Haplogroup A (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Haplogroup A
Possible time of origin40,000 ± 10,000 YBP

40,500 (95% CI 37,900 <-> 43,200) ybp[1]
Coalescence age18,600 (95% CI 14,200 <-> 23,900) ybp[1]

24,209 (SD 4,906) ybp[2]
Possible place of originAsia
AncestorN
DescendantsA3, A4, A5, A7, A8
Defining mutations152, 235, 523-524d, 663, 1736, 4248, 4824, 8794, 16290, 16319[3]

Origin

mtDNA-based chart of possible large human migrations.

Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 30,000–50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup N. However, the extant diversity of mitochondrial genomes that belong to Haplogroup A is low relative to the degree of divergence from its nearest outgroups in haplogroup N, which suggests that extant members of Haplogroup A might be descended from a population that has emerged from a bottleneck approximately 20,000 years ago.

Its highest frequencies are among Native Americans, its largest overall population is in East Asia, and its greatest variety (which suggests its origin point) is in East Asia. Thus, it might have originated in and spread from the Far East.[4]

Distribution

Its subclade A2 shares a T16362C mutation with subclades A1 (found in Japan, Tashkurgan, Veliky Novgorod, Mongols, and Altaians), A6 (found in Tibet and in the Yangtze River basin), A12'23 (found in Siberia and among Uralic and Turkic peoples), A13'14 (found in southern Siberia, Xinjiang, Ladakh, China, Yunnan, Thailand, and Vietnam), A15 (found in China, Naxi, Uyghur, Japan, and among the Sherpa of Tibet and Nepal), A16 (found in Uyghur, Buryat, Turkey), A17 (found in China, Miao, Yi, Tibet, Ladakh, Kyrgyz, Thailand, and Vietnam), A18 (found in China), A19 (found in China), A20 (found among Han Chinese and in Japan), A21 (found in Tibet and in Jammu and Kashmir), A22 (found in China), A24 (found in Beijing and West Bohemia), A25 (found in Japan and Yakutia), and A26 (found in Denmark). A2 is found in ChukotkoKamchatka[5] and is also one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being B, C, D, and X.[4]

Haplogroup A2 is the most common haplogroup among the Inuit, Na-Dene, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. Lineages belonging to haplogroup A2 also comprise the majority of the mtDNA pool of the Inuit and their neighbors, the Chukchis, in northeasternmost Siberia.[5][6][7]

Other branches of haplogroup A are less frequent but widespread among other populations of Asia.[8][9] Haplogroup A5 is rather limited to populations from Korea and Japan southward, though it has been detected as singletons in a pair of large samples of Khamnigans (1/99 = 1.0%) and Buryats (1/295 = 0.3%) from the Buryat Republic.[6]

In Asia, A(xA2) is especially frequent in Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, such as Tibetans (6/65 = 9.2%,[5] 25/216 = 11.6%,[10] 11/73 = 15.1%[10]). Approximately 7% to 15% of Koreans belong to haplogroup A.[6][11][12] Approximately 5% to 12% of the Japanese belong to haplogroup A (including A4, A5, and A(xA4, A5)).[5][13][14][15] Approximately 4% to 13% of Mongols belong to haplogroup A, almost all of whom are contained within the A4 subclade (2/47 = 4.3% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4,[11] 4/48 = 8.3% Mongols from New Barag Left Banner in haplogroup A(xA5),[12] 6/47 = 12.8% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4[6]). Approximately 3% to 9% of Chinese people belong to haplogroup A.[13] Haplogroup A also has been found in Vietnamese (2/42 = 4.8%, including one A4 and one A5(xA5a)).[11] Approximately 4% (3/71) of Tatars from Aznakayevo,[16] 3% (4/126) of Tatars from Buinsk,[16] and 2% of Turkish people belong to haplogroup A.[17] Haplogroup A4 has been found in 2.4% (2/82) of a sample of Persians from eastern Iran and in 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of Tajiks from Tajikistan.[6] Haplogroup A is not found among Austronesians.[18]

