Phoenix metropolitan area

The Phoenix Metropolitan Area – also the Valley of the Sun, the Salt River Valley, or Phoenix Metro (known by most locals simply as “the Valley”) – is a metropolitan area, centered on the city of Phoenix, that includes much of the central part of Arizona. The United States Office of Management and Budget designates the area as the Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), defining it as Maricopa and Pinal counties. As of the Census Bureau's 2017 population estimates, Metro Phoenix had 4,737,270 residents, making it the 10th largest metropolitan area in the nation by population. The gross domestic product of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area was $242 billion in 2017, 16th largest amongst metro areas in the United States.

"Valley of the Sun" redirects here. For the 1942 Western, see Valley of the Sun (film). For other uses, see Sun Valley (disambiguation).

Phoenix Metropolitan Area

Valley of the Sun
Metropolitan area
Aerial view of Downtown Phoenix, looking northeast
The Phoenix Metropolitan Area highlighted in a map of Arizona.
Country United States
State Arizona
Largest cityPhoenix
Other Major Cities• Maricopa County
 - Mesa
 - Chandler
 - Glendale
 - Scottsdale
 - Gilbert
 - Tempe
 - Peoria
 - Surprise
• Pinal County
 - Casa Grande
 - Maricopa
Area
 • Metropolitan area14,598.63 sq mi (37,810.27 km2)
 • Land14,565.76 sq mi (37,725.14 km2)
 • Water32.87 sq mi (85.13 km2)
 • Urban
1,146.6 sq mi (2,969.6 km2)
Highest elevation
4,890 [2] ft (1,490.5 m)
Lowest elevation
735 ft (224.03 m)
Population
 (Census 2010)[3]
 • Metropolitan area4,192,887
 • Estimate 
(2017)
4,737,270 (12th)
 • Density308.2/sq mi (192.6/km2)
 • Urban
3,629,114
 • Urban density3,165.2/sq mi (1,222.1/km2)
Time zoneUTC−7 (MST)
ZIP codes
850xx to 853xx, 856xx [4]
Area code(s)623, 602, 480, 520, 928

It is also one of the fastest-growing major metropolitan areas, gaining nearly 800,000 residents from 2010 to 2018, and nearly 1.6 million since 2000. The population of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area increased by 45.3% from 1990 through 2000, compared to the average United States rate of 13.2%, helping to make Arizona the second fastest growing state in the nation in the 1990s (the fastest was Nevada).[5] The 2000 Census reported the population of the metropolitan area to be 3,251,876.

As for the 2010 Census, the two-county metropolitan area was reported to have a population of 4,192,887. Metro Phoenix grew by 941,011 people from April 2000 to April 2010, making it one of the fastest growing metro areas in the country. This also contributed to the entire state's exceptional growth, as the area is home to just over two-thirds of Arizona's population.

Combined Statistical Area

The Phoenix-Mesa Combined statistical area (CSA) was designated in September 2018 by U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and by the Census Bureau which consists of the entirety of the counties of Maricopa, Pinal and Gila.[6] This includes the Phoenix Metropolitan Area and the Payson, AZ Micropolitan Statistical Area.

As of July 1, 2019, the Phoenix-Mesa CSA had a population of 5,002,221 making it the thirteenth largest in the nation by population.[7]

Metropolitan Statistical Area

The Phoenix Metropolitan Area comprises Maricopa County (2019 population: 4,485,414) and Pinal County (2019 population: 462,789). It is officially designated by the US Census Bureau as the Phoenix–Mesa–Chandler, AZ Metropolitan Statistical Area. The total population for the Phoenix metropolitan area at the 2010 Census was 4,192,887.[7]

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
18808,733—
189015,23774.5%
190028,23685.3%
191043,53354.2%
1920105,706142.8%
1930173,05163.7%
1940215,03424.3%
1950374,96174.4%
1960726,18393.7%
19701,039,14443.1%
19801,600,09354.0%
19902,238,48039.9%
20003,251,87645.3%
20104,192,88728.9%
2019 (est.)5,002,221[8]19.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[9]
1790–1960[10] 1900–1990[11]
1990–2000[12] 2010–2018[13]
Median Household Income across metro Phoenix; the darker the green, the higher the income.[14]
Percent of people living in poverty across metro Phoenix; the darker the red, the higher the concentration of poverty[15]

