmrai, Wadu Baŋru)
    • Bangru (Tadə Baŋru, Tadʑu Baŋru, Ləwjɛ)

Comparative vocabulary

The following comparative vocabulary table of Hrusish vocabulary items (Bangru, Miji, and Hruso) is from Anderson (2014), with additional Bangru data from Li (2003).[5] Anderson's (2014) Hruso data is from Anderson's own field notes and from Simon (1970).[6] Anderson's (2014) Miji data is from his own field notes as well as Simon (1979)[7] and Weedall (2014).[8] Bangru data is from Ramya (2011, 2012).[9][10]

GlossBangru (Li 2003)[5]Bangru (Anderson 2014)[1]Miji (Anderson 2014)[1]Hruso (Anderson 2014)[1]
sun dʑu˥wai˥˧dʒudʒo ~ zuʔ; zo ~ ʒʲoʔdʒu ~ dʑu; dʲu
snow də˧˩ɣai˥tenedɨlen; təlɛntʰiɲɲo
ashes laʔ˥bu˥˧lag-bowmaj-buxukʰes-pu
mother's brother -kiː-nia-kʰiw; akjua-kʰi
son mə˧˩dʑu˥mu-dʒu-ɲiːibzusou ~ sa ~ seu
I ȵoŋ˥ɲo(ʔ)ɲaŋnɔ
we ga˧˩ni˥k-aɲiaɲiɲi
bear si˥tsuaŋ˥sutʃowʃutsaŋsitso ~ sutso
insect(s) bə˧˩loŋ˥beloŋ-siɲibiluʔŋ; bəɫuʔŋ; biluŋʰbəlu
nose mə˧˩ȵi˧guaŋ˥˧mi-niː-koɲiun-su ~ nu-su
hand mə˧˩gai˥me-gej(mə)giəgzə
thumb ('hand' + 'mother') -me-gej-neagi-nuiʔ; gi-batʃoəgzə-i-aɲ
saliva, spit -jeʒeʔze-mdʑiu; əʒʲəxu ~ əɣʲəxu
sleep dʑe˥zeudʒidʒum
dream dai˥mu˧˩mu˥tjameiːtajmetʰimjeu
four bu˧˩rai˥porajibli; b(ə)lepʰiri; pʰiji
five buŋ˥puŋbungu, buŋupʰum ~ pʰóm
six rai˥˧rehreʔ; reʔ ~ réʔrijɛ; ʑje
seven muai˥˧mojimyaʔ, mjaʔmrjo; mrɔ
eight sə˧˩cai˥˧sagaiksɨgiʔ, sɨgeʔ; səgujsəgzə ~ sɨgdʒɨ ~ sɨɣdʒɨ
nine sə˧˩təŋ˥sataŋsɨtʰɨn; stʰɨn; stənstʰə; stʰɨ ~ stʰə
ten rəŋ˥raŋlin; lənʁə; ʁɨ ~ ʁə
bow -karaikgɨriʔ; gərikʰiri
dry mə˧˩ci˥miː-kjimɨ-kʰyang; məkjaŋkʰrou
mother a˧˩nai˥˧aːnejaaɲʲiaɲi; aɲ
red ja˧˩dʑu˥˧ja-tʃukmu-tsutsu
stream -wu-dʒuvu-zuʔ 'creek'xu-sa
shoulder mə˧˩pu˥zi˥m-podʒpas-t(ʰ)uŋ; pastoŋə-pos-tu
finger mə˧˩gai˥tsuo˥˧me-gej-tʃowagi-tsoʔ; məgitsoəgzi-tsə
pig ʑəu˥˧dʒuʒo; ʒoʔvo
bird ('bird' + 'son/child') pu˥dʑu˧˩pu-dʒubuzu(ʔ); bɨ-zɨ ~ b-zɨ ~ bə-zu ~ bə-zə; bə-zuʔmu-su
seed -metetʰei-zʰo; (me)tẽisi; dʒʲe; ʃe-die

Reconstruction

Proto-Hrusish has been reconstructed in by Bodt & Lieberherr (2015). Bodt & Lieberherr (2015:101) note that Proto-Hrusish displays a sound change from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s- to t-, which they note had also occurred in Bodo-Garo, Kuki-Chin, Tangkhulic, Central Naga, and Karbi languages. The Proto-Tibeto-Burman *-l and -r have also been lost in Proto-Hrusish.