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup A

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Eskimo (Greenland)0.961385Volodko 2008A2b=196, A2a=174
Eskimo (Chaplin)0.90050Volodko 2008A2a=36, A2b=9
Eskimo (Canada)0.87596Volodko 2008A2b=68, A2a=16
Siberian Eskimo0.77279Starikovskaya 2005A2=61 (41/46 Chaplin, 17/25 Sireniki, 3/8 Naukan)
Eskimo (Naukan)0.74439Volodko 2008A2b=16, A2a=13
Chukchi (Anadyr, Chukotka)0.73315Derenko 2007A2=11
Eskimo (Sireniki)0.70337Volodko 2008A2a=16, A2b=10
Chukchi0.68266Starikovskaya 2005A2=45
Bella Coola0.65584Malhi 2004A=55
Apache0.63238Malhi 2003A=24
Nahua (Cuetzalan, Mexico)0.61331Malhi 2003A=19
Navajo0.51664Malhi 2003A=33
Nuu-Chah-Nulth0.451102Malhi 2004A=46
Aleut (Aleutian Islands)0.344163Volodko 2008A2a=56
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.30030Wen 2004A=9
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.29737Wen 2004A=11
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka)0.25032Volodko 2008A2a=6, A2b=2
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)0.25024Wen 2004A=6
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.25020Li 2007A=5
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.22935Ji 2012A=8
Tibetan (Qinghai)0.21456Wen 2004A=12
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.21119Ji 2012A=4
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.18816Wen 2004A=3
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.17229Ji 2012A1=5
Zuni0.15426Malhi 2003A=4
Korean (Arun Banner)0.14648Kong 2003A5=4, A(xA5)=3
Tujia (Western Hunan)0.14164Wen 2004A=9
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.13936Wen 2004A=5
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.13829Li 2007A=4
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.13644Ji 2012A1=6
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.12847Derenko 2007A4(xA2)=6
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.12133Wen 2004A=4
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.120100Uchiyama 2007A4=4, A5=4, A(xA4,A5)=4
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.118102Liu 2011A=12
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.11435Wen 2004A=4
Tubalar (Turochak & Choysky)0.11172Starikovskaya 2005A(xA2)=8
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.10955Ji 2012A1=6
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.10329Ji 2012A1=3
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.10040Wen 2004A=4
Manchurian0.10040Jin 2009A(xA4,A5)=3, A4=1
Korean (northern China)0.09851Jin 2009A4=4, A5(xA5a)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.09731Wen 2004A=3
Han (Denver)0.09673Zheng 2011A=7
Japanese0.090211Maruyama 2003A5=11, A(xA5)=8
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.08945Wen 2004A=4
Korean (South Korea)0.089203Umetsu 2005A=18
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.088160Umetsu 2005A=14
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.087103Wen 2005A(xA6)=7, A6=2
Japanese (Tōhoku)0.086336Umetsu 2005A=29
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.08348Kong 2003A(xA5)=4
Korean (South Korea)0.081185Jin 2009A4=6, A5(xA5a)=5, A(xA4,A5)=3, A5a=1
Ket0.07938Starikovskaya 2005A(xA2)=3
Cochimí0.07713Malhi 2003A=1
Korean (South Korea)0.077261Kim 2008A=20
Han (Beijing Normal University)0.074121Zheng 2011A=9
Pai Yuman0.07427Malhi 2003A=2
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.07454Ji 2012A1=4
Han (Southwest China, pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou)0.073137Ji 2012A=10
Han (Hunan and Fujian)0.07355Zheng 2011A=4
Telengit0.07355Dulik 2012A=4
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)0.073633Fuku 2007A=46
Buryat0.071126Kong 2003A(xA5)=9
Han (southern California)0.069390Ji 2012A=27