As of the 2010 census, there were 4,192,887 people, 1,537,137 households, and 1,024,971 families residing within the MSA. The racial makeup of the MSA was 73.0% White (58.7% White Non-Hispanic), 5.0% Black, 3.3% Asian, 2.4% Native American or Alaska Native (virtually all Native American) and 16.2% of other or mixed race. 29.5% were Hispanic of any race.[16]

In 2010 the median income for a household in the MSA was $50,385 and the median income for a family was $58,497. The per capita income was $24,809.[17]

County 2019 Estimate 2010 Census Change Area Density
Maricopa County 4,485,414 3,817,117 +17.51% 9,200.14 sq mi (23,828.3 km2) 488/sq mi (188/km2)
Pinal County 462,789 375,770 +23.16% 5,365.61 sq mi (13,896.9 km2) 86/sq mi (33/km2)
Gila County 54,018 53,597 +0.79% 4,795 sq mi (12,420 km2) 11/sq mi (4/km2)
Total 5,002,221 4,246,484 +17.80% 14,565.75 sq mi (37,725.1 km2) 258/sq mi (100/km2)

Communities

What follows is a list of places in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area (populations as of 2014). The Office of Management and Budget defines a metropolitan area as the core city plus its county and any nearby counties that are economically dependent on the core city. However, Arizona has relatively large counties and a harsh, rugged desert landscape. For these reasons, much of the land that is part of the Metropolitan Statistical Area is rural or completely uninhabited. The core part of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area is the Phoenix–Mesa, Arizona Urban Area, which is far smaller than the Metropolitan Statistical Area.[18]

Places that fall completely or partially within the boundaries of the Phoenix-Mesa, AZ UA are in bold below.[18]

Cities and suburbs

Principal city

Places with 250,000+ inhabitants

Places with 150,000–249,999 inhabitants

Places with 75,000 to 149,999 inhabitants

Places with 30,000 to 74,999 inhabitants

Places with 10,000–29,999 inhabitants

Fewer than 10,000 inhabitants

Map showing cities and highways in the Phoenix–Mesa–Chandler MSA, as defined by the U.S. Census as both Maricopa and Pinal counties.

Unincorporated communities

Over 50,000 inhabitants

Over 10,000 inhabitants

Under 10,000 inhabitants

Geography

As of 2010, the Phoenix Metropolitan area consists of Maricopa and Pinal counties, comprising a total area of about 14,600 square miles. Because of the size of counties in Arizona, even though Maricopa and Pinal counties together contain nearly 4.5 million people, most of the area is uninhabited, which gives the MSA an extremely low density compared to other major MSAs in the nation.

The average elevation in the city itself is about 1,100 feet (340 m), with the highest point being in South Mountain Park Preserve 2,704 feet (824 m).The highest point in the two county area is 7,657 feet (2,334 m) in the Four Peaks mountain range.

Climate

The Phoenix Metropolitan area is notable for its warm, desert climate. On average, the area receives about 9 inches of rain annually, with less than 1 inch of snow every decade. In total, the region will see about 32 days of measurable precipitation each year. The MSA is one of the sunniest major metropolitan areas, receiving 295 days of sunshine, compared to the national average of 205. The average July high is about 104 °F (40 °C), with the average January low being about 37 °F (3 °C), still above freezing. Bestplaces gives the Phoenix Metropolitan Area a comfort index[lower-alpha 1] of 44/100, which is also the national average.[19]

Below is a chart showing climate data collected from Sky Harbor Airport. Note that due to the vast area covered by the MSA, climates vary throughout the valley.

