List of ancient Slavic peoples
This is a list of Slavic peoples and Slavic tribes reported in Late Antiquity and in the Middle Ages, that is, before the year AD 1500.
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Ancestors
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Map 1: Indo-European migrations as described in The Horse, the Wheel, and Language by David W. Anthony
- Proto-Indo-Europeans (Proto-Indo-European speakers)
- Proto-Balto-Slavs (common ancestors of Balts and Slavs) (Proto-Balto-Slavic speakers)
- Proto-Slavs (Proto-Slavic speakers)
- Proto-Balto-Slavs (common ancestors of Balts and Slavs) (Proto-Balto-Slavic speakers)
Antiquity
Map 2: Eastern Europe in 3-4th century CE with archeological cultures identified as Baltic-speaking in purple and Slavic-speaking in light brown.
Map 3: During the Migration Period in 5-6th century CE, the area of archeological cultures identified as Baltic and Slavic is becoming more fragmented.
- Veneti / Sporoi (common ancestors of all Slavs, Proto-Slavs, and the West Slavs with the same name). It is hypothesized that Proto-Slavs had their origin in western Ukraine - west of the Dnieper, east of the Vistula, south of the Pripyat Marshes and north of the Carpathian Mountains and the Dniester, to the northwest of the Pontic Eurasian Steppes and south of the Baltic peoples, especially West Baltic peoples, with whom they have common ancestors, the Balto-Slavs.[1][2] Proto-Slavs are mainly associated with Zarubintsy culture[3][4][5] that had possible links to the ancient peoples of the Vistula basin (Przeworsk culture). Proto and Early Slavs, who were closely related to the Balts, were more influenced by the ancient Celts (La Tène culture) and by the Scythians and Sarmatians (Western Eurasian Steppe Iranian peoples from the northeast group who were nomads or seminomads).[6][7] According to Marija Gimbutas, the people named "Scythian Farmers", mentioned by Herodotus, were the Proto-Slavs or Early Slavs, who bordered and lived south of the Balts, and not Scythians.[8]
- Antes (ancestors of the East Slavs; some were also the ancestors of part of West Slavs and South Slavs)
- Veneti (ancestors of the West Slavs; some were also the ancestors of part of East Slavs and South Slavs)
- Sclaveni (ancestors of the South Slavs)
Middle Ages
Map 4: By the 7-8th century CE, the Slavic territory was greatly increased after Slavic migration and expansion (in the context of Migration period).
Map 5: Slavic tribes in the Early Middle Ages, from the 7th to 9th centuries
East Slavs
Map 6: Maximum extent of European territory inhabited by the East Slavic tribes - predecessors of Kievan Rus', the first East Slavic state[9] - in the 8th and 9th century.
- Antes (common ancestors of the East Slavs; some were also the ancestors of part of West Slavs and South Slavs)
- Western-Northern groups
- Western Russian group / Western Ruthenian group / Western Old East Slavs ("Russians" or "Russian group" in the broad sense means Old East Slavic peoples, the common group from where modern ethnic groups or peoples of the Rusinians, Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians descend and not only Russians in the narrow sense)
- Southwestern group (roughly in a large part of the hypothesized region of Proto-Slavs origin)
- Dulebes (Dulebi), ancestors of Ukrainians and Belarusians and part of Czechs. Assimilated into several East Slavic tribes or were the ancestors of them: the Volhynians, Drevlians, Polans, Dregoviches, and possibly Buzhans, eventually to become part of the Kievan Rus'.
- Buzhans / Bugans (Bugane > Buzhane; [g] > [ʒ]; zh = [ʒ]) (in the regions of the Southern Bug and Western Bug rivers)
- Southern Bug Buzhans (Southern Bug Slavs) (Buzhane), ancestors of Ukrainians, Russians and possibly Bosnians[10][11]
- Western Bug Buzhans (Western Bug Slavs) / Volhynians (Volynyane), ancestors of Ukrainians and part of Czechs
- Dregoviches / Dregovichians (Dregovichi), same with Draguvites, ancestors of Belarusians
- Drevlyans (Drevlyane), ancestors of Ukrainians and Belarusians
- Polans (eastern) (Polyane), ancestors of Ukrainians, in Dnieper right (western) bank, Kyiv region.