Korean (South Korea)0.068103Derenko 2007A5=4, A4(xA2)=3
Japanese (Tokyo)0.068118Zheng 2011A=8
Okinawa0.067326Umetsu 2005A=22
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.066256Umetsu 2005A=17
Itelmen0.06447Starikovskaya 2005A(xA2)=3
Japanese (Gifu)0.0631617Fuku 2007A=102
Zhuang
(Napo County, Guangxi)
0.062130Zhao 2010A=8
Barghut (Hulun Buir)0.060149Derenko 2012A4=8, A8=1
Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.060217Asari 2007A=13
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.05968Wen 2004A=4
Evenk (Siberia)0.05671Starikovskaya 2005A(xA2)=4
Telenghit (Altai Republic)0.05671Derenko 2007A4(xA2)=4
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.05618Wen 2004A=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.05319Wen 2004A=1
Koryak0.052155Starikovskaya 2005A2=4, A(xA2)=4
Buryat (Buryatia)0.051295Derenko 2007A4(xA2)=13, A5=1, A8=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.05199Derenko 2007A4(xA2)=4, A5=1
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)0.05040Wen 2004A=2
Han (Beijing)0.05040Jin 2009A4=1, A(xA4,A5)=1
Japanese (Tōkai)0.050282Umetsu 2005A=14
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.04941Yao 2002A=2
Vietnamese0.04842Jin 2009A4=1, A5(xA5a)=1
Yakama0.04842Malhi 2004A=2
Akimal O’odham0.04743Malhi 2003A=2
Han (Kunming, Yunnan)0.04743Yao 2002A=2
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, & Dudinka)0.045154Fedorova 2013A10=3, A8=2, A4(xA4b)=2
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.04544Kong 2003A(xA5)=2
Va (Simao, Yunnan)0.04522Qian 2001A=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.04347Kong 2003A(xA5)=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.04347Jin 2009A4=2
Tatar (Aznakayevo)0.04271Malyarchuk 2010A(xA8b)=2, A8b=1
Altai-kizhi0.04248Dulik 2012A=2
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.04224Wen 2005A(xA6)=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)0.04173Derenko 2007A4(xA2)=3
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, Zhigansky)0.040125Fedorova 2013A4(xA4b)=3, A4b=2
Ainu0.03951Sato 2009[19]A=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.036110Derenko 2007A4(xA2)=3, A8=1
Han (Taiwanese)0.036111Chen 2013A4e1=2, A5b=2
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)0.036111Fedorova 2013A4(xA4b)=2, A4b=1, A8=1
Han (Taiwan)0.0361117Ji 2012A=40
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.03628Li 2007A=1
Shor0.03628Dulik 2012A=1
Khakassian (Khakassia)0.03557Derenko 2007A4(xA2)=2
Altay Kizhi0.03390Derenko 2007A4(xA2)=3
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)0.03391Umetsu 2005A=3
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.03231Wen 2005A(xA6)=1
Tatar (Buinsk)0.032126Malyarchuk 2010A8b=4
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.03132Wen 2005A6=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach District)0.03198Derenko 2012A4=3
Mansi0.03198Starikovskaya 2005A(xA2)=3
Altai-kizhi (Altai Republic)0.029276Dulik 2012A=8
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.02935Wen 2005A6=1
Guangdong0.026546Peng 2011A=14
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.02540Wen 2005A6=1
Persian (eastern Iran)0.02482Derenko 2007A4(xA2)=2
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.02441Wen 2005A6=1
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk)0.024164Fedorova 2013A4b=2, A4(xA4b)=1, A8=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.02442Wen 2005A(xA6)=1
Tajik (Tajikistan)0.02344Derenko 2007A4(xA2)=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.02245Kong 2003A(xA5)=1
Evenk (Buryatia)0.02245Derenko 2007A4(xA2)=1
Tuvan0.02195Starikovskaya 2005A(xA2)=2
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.02050Wen 2004A=1
Kumandin (Turochak District)0.01952Dulik 2012A=1