Climate data for Phoenix Int'l, Arizona (1981–2010 normals,[lower-alpha 2] extremes 1895–present)[lower-alpha 3]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 88
(31)		 92
(33)		 100
(38)		 105
(41)		 114
(46)		 122
(50)		 121
(49)		 117
(47)		 116
(47)		 107
(42)		 99
(37)		 87
(31)		 122
(50)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 78.7
(25.9)		 82.8
(28.2)		 90.0
(32.2)		 98.6
(37.0)		 105.9
(41.1)		 112.5
(44.7)		 114.4
(45.8)		 112.5
(44.7)		 108.6
(42.6)		 100.1
(37.8)		 88.1
(31.2)		 77.1
(25.1)		 115.2
(46.2)
Average high °F (°C) 67.2
(19.6)		 70.7
(21.5)		 76.9
(24.9)		 85.2
(29.6)		 94.8
(34.9)		 103.9
(39.9)		 106.1
(41.2)		 104.4
(40.2)		 99.8
(37.7)		 88.5
(31.4)		 75.5
(24.2)		 66.0
(18.9)		 86.6
(30.3)
Average low °F (°C) 45.6
(7.6)		 48.7
(9.3)		 53.5
(11.9)		 60.2
(15.7)		 69.4
(20.8)		 77.7
(25.4)		 83.5
(28.6)		 82.7
(28.2)		 76.9
(24.9)		 64.8
(18.2)		 52.7
(11.5)		 44.8
(7.1)		 63.4
(17.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 36.2
(2.3)		 39.4
(4.1)		 43.2
(6.2)		 49.5
(9.7)		 58.0
(14.4)		 68.4
(20.2)		 73.7
(23.2)		 73.7
(23.2)		 67.1
(19.5)		 53.6
(12.0)		 40.8
(4.9)		 34.6
(1.4)		 33.5
(0.8)
Record low °F (°C) 16
(−9)		 24
(−4)		 25
(−4)		 35
(2)		 39
(4)		 49
(9)		 63
(17)		 58
(14)		 47
(8)		 34
(1)		 27
(−3)		 22
(−6)		 16
(−9)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.91
(23)		 0.92
(23)		 0.99
(25)		 0.28
(7.1)		 0.11
(2.8)		 0.02
(0.51)		 1.05
(27)		 1.00
(25)		 0.64
(16)		 0.58
(15)		 0.65
(17)		 0.88
(22)		 8.03
(204)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 4.1 4.4 3.9 1.7 1.0 0.5 4.2 5.0 2.8 2.5 2.6 3.9 36.6
Average relative humidity (%) 50.9 44.4 39.3 27.8 21.9 19.4 31.6 36.2 35.6 36.9 43.8 51.8 36.6
Average dew point °F (°C) 32.4
(0.2)		 32.2
(0.1)		 32.9
(0.5)		 31.6
(−0.2)		 34.3
(1.3)		 39.0
(3.9)		 56.1
(13.4)		 58.3
(14.6)		 52.3
(11.3)		 43.0
(6.1)		 35.8
(2.1)		 33.1
(0.6)		 40.1
(4.5)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 256.0 257.2 318.4 353.6 401.0 407.8 378.5 360.8 328.6 308.9 256.0 244.8 3,871.6
Percent possible sunshine 81 84 86 90 93 95 86 87 89 88 82 79 87
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[20][21][22], Weather.com[23]

Economy

The Phoenix Metropolitan area has historically been the center of the state's economy. As with the state of Arizona, the area relied on the 5 C's (copper, cattle, climate, citrus, and cotton) for its economic growth and expansion. However, after World War II, the area entered the manufacturing industry, which spurred the growth of what would eventually be one of the largest urban areas in the nation. Currently, the two largest industries are manufacturing and tourism. About 10 million people visit from other states and Canada each year, due to the area's mild winters and long, sunny days. The technology and service industries currently account for almost 77% of total employment in the region.[24] As well as a strong tourism industry, the Phoenix area has a significant business sector. Several Fortune 500 and Fortune 1000 companies have their international headquarters in the area, including Avnet, PetSmart, Apollo Education Group, Republic Services, ON Semiconductor, Insight Enterprises, and Sprouts Farmers Market. Other Fortune 500 companies with significant presence include Banner Health, the state's largest private employer, American Airlines, which merged with Tempe-based US Airways, American Express, Wells Fargo, Boeing, and Intel, which has a large regional campus in Chandler.[25]