- Buzhans / Bugans (Bugane > Buzhane; [g] > [ʒ]; zh = [ʒ]) (in the regions of the Southern Bug and Western Bug rivers)
- Teverians (Tivertsi / Tyvertsi) / Stadici / Stadichi (Stadychi)?,[12] ancestors of Ukrainians and part of Moldovans and Romanians
- Dulebes (Dulebi), ancestors of Ukrainians and Belarusians and part of Czechs. Assimilated into several East Slavic tribes or were the ancestors of them: the Volhynians, Drevlians, Polans, Dregoviches, and possibly Buzhans, eventually to become part of the Kievan Rus'.
- Khorvaty, ancestors of Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Croats [13]
- Southern group
- Don Slavs
- Ulichians (Ulichi), ancestors of Ukrainians, and part of Romanians (especially Moldovans)
- Central group
- Radimichians / Radimichs (Radimichi), ancestors of Belarusians and part of Russians
- Severians (Severyane), ancestors of Ukrainians, Russians and part of Slavic Bulgarians
- Southwestern group (roughly in a large part of the hypothesized region of Proto-Slavs origin)
- Old Russian group / Northern Russian group / Northern Ruthenian group / Northern Old East Slavs
- Northeastern group (Krivichian-Vyatichian group) (Krivichians and Vyatichians had a relevant part in the formation of Proto-Russians)
- Krivichians (Krivichi), ancestors of Belarusians and Russians (Kievan Rus' Principalities roughly corresponded to older tribal lands)
- Polochans (Polochane) / Polotskian Krivichians, in Polotsk Land (Polotskaya Zemlya) (later Polotsk Principality), ancestors of Belarusians
- Pskovians / Pskovian Krivichians, in Pskov Land (Pskovskaya Zemlya), ancestors of Russians
- Smolenians / Smolenian Krivichians, in Smolensk Land (Smolenskaya Zemlya) (later Smolensk Principality), ancestors of Russians
- Tverians / Tverian Krivichians, in Tver Land (Tver'skaya Zemlya) (later Tver Principality), ancestors of Russians
- Zalessians / Zalessian Krivichians, in Zalessa Land or Zalesye (Zalesskaya Zemlya) / Opolyans / Opolyan Krivichians, in Opolye Land or Opolye (Opolskaya Zemlya) (later Rostov-Suzdal Principality or Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, that gradually evolved into the Grand Duchy of Moscow also called Muscovite Russia or Muscovite Rus') (this political entity is traditionally perceived as a cradle of the Great Russian language and Great Russian people, i.e. the Russians as a distinct Slavic people) (originally Moscow region was an enclave inhabited by a remnat of the Dniepr-Oka Baltic peoples, the Eastern Galindians or Goliad', which were conquered in the middle of 11th century by Rostov-Suzdal)
- Vyatichians (Vyatichi) also Oka Slavs, ancestors of Russians[14] (Kievan Rus' Principalities roughly corresponded to older tribal lands)
- Kozelians / Kozelian Vyatichians, in Kozelsk Land (roughly in today's Kozelsk town and Kaluga and Tula regions, later part of the Chernigov Principality by conquest)
- Ryazanians / Ryazanian Vyatichians, in Ryazan' Land (later Ryazan Principality or Murom-Ryazan)
- Krivichians (Krivichi), ancestors of Belarusians and Russians (Kievan Rus' Principalities roughly corresponded to older tribal lands)
- Northeastern group (Krivichian-Vyatichian group) (Krivichians and Vyatichians had a relevant part in the formation of Proto-Russians)
- Western Russian group / Western Ruthenian group / Western Old East Slavs ("Russians" or "Russian group" in the broad sense means Old East Slavic peoples, the common group from where modern ethnic groups or peoples of the Rusinians, Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians descend and not only Russians in the narrow sense)
- Northwestern group (possible Northern Slavic group?) (they had a relevant part in the formation of Proto-Russians)