Guangxi0.0171111Peng 2011A=19
Yakut0.017117Kong 2003A(xA5)=2
Shor (Kemerovo)0.01282Derenko 2007A4(xA2)=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)0.010105Derenko 2007A4(xA2)=1
Khanty0.009106Pimenoff 2008A=1
Vietnam0.008392Peng 2011A=3
Southeast Yunnan0.006158Peng 2011A=1
Li (Hainan)0.003346Peng 2011A=1
Kiliwa0.0007Malhi 2003
Seri0.0008Malhi 2003
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.00010Wen 2005
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.00011Wen 2005
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.00015Wen 2004
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma)0.00018Volodko 2008
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.00019Wen 2005
Filipino (Palawan)0.00020Scholes 2011
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.00021Qian 2001
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky)0.00022Fedorova 2013
River Yuman0.00022Malhi 2003
Delta Yuman0.00023Malhi 2003
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.00024Fornarino 2009
Nganasan0.00024Starikovskaya 2005
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.00024Ji 2012
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk)0.00025Starikovskaya 2005
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)0.00025Wen 2005
Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.00025Derenko 2007
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.00026Wen 2005
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.00027Wen 2005
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)0.00029Fornarino 2009
Batek (Malaysia)0.00029Hill 2006
Cun (Hainan)0.00030Peng 2011
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.00030Wen 2004
Batak (Palawan)0.00031Scholes 2011
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.00031Li 2007
Lingao (Hainan)0.00031Peng 2011
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)0.00032Wen 2004
Mendriq (Malaysia)0.00032Hill 2006
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.00032Wen 2005
Negidal0.00033Starikovskaya 2005
Teleut0.00033Dulik 2012
Temuan (Malaysia)0.00033Hill 2006
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)0.00035Wen 2004
Aleut (Commander Islands)0.00036Volodko 2008
Jemez0.00036Malhi 2003
Va (Ximeng & Gengma, Yunnan)0.00036Yao 2002
Yakut (Yakutia)0.00036Derenko 2007
Taono O’odham0.00037Malhi 2003
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.00039Wen 2005
Nganasan0.00039Volodko 2008
Thai0.00040Jin 2009
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.00040Fornarino 2009
Ambon0.00043Hill 2007
Lombok (Mataram)0.00044Hill 2007
Alor0.00045Hill 2007
Tofalar0.00046Starikovskaya 2005
Udegey0.00046Starikovskaya 2005
Hindu (New Delhi, India)0.00048Fornarino 2009
Sumba (Waingapu)0.00050Hill 2007
Jahai (Malaysia)0.00051Hill 2006
Senoi (Malaysia)0.00052Hill 2006
Teleut (Kemerovo)0.00053Derenko 2007
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.00056Starikovskaya 2005
Filipino0.00061Hill 2007
Semelai (Malaysia)0.00061Hill 2006
Mansi0.00063Pimenoff 2008
Filipino0.00064Tabbada 2010
Filipino (Mindanao)0.00070Tabbada 2010
Tubalar (Turochak District)0.00071Dulik 2012
Bali0.00082Hill 2007
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)0.00082Volodko 2008
Ulchi0.00087Starikovskaya 2005
Chelkan (Turochak District)0.00091Dulik 2012
N. Paiute/Shoshoni0.00094Malhi 2003
Northern Paiute0.00098Malhi 2004
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky)0.000105Fedorova 2013
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.000133Fornarino 2009
Yakut (northern Yakutia)0.000148Fedorova 2013
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.000168Peng 2010
Filipino (Luzon)0.000177Tabbada 2010
Sumatra0.000180Hill 2006
Sulawesi0.000237Hill 2007
Taiwan aborigine0.000640Peng 2011