Reconstructed Proto-Hrusish forms from Bodt & Lieberherr (2015) are given below.

  • *nə-paŋ 'aconite'
  • *si-ni 'ant'
  • *pri 'awake'
  • *bə-ru(d͡ziŋ) 'axe'
  • *mə-niŋ 'bad'
  • *bra 'bamboo (big)'
  • *(g)o-prja 'bark (tree)'
  • *sə-t͡saŋ 'bear'
  • *majk 'bee'
  • *mə-doʔ 'big (thick, wide)'
  • *bə-dow 'bird'
  • *taʔ 'bite'
  • *kam 'bitter'
  • *jaC 'blood'
  • *mə-muC 'body'
  • *lu 'boil (water)'
  • *mə-ri-jaŋ 'bone'
  • *gə-raj 'bow'
  • *mə-nuŋ 'breast; milk'
  • *(nam)sjaj 'broom'
  • *su 'cane; rope'
  • *dowC 'chicken'
  • *mə-ga-daʔ 'chin'
  • *gi-le 'cloth'
  • *majməwŋ 'cloud'
  • *ku 'cook'
  • *su 'cow'
  • *kraC 'cry'
  • *taj 'cut'
  • *ga 'day'
  • *mə-ruk 'deep'
  • *θəj 'die'
  • *taC 'dig'
  • *ni-t͡ɕi 'dirty'
  • *ru 'do'
  • *piŋ 'door'
  • *tai-mə 'dream'
  • *tuŋ 'drink'
  • *t͡ɕa 'eat'
  • *do-riŋ 'egg'
  • *sə-giC 'eight'
  • *(a/mə)ko 'elder brother'
  • *mə-hi-laŋ 'empty'
  • *t͡səj 'excrete, defecate'
  • *mə-jaʔ 'eye'
  • *mə-rəŋ 'far'
  • *mə-baC 'fat (n)'
  • *ri 'fear'
  • *mejʔ 'few'
  • *rəj 'fight'
  • *mə-guC-t͡ɕoʔ 'finger'
  • *maj 'fire'
  • *laC 'fireplace'
  • *trV 'fish'
  • *bə-ŋu 'five'
  • *mə-boC 'flower'
  • *mə-d͡ʑoC 'friend'
  • *d͡ʑuC 'frog'
  • *θai 'fruit'
  • *bə-ləj 'four'
  • *liŋ 'full'
  • *kikmuŋ 'garlic, onion'
  • *bəj 'give'
  • *se-preN 'goat'
  • *rajC 'grind, crush'
  • *mə-luŋ 'guts'
  • *go-pu 'hair'
  • *mə-gaŋ-lo 'hard'
  • *mə-guC 'hand, arm'
  • *du 'have, exist'
  • *mə-go-kuŋ 'head'
  • *mə-luŋ-wəwC 'heart'
  • *mə-ləj 'heavy'
  • *mə-su 'horn'
  • *nam 'house'
  • *kə-na 'how many'
  • *niC 'human'
  • *bə-luŋ 'hundred'
  • *noC 'ill'
  • *bəw-luŋ 'insect'
  • *suN 'iron'
  • *gə-d͡ʑuk 'itch'
  • *dəgraŋ 'kick'
  • *gajC 'kill'
  • *vaj-t͡suŋ 'knife'
  • *ni 'know'
  • *toC 'laugh'
  • *mə-rajC 'leaf'
  • *lə-wajC 'leech'
  • *laj 'leg'
  • *laŋ 'lift'
  • *mə-lə-taŋ 'light'
  • *t͡ɕi 'liquor'
  • *rej 'listen, hear'
  • *siŋ 'live, grow up'
  • *mə-θin 'liver'
  • *mə-pjaŋ 'long'
  • *gaŋ 'look, see'
  • *saC 'louse'
  • *daj 'make; do'
  • *niC 'man (male)'
  • *su 'meat'
  • *lu 'month'
  • *lu 'moon'
  • *mə-nuŋ 'mouth; language'
  • *lu-lV 'mortar'
  • *me-naj 'mother'
  • *mə-mjiŋ 'name'
  • *mə-nej 'near'
  • *ta- 'negative imperative'
  • *mə-gə-nu 'new'
  • *nə-gaC 'night'
  • *sə-tiŋ 'nine'
  • *mə-ɕoʔ 'old'
  • *a-ken 'one'
  • *an 'paddy rice'
  • *bə-laC 'pestle'
  • *jowʔ 'pig'
  • *go-kuN 'pillow'
  • *nə-dəj; *pro 'rain'
  • *t͡ɕaʔ 'red'
  • *gə-leC 'ring'
  • *lam-baŋ 'road'
  • *mə-kriŋ 'root'
  • *mə-də-rəw 'round'
  • *lu 'salt'
  • *sə-gə-raj 'sand'
  • *mə-θai 'seed'
  • *laC 'sell'
  • *mə-ljak 'seven'
  • *k(r)iC 'sew'
  • *mə-nuŋ 'short'
  • *mə-ma 'sister (elder)'
  • *d͡ʑuC 'sit, stay'
  • *reC 'six'