- Ilmen Slavs / Ilmen Slovenians (Slovene), also known as Novgorod Slovenes, Novgorod Slavs (Slovene), ancestors of Russians
- Bezhetians / Bezhetian Ilmen Slovenians (in Bezhetsk Land - Begetskaję Zemlę) (later part of the Novgorod Land - Novgorodskaję Zemlę, and the Novgorod Republic)
- Derevians / Derevian Ilmen Slovenians (in Dereva Land - Derevskaję Zemlę) (later part of the Novgorod Land - Novgorodskaję Zemlę, and the Novgorod Republic)
- Obonegians / Obonegian Ilmen Slovenians (in Obonego Land - Obonegskaję Zemlę) (later part of the Novgorod Land - Novgorodskaję Zemlę, and the Novgorod Republic)
- Shelonians / Shelonian Ilmen Slovenians (in Shelona Land - Shelonskaję Zemlę) (later part of the Novgorod Land - Novgorodskaję Zemlę, and the Novgorod Republic)
- Ilmen Slavs / Ilmen Slovenians (Slovene), also known as Novgorod Slovenes, Novgorod Slavs (Slovene), ancestors of Russians
- Western-Northern groups
West Slavs
Map 7: West Slav tribes in 9th and 10th centuries
Map 8: Slavic Bohemian tribes shown in various colors and Moravians in red, on a map of modern Czech Republic
- Veneti / Wends? (common ancestors of West Slavs; some were also the ancestors of part of South Slavs and East Slavs)
- Czech–Moravian-Slovak group
- Bohemians Slavs (Čechové), tribal confederation, in Bohemia, Czech Republic. Ancestors of Czechs
- Berunzani (a Slavic Bohemian tribe, Chekhove, of West Bohemia)
- Chekhove proper / Čechové (Bohemian Slavs proper), also known as Pragani (Fraganeo), the tribe that lived in Praga / Praha region, Central Bohemia or Central Czechia.
- Děčané, in Děčín region, Czech Republic
- Dudlebi (Doudlebi / Doudlebové) (Bohemian Dulebes), a group of Dulebes assimilated as a Slavic Bohemian or Czech tribe. (they lived in most of the southern half of Bohemia - Čeche)
- Khébané (Chébané / Hbané)
- Khodove (Chodové) ("Walkers", "Patrollers" or "Rangers") (formed from recruited people originating in the western Carpathian Mountains) (in Tuhošt' Land)
- Litoměřici or Lutomerizi, in the Czech lands from the sixth century (they lived in the Litoměřice region)
- Luchane / Luchani / Lutsane (Lučané)
- Lemuzi
- Lupiglai
- Pshovane (Pšované) / Besunzane (Bežunčani)
- Sedlichane (Sedličané / Sedlčané)
- Volynyane, a group of Volhynians (Volhynian Buzhans) assimilated as a Slavic Bohemian or Czech tribe.
- White Croats, Bohemian (they lived in most of the northeastern and eastern Bohemia - Čeche and they bordered White Serbs by the north)
- Zlicans (Zlitsans) / Zlichane (Zličané), in Bohemia (Czech). Ancestors of Czechs and possibly Poles.
- Moravians / Northern Merehani (Moravane), tribal confederation, in Záhorie (Slovakia) and Moravia. Ancestors of (modern) Moravians and part of the Slovaks. The Morava river of Moravia was in their lands. Ancestors of the South Moravians (Merehani), in Morava river valley, east Serbia, that migrated south of the Danube and were assimilated by South Slavs.
- Ganátsi / Hanátsi (Hanáci)
- Golasitsi / Holasitsi (Holasici)
- Gorátsi / Horátsi (Horáci)
- (Podyjští Moravané)
- Moravian Slovaks (Moravští Slováci) / Nitran Slavs (or Slovene, Northern Slovene) / Old Slovaks / Vah Slavs, tribal confederation, in Slovakia and Northern Hungary. Ancestors of Slovaks and of part of the Slovenes / Caranthanians. Sometimes referred to as Slovien,[15] although the term may have been intended as referring to Slavs in general.[16]
- Bohemians Slavs (Čechové), tribal confederation, in Bohemia, Czech Republic. Ancestors of Czechs
- Lechitic group
- Polish tribes
- Lendians, in east Lesser Poland and Red Ruthenia (Poland and Ukraine). Ancestors of Poles
- Masovians, tribal confederation, in Mazovia, Poland. Ancestors of Poles
- Polans (western), tribal confederation, in Greater Poland, Poland. Ancestors of Poles.