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup A subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[3] and subsequent published research.

  • A
    • A(xA5, A8, A10) – China (Han from Wuhan), Buryat (Inner Mongolia)
      • A(xA3, A7, A9, A11) – Uyghur, Japan, Vietnam (Cờ Lao)
        • A1 [TMRCA 12,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 22,700) ybp[1]]
          • A1* – Japan, Korea
          • A1a [TMRCA 7,500 (95% CI 4,500 <-> 11,800) ybp[1]]
            • A1a* – Japan (Aichi), Sarikoli (Tashkurgan), USA, England
            • A1a1 [TMRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,200 <-> 9,800) ybp[1]]
              • A1a1* – Buryat, Altai Kizhi
              • A1a1a – Buryat, Mongol (Inner Mongolia) [TMRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 <-> 5,500) ybp[1]]
            • A1a2 – Russia (Bashkortostan, Velikij Novgorod), Iran (Turkmen) [TMRCA 1,950 (95% CI 100 <-> 10,500) ybp[1]]
            • A1a3 – Greece (Ioannina), United States (West Virginia) [TMRCA 1,150 (95% CI 75 <-> 6,000) ybp[1]]
        • A2 – Ache, Waiwai, Zoro, Surui, Waiapi, Poturujara, Kayapo, Katuena, Guarani, Arsario, Cayapa, Dogrib, ancient Canada, USA (Pennsylvania, California), Mexico (Zapotec), Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina [TMRCA 10,600 (95% CI 9,600 <-> 11,700) ybp[1]]
          • A2a – Eskimo (Greenland, Chukotka), Chukchi
            • A2a1 – Inuit (Canada), Selkup[20]
            • A2a2 – Eskimo (Chukotka), Chukchi
            • A2a3 – Eskimo (Greenland, Canada, Chukotka), Chukchi
            • A2a4 – USA (New Mexico, Arizona), Mexico (Chihuahua)
            • A2a5 – Apache, USA (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas), Canada (Cree, Shuswap)
          • A2b – Chukchi
            • A2b1 – Chukchi, Koryak, Eskimo (Chukotka, Canada, Greenland)
          • A2c
          • A2d – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
            • A2d1 – USA (Mexican)
              • A2d1a – USA (Hispanic)
            • A2d2 – USA (Hispanic)
          • A2e'ao
            • A2e
            • A2ao
              • A2ao1
          • A2f
            • A2f1 – Newfoundland
              • A2f1a – Canada, USA (Native American)
            • A2f2 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico
            • A2f3 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
          • A2g – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Iberian Peninsula
            • A2g1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Latin America
          • A2h – Colombia (Cocama of Amazonas, Arhuaco), Yanomama, Kogui
            • A2h1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Latin America
          • A2i – USA (Hispanic, etc.), Canada (Ojibwa, Prince Edward Island, Pabos in Quebec)
          • A2j – USA (Hispanic)
            • A2j1 – USA (Hispanic)
          • A2k – USA (Hispanic)
            • A2k1 – Ecuador, Wayuu, Mexico
              • A2k1a – Venezuela, Colombia (Pasto of Putumayo), USA (Hispanic)
          • A2l'm'n'o'ai'aj
            • A2l
            • A2m
            • A2n – Canada
            • A2o
            • A2ai
            • A2aj
          • A2p'am
            • A2p
              • A2p1
              • A2p2
            • A2am – USA (Puerto Rico, Hispanic), Venezuela. One ancient DNA found in Curaçao, in a Dabajuroid (Caquetio) site dating 1160-1500 CE.[21]
          • A2q
            • A2q1
          • A2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican), Cuba
            • A2r1 – Mexico, USA (Mexican)
          • A2s
          • A2t – USA (Mexican)
          • A2u
            • A2u1
            • A2u2
          • A2v
            • A2v1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico (La Mixteca)
              • A2v1a – Guatemala, USA (Mexican)
              • A2v1b – Mexico
          • A2w – Colombia (Kogi, Guambiano of Putumayo), Arsario, USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