  • *mə-prja 'skin'
  • *nə-də-laŋ 'sky'
  • *d͡ʑV 'sleep'
  • *maj-kən 'smoke (n)'
  • *bəw 'snake'
  • *dəren 'snow'
  • *mə-lə-prjuC 'soft, smooth'
  • *naʔ 'soil'
  • *təwC 'speak'
  • *d͡ʑuŋ 'spear'
  • *məsu 'spicy'
  • *jeʔ 'spittle'
  • *gu 'stand'
  • *lə-t͡ɕuŋ 'star'
  • *kə 'steal'
  • *t͡ɕuŋ 'storehouse, granary'
  • *mə-gə-raŋ 'straight'
  • *bə-nuŋ 'suck'
  • *d͡ʑuʔ 'sun'
  • *bə-ljaC 'swallow'
  • *mə-jaŋ 'sweet'
  • *liŋ 'swell'
  • *wa '(swidden) field'
  • *d͡ʑaC 'swim'
  • *mə-lə-mrjaj 'tail'
  • *ləw 'take'
  • *t͡ɕaC 'tell'
  • *rəŋ 'ten'
  • *paj-t͡ɕi 'that'
  • *pu-t͡ɕi 'that (lower)'
  • *mə-lu 'thigh'
  • *huŋ 'this'
  • *gə-θəm 'three'
  • *gə-d͡ʑuC 'thorn'
  • *bə-laj 'tongue'
  • *mə-taC 'tooth'
  • *(g)o-naj 'tree'
  • *gə-niC 'two'
  • *an-lə-giN 'uncooked rice'
  • *pen 'vegetable'
  • *mu 'vomit'
  • *daj 'walk'
  • *t͡ɕaC 'hot, warm'
  • *wi 'water'
  • *kua-suʔ 'waterfall'
  • *traj 'weave'
  • *tiŋ 'what'
  • *kəʔ 'where'
  • *mə-gə-raN 'white'
  • *θu 'who'
  • *low 'wind'
  • *gə/mə-t͡ɕəwC 'wing'
  • *d͡ʑVru 'with'
  • *(g)o 'wood'
  • *nəməraj 'woman'
  • *də-niŋ 'year'
  • *də-gaC 'yesterday'
  • *mə-nuŋ 'younger sibling'
  • *na(-jaŋ) '1SG'
  • *ni '2SG'
  • *ʔi '3SG'
  • *ka-ni '1PL'
  • *d͡ʑV '2PL'
  • *na '3PL'

See also

Further reading

References
  1. Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
  2. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hrus1242
  3. Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus; Lieberherr, Ismael (2015). "First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 38 (1): 66–123. doi:10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod.
  4. Blench, Roger; Post, Mark (2011), (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-26
  5. Li Daqin [李大勤]. 2003. "A sketch of Bengru" [崩如语概况]. Minzu Yuwen 2003(5), 64-80.
  6. Simon, I. M. 1970. Aka language guide. Shillong: NEFA. 1993 Reprint Itanagar.
  7. Simon, I. M. 1979/1974. Miji Language Guide. Shillong. (Govt. Arunachal).
  8. Weedall, Christopher. 2014. Sajolang-English lexicon. m.s.
  9. Ramya, Tame. 2011. An Ethnographic Study Bangrus of in Kurung Kumey District, Arunachal Pradesh. M Phil. Thesis. Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar.
  10. Ramya, Tame. 2012. Sociolinguistic profile of the Bangru languages of Arunachal Pradesh. Presented at ICOLSI, Shillong. m.s.
  • Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
  • Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus; Lieberherr, Ismael (2015). "First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 38 (1): 66–123. doi:10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod.
  • George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.
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