- Pomeranians, tribal confederation, in Pomerania, Germany and Poland. Ancestors of Poles, Kashubians, and Slovincians
- Goplans, in Kuyavian-Pomeranian, Poland. Ancestors of Poles
- Kashubians, in Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland
- Prissani / Pyritzans (Pyrzyczanie), in Pomerania, Poland. Ancestors of Poles
- Slovincians, a West Slavic tribe that lived between lakes Gardno and Łebsko near Słupsk in Pomerania.
- Wolinians / Uelunzani, on Wolin island, Pomerania, Poland. Ancestors of Poles
- Silesians / Silezane / Slezane, Silesia, tribal confederation, Poland. Ancestors of Poles and Silesian Germans
- Besunzane / Bezunchane (Bieżuńczanie)
- Bobryane (Bobrzanie)
- Dyedoshane (Dziadoszanie) / Dadosesani
- Golensizi (Golęszyce), in Upper Silesia
- Lubushane (Lubuszanie)
- Lupiglaa (in today's Głubczyce region)
- Opolans / Opolini (Opolanie), in Silesia
- Silesians proper / Silezane proper / Slezane proper (Ślężanie)
- Tryebovane (Trzebowianie)
- Vistulans, in Lesser Poland, tribal confederation, Poland. Ancestors of Poles
- Polish tribes
- Polabians
- Veleti (Wilzi) (Northern Polabians), in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
- Lutici, tribal confederation, northeastern Germany.
- Doshane
- Four Core tribes (Lutici)
- Circipane, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
- Kessinians, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
- Redarians
- Tollensians, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
- Hevelli, in Brandenburg, Germany.
- Rani / Rujani, on Rügen, Germany.
- Sprevane, in Brandenburg, Germany.
- Stodorane (Lutici Stodorane)
- Ukrani, in Uckermark and Vorpommern-Greifswald, Germany.
- Obotrites / Reragi (Northern Polabians), tribal confederation, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
- Belesem / Byelozem = "White Earth" or "White Earth Tribe", they lived scattered in Oster Walde / Osterwalde - "Eastern Woods" in the Old Mainland Saxon view, west banks of the Elbe river
- Drevani = "Wood" or "Wood Tribe", they lived scattered in Oster Walde / Osterwalde - "Eastern Woods" in the Old Mainland Saxon view, west banks of the Elbe river) (Osterwalde and Luneburg Heath also matched the land where the Langobards lived for a time before migrating towards South) (mostly in today's Lower Saxony, in the Hanoverian Wendland, Germany)
- Linonen, near Lenzen.
- Lipani, tribe that lived scattered in the west banks of Elbe river
- Obotrites proper / Northern Obotrites (Wismar Bay to Lake Schwerin).
- Polabians proper, in eastern Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
- Travnjane east of the Trave.
- Wagri / Wagrians (the eastern Holstein as part of Saxony).
- Warnabi / Warnower, in Mecklenburg (Germany), (the upper Warnow and Mildenitz).
- Lutici, tribal confederation, northeastern Germany.
- Polabian White Serbs / Boiki (Southern Polabians), in Lower Lusatia, Germany. Ancestors of Sorbs, and ancestors of ancestors of Serbs. Part of the tribal groups that migrated towards southeast and south of the Danube are the ancestors of Serbs.
- Polabian Serbs (Elbe Serbs)
- Sorbs / Old Sorbs (Srbove), tribal confederation, roughly in Southern Brandenburg, East Saxony-Anhalt (east of the Saale river) and Upper Saxony, roughly in the east of the Middle Elbe river basin.
- Khutitsi
- Lusatians-Milceni
- Lusatians, in Lower Lusatia, Germany. Ancestors of Sorbs (Modern Sorbs) in Lower Lusatia.
- Milchane (Milčané) / Milceni / Milzeni, in Upper Lusatia, Germany, and in an area of far north Czechia. Ancestors of Sorbs (Modern Sorbs) in Upper Lusatia.
- Moinwinidi
- Nishane
- Nizitsi
- Polabian Serbs proper (Sorbs Serbs or Srbi), they gave the name to the tribal confederation (Srbove).