            • A2w1 – Mexico, Cayman Islands, Guatemala (La Tinta), Panama (Guaymi), Colombia
          • A2x
          • A2y
          • A2z – USA (Hispanic, Puerto Rico)
          • A2aa
          • A2ab
          • A2ac
            • A2ac1
          • A2ad
            • A2ad1
            • A2ad2
          • A2ae
          • A2af
            • A2af1
              • A2af1a
                • A2af1a1
                • A2af1a2
              • A2af1b
                • A2af1b1
                  • A2af1b1a
                  • A2af1b1b
                • A2af1b2
            • A2af2
          • A2ag
          • A2ah
          • A2ak
          • A2al
          • A2an
          • A2ap
          • A2aq
        • A6 [TMRCA 12,000 (95% CI 8,600 <-> 16,100) ybp[1]]
          • A6* – Deng
          • A6a – China [TMRCA 9,600 (95% CI 5,500 <-> 15,500) ybp[1]]
            • A6a* – Han Chinese (Wuhan, etc.)
            • A6a1 – Tujia
          • A6b – Tibet [TMRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 8,300) ybp[1]]
            • A6b* – Tibet (Chamdo, Ladakh)
            • A6b1 – Tibet (Sherpa)
          • A6c – Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa)
        • A12'23 – Austria, Romania, Poland, Russia, possibly found among Udmurts and Komis[20]
          • A12 – Czech Republic, Germany [TMRCA 11,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 19,700) ybp[1]]
            • A12a – Ireland, UK, New Zealand, USA, Nenets,[20] Selkup[20] [TMRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 7,600) ybp[1]]
              • A12a* – Mansi, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin),[22] Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)[23]
              • A12a1 – Kyordyughen Site (Ymyiakhtakh Culture, Yakutia),[24] Hungary (Debrecen) [TMRCA 2,800 (95% CI 1,450 <-> 4,900) ybp[1]]
              • A12a2 – Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai,[6] Stony Tunguska River basin[22]) [TMRCA 1,250 (95% CI 100 <-> 6,600) ybp[1]]
            • A12b – Buryat,[6] Karos-Eperjesszög (Hungarian conqueror period)[25] [TMRCA 3,000 (95% CI 425 <-> 10,700) ybp[1]]
          • A23 – Mongol (Inner Mongolia),[26] Buryat,[6] Ket,[20] Qashqai (Iran),[27] ancient Scythian (Chylenski) [TMRCA 6,200 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 10,600) ybp[1]]
        • A13'14 – Russia (Buryat, Khamnigan), China (Shiyan, Tu, Uyghur, etc.), Ladakh, Thailand, Vietnam (Mang), Korea, Japan, Paraguay (Alto Parana[28][1]), Ireland
        • A15 – Uyghur
          • A15a – China (Han in Beijing, etc.), Tibet (Tingri), Uyghur, Japan
          • A15b – China, Japan (Ehime)
          • A15c – China
            • A15c1 – Naxi, Tibet (Sherpa), Nepal (Sherpa)
        • A16 – Buryat, Uyghur, Turk
        • A17 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Miao, Yi, Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa, Tingri), Ladakh, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Thailand (Lawa from Chiang Mai Province and Mae Hong Son Province,[29] Blang from Chiang Rai Province,[29] Mon from Ratchaburi Province[29]), Vietnam (Phù Lá, Hà Nhì)
        • A18 – Japan, China (Han from Fujian, Han from Beijing), Romania
        • A19 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
        • A20 – Japan, Han Chinese (Denver)
        • A21 – Tibet (Sherpa, Deng, etc.), Jammu and Kashmir
        • A22 – China, Han Chinese (Denver)
        • A24 – China (Han in Beijing), Turkey, Czech Republic (West Bohemia)
        • A25 – Japan (Chiba), China, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)
        • A26 – Denmark
      • A3 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea [TMRCA 6,800 (95% CI 3,200 <-> 12,600) ybp[1]]
        • A3a – Japan (Aichi, etc.) [TMRCA 4,300 (95% CI 1,400 <-> 9,800) ybp[1]]
      • A7 [TMRCA 8,800 (95% CI 5,400 <-> 13,500) ybp[1]]
        • A7* – China
        • A7a – Tibet [TMRCA 7,000 (95% CI 3,900 <-> 11,700) ybp[1]]
          • A7a* – Lhoba
          • A7a1 – Lhoba
          • A7a2 – Lhoba, Monpa
        • A7b – Japan (Tokyo, etc.) [TMRCA 6,300 (95% CI 2,100 <-> 14,700) ybp[1]]
      • A9
      • A11 – Nepal, Russia [TMRCA 14,500 (95% CI 9,700 <-> 20,800) ybp[1]]
        • A11a – Tibet (Lhasa, Nyingchi, Tingri, Sherpa, Lhoba, etc.), Ladakh
        • A11b – Tibet (Tingri, Chamdo, etc.), Naxi, Han (Yunnan)
    • A5 – China (incl. Hong Kong), Japan [TMRCA 16,200 (95% CI 11,100 <-> 22,800) ybp]
      • A5a – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.), South Korea, China [TMRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,800 <-> 7,600) ybp[1]]
        • A5a1
          • A5a1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea
            • A5a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.), Korea[31]
              • A5a1a1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
              • A5a1a1b – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, etc.)
            • A5a1a2 – Japan, Korea
              • A5a1a2a – Japan (Aichi)
          • A5a1b – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
        • A5a2 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
        • A5a3
          • A5a3* – Korea, USA (African American)
          • A5a3a
            • A5a3a* – Japan (Tokyo)
            • A5a3a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
        • A5a4 – Japan
        • A5a5 – Japan, South Korea (Seoul), Uyghur
      • A5b – China (Tujia, Hui, etc.) [TMRCA 12,800 ybp (95% CI 8,400 <-> 18,800) ybp[1]]
        • A5b1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Thailand, Vietnam (Tay), Singapore [TMRCA 8,600 (95% CI 6,600 <-> 11,100) ybp[1]]
          • A5b1* – Uyghur
          • A5b1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.) [TMRCA 6,700 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 11,300) ybp[1]]
          • A5b1b – China (Han from Fujian, Miao, etc.), Uyghur [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 5,600 <-> 9,400) ybp[1]]
            • A5b1b* – Han Chinese
            • A5b1b1
              • A5b1b1* – Miao
              • A5b1b1a – China
              • A5b1b1b – China
            • A5b1b2 – Uyghur
          • A5b1c – Han Chinese (Denver) [TMRCA 7,600 (95% CI 3,100 <-> 15,500) ybp[1]]
            • A5b1c1 – Taiwan (Hakka, Bunun, Paiwan) [TMRCA 5,400 (95% CI 1,800 <-> 12,600) ybp[1]]
          • A5b1d [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 13,000) ybp[1]]
            • A5b1d* – China
            • A5b1d1 – Siamese (Central Thailand), Tay (Vietnam)
        • A5b2 – China (Tujia, etc.)
      • A5c – Japan (Aichi, etc.), Korea,[32] Khamnigan, Buryat [TMRCA 6,100 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 11,800) ybp[1]]
        • A5c1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.)
    • A8 – Uyghur [TMRCA 14,000 (95% CI 9,500 <-> 19,800) ybp[1]]
      • A8a – Okunev culture, Ket, Selkup,[20] Pakistan, Poland, Italy [TMRCA 11,000 (95% CI 8,000 <-> 14,800) ybp[1]]
        • A8a* – Han Chinese (Guizhou)
        • A8a1 – Buryat, Yakut,[22] Uyghur, Poland (Podhale), Hungary, Albania, USA [TMRCA 5,300 (95% CI 3,500 <-> 7,800) ybp[1]]
        • A8a2 – Kets (Kellog, etc.), Tofalar (Alygdzher) [TMRCA 6,700 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 13,600) ybp[1]]
        • A8a3 - Tuvan (Bay-Tal), Poland
      • A8b – Koryak [TMRCA 375 (95% CI 50 <-> 1,150) ybp[1]]
    • A10 – China (Uyghur), Afghanistan (Hazara, Uzbek), Russia (Mansi, Volga Tatars, etc.), France, Canada, New York, Chumash Indians California [TMRCA 9,200 (95% CI 4,900 <-> 15,600) ybp[1]]

The mummy "Juanita" of Peru, also called the "Ice Maiden", has been shown to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup A.[33][34]

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Aiyana.

Eva Longoria, an American actress of Mexican descent, belongs to Haplogroup A2.

See also

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

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