- Sorbs / Old Sorbs (Srbove), tribal confederation, roughly in Southern Brandenburg, East Saxony-Anhalt (east of the Saale river) and Upper Saxony, roughly in the east of the Middle Elbe river basin.
- Polabian Serbs (Elbe Serbs)
- Veleti (Wilzi) (Northern Polabians), in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
- Czech–Moravian-Slovak group
South Slavs
Map 9: Seven slavic tribes during the foundation of the First Bulgarian Empire in 681
The South Slavic tribes descend mainly from the Sclaveni that were the Slavs that lived south of the Danube river after Slavic migrations from the end of the 5th to 8th centuries, originally they came from the regions north of the Danube and migrated south spreading throughout east alpine slopes, west Pannonian Plain (west of the Danube), and the Balkans, they had more close ties with the Veneti, ancestors of the West Slavs (some west slavic and south slavic tribes have the same ancestors), than with the Antes, ancestors of the East Slavs. Over time, South Slavs, evolved into a new Slavic ethnolinguistic group, this phenomenon was accentuated by the Bavarian expansion towards east (part of the Ostsiedlung) and by the Magyar settlement and expansion in the Pannonian Plain (roughly today's Hungary), that severed the contiguous land or territory between West and South Slavs (in the Middle Danube river basin) and contact between both of them and contributed to a greater differentiation. They predate the medieval identities formed after the Great Schism.
- Sclaveni / Slavini (common ancestors of most of the South Slavs)
- West South Slavic group
- Braničevci / Braniches, in eastern Serbia
- Carantanians / Carniolan Slavs / Old Slovenes / Southern Slovene (Sloventsi), tribal confederation, in Austria and Slovenia. Ancestors of Slovenes (Modern Slovenes). They descend in part from Nitran Slavs (Northern Slovenes) that were also the ancestors of the Slovaks.
- Docleani / Diokletlians, in southern Montenegro (see also Tribes of Montenegro)
- Guduscani, in Lika, Croatia
- Kanalites, in southern Dalmatia
- Merehani / Southern Merehani / Southern Moravians (Moravci / Moravtsi), in (South) Morava river, eastern Serbia. They descend from Moravian / Merehani tribal groups that migrated south of the Danube and over time differenciate themselves and were assimilated into South Slavs.
- Narentines / Neretvians, in southern Dalmatia
- Pannonian Slavs, in west Pannonian Plain, west of the Danube river, roughly in today's west Hungary. They were assimilated by Magyars after they settled in Hungary.
- Pannonian Dulebes
- Sava Slavs, roughly in the plain between the Sava and Mura rivers. Ancestors of part of Croats.
- Praedenecenti / Eastern Abodriti / Eastern Obotrites, in Banat. They descend from Abodriti / Obotrites tribal groups that migrated south of the Danube and over time differenciate themselves and were assimilated into South Slavs.
- Timočani, in eastern Serbia
- Travunians / Terbunians, in Herzegovina and western Montenegro
- White Croats, in Lesser Poland and Bohemia, ancestors of Croats, some Bosnians, Czechs, Poles
- Croats (Balkan Croats) (see also Croatian tribes)
- White Serbs / Sorbs, in Lower Lusatia, Germany. Ancestors of Sorbs, and ancestors of ancestors of Serbs
- Zachumliani / Zachlumians, in southern Dalmatia
- East South Slavic group
- Berziti / Bersites, in Ohrid, Northern Macedonia
- Drougoubitai / Draguvites, in Southern Bulgaria, Northern Macedonia and Greek Macedonia
- Keramisians, in Northern Macedonia and Greek Macedonia.
- Marvaci / Marvatsi, in Rhodopes, southern Bulgaria and northern Greece
- Milcovci / Miltsovtsi
- Seven Slavic tribes (or Seven Slavic Clans) (Heptaradici / Eptaradici - "Seven Roots"?), tribal confederation, in northern Bulgaria and Southern Romania that formed the basis of the Slavic Bulgarians (after later being conquered by the Turkic origin Bulgars that formed much of the Aristocracy and led to the name change of the people and language)
- Unknown tribes (unknown names)
- Severians, in Dobrudja, / Severes / Severi (Balkan Severians), northeast Bulgaria and Southeastern Romania, the Severians were an East Slavic tribe, part of the tribal groups that migrated southward and southwestward and formed a union with the Seven Slavic tribes (to form the Slavic Bulgarians) and over time differenciate themselves and were assimilated into South Slavs.
- Sklavenoi / Sclaveni Proper (Slavic tribes of Greece, including Greek Macedonia)
- Baiounitai / Bainuites / Vajunites, originally in Macedonia, later in Epirus (Vagenetia)
- Belegezites / Velegezites, in Thessaly
- Ezerites / Erezitai, in the Peloponnese
- Melingoi, in the Peloponnese
- Rynchines / Rhynchinoi, also Recchines, in Greek Macedonia (Southern Macedonia), Northern Chalkidiki and southern slopes of the Rhodopes.
- Sagudates, in southern Greek Macedonia
- Smolyani, in the Rhodopes, southern Bulgaria and northern Greece
- Strymonites, near the Struma river, southern Bulgaria and northern Greece
- West South Slavic group
Unclassified Slavs
Possible Slavs
Unclassified
- Miloxi
- Uerizane / Verizane
Slavs, Balts or Finno-Ugrians (Uralics)
Slavs or Romance peoples
- Bolokhovians / Bolokhoveni / Bolokhovens (East Slavic tribe or Valachians? the similar name to Valachians could have been only coincidental)
Unclassified peoples or tribes
Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and possibly Baltic Indo-European
- Thafnezi / Athfenzi / (Y)athfengi? (possibly Yatvingians)[20]
Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and possibly Iranian Indo-European
- Lucolane / Lucolani (possibly Alan Sarmatian Iranians)[21]
- Serauici / Seravici (possibly Alan Sarmatian Iranians)[22]
Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and possibly Turkic
- Attorozi (possibly Turkic)[23]
- Aturezani (possibly Turkic)[24]
- Chozirozi / Caziri (possibly the Khazars)[25]
- Uuilerozi / Vilerozi / Bilerozi (possibly Turkic)[26]
Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and possibly Uralic
Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and Unknown
- Thadesi
See also
Sources
- Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5
- Barford, Paul M (2001), The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe, Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-3977-9
- Gimbutas, Marija Alseikaitė (1971), The Slavs, Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-02072-8
- Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
References
- Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World (568 p.) Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14818-2
- Mallory, J.P.; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
- Tarasov I. The Balts in the Migration Period. P. I. Galindians, p. 97
- Mallory, J.P.; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
- Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World (568 p.) Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14818-2
- "Land and People, p.23" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2005.
- Tarasov I. The balts in the Migration Period. P. I. Galindians, p. 97
- Gimbutas, Marija (1963). The Balts. London : Thames and Hudson, Ancient peoples and places 33.
- Oscar Halecki. (1952). Borderlands of Western Civilization. New York: Ronald Press Company. pp. 45-46
- Joachim Lelewel (1852). Géographie du moyen âge. 3–4. Ve et J. Pilleit. p. 43.
- Johann Kaspar Zeuss (1837). Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme. Ignaz Joseph Lentner. p. 615.
- Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- Синиця, Є.В. "ХОРВАТИ". Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 5 July 2019.
They are often unreasonably also called "White Croats". This is due to the fact that East Europe Croats is mistakenly identified with "Croats White" (mentioned in the undated part of "The Tale of Bygone Years" in the same row with Serbs and Chorutans)
- Subtelny, Orest (2009-11-10). Ukraine: A History, 4th Edition. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442697287.
- "KULTURA - Dvojtýždenník závislý od etiky". 2007-11-16. Archived from the original on 2007-11-16. Retrieved 2020-09-09.
- Lysy, Miroslav (2018). "SLOVANIA ARCIBISKUPA METODA NA MORAVE A V PANÓNII" [The Slavs of Archbishop Method in Moravia and Pannonia] (PDF). Konštantínove Listy. 11: 40–50. doi:10.17846/CL.2018.11.1.40-50.
- Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
- Koncha, S. (2012). Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine. http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. pp. 15–21.
External links
- First Slavic Tribes www.youtube.com
| East Slavs |
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| West Slavs | ||
| South Slavs | ||
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