The Metropolitan Area ranks 5th in the nation in economic growth, which is a major comeback from the recession.[26] The unemployment rate of the area is 5.3%, lower than the national rate of 6.3%. It also has slightly higher recent job growth (1.99% compared to 1.18%) and higher projected job growth (38.7% compared to 36.1%). Although the area has significantly higher sales tax rates compared with the nation as a whole (8.3% to 6%), income tax rates are lower than the national average (3.36% to 4.72%). The largest occupation by population is in the office/administrative sector, comprising more than a quarter of all jobs in the region.[27]

Infrastructure

Freeways and expressways
Main article: Metropolitan Phoenix Freeways
Freeway map of the Phoenix Area

The Phoenix Metropolitan Area is served by several controlled-access freeways, including:

  • I-10 (Papago Freeway, Maricopa Freeway)
  • I-17 (Black Canyon Freeway, Maricopa Freeway)
  • US 60 (Maricopa Freeway, Superstition Freeway)
  • SR 51 (Piestewa Freeway)
  • SR 143 (Hohokam Expressway)
  • Loop 101 (Agua Fria, Pima, Price Freeway)
  • Loop 202 (Red Mountain, Santan, South Mountain Freeway)
  • Loop 303 (Estrella Freeway)

Many new freeways are planned to be built in the future, either through upgrades of existing roads such as SR 74, SR 85, and Northern Parkway; or through the construction of new freeways where no road existed before such as SR 24, SR 30, and I-11.

Arterial roads
Arterial streets in Central Phoenix
Further information on arterial roads in the metro area: Phoenix metropolitan area arterial roads

Most of the arterial roads in the Phoenix metropolitan area are laid out on a regular grid, following the section lines established in the Public Land Survey System. As a result, arterial roads in cities that had once been geographically separate may have been given different names while occupying the same section line. When these roads were extended to accommodate the growth in the area they eventually merged into a single road while the previous segments retained their existing names. This results in several cases of a road abruptly changing names; for example, Dunlap Avenue in Phoenix becomes Olive Avenue west of 43rd Avenue, in Glendale.

Another quirk of a grid system based upon the Public Land Survey System is due to the occasional corrections in the grid caused by the curvature of the earth. This results in arterial roadways deviating slightly from a straight line, as can be seen in many locations where roads abruptly curve either just north or just south of Baseline Road to follow a new section line.

The majority of the cities in the metropolitan area, as well as unincorporated areas in Maricopa County, observe the addressing system employed by the city of Phoenix. A number of cities, however, retain their own addressing systems with differing reference points, creating the potential for multiple instances of a house number being found on the same named road.

In terms of numbering systems, some roads that continue through multiple cities will switch numbering conventions several times. Broadway Road, for example, starts and stops multiple times, passing through Goodyear, Avondale, Phoenix, Tempe, Mesa, and Apache Junction, each with their own reference point for address numbering.[28] Though the street does not curve, the direction changes from west to east in each city and back again when moving from one city to the next, causing considerable overlap in numbers.

Street numbering systems

[29][30] Most communities in Maricopa County use the Phoenix-County numbering system, with the point of origin at Central Avenue and Washington Street. In the Phoenix-County system, north-south numbered roads labeled "avenue", "drive", and "lane" are West of Central Avenue, while those labeled "street", "place" and "way" are east of Central Avenue. Starting with 579th Avenue[31] in the west near Tonopah the avenues count down with approximately 8 numbers per mile to 19th Avenue and count up again to from 16th Street to 228th Street[32] near Queen Creek in the east. They go, in order from west to east (although not all necessarily exist):

  • 2nd Avenue – 1st Dale – 1st Glen – 1st Lane – 1st Drive – 1st Avenue
  • Central Avenue
  • 1st Street – 1st Place – 1st Way – 1st Terrace – 1st Run – 2nd Street

This has been a source of confusion for a few newcomers, who might end up, for example, at 91st Avenue and Thunderbird Road, when in fact they intended to go to 91st Street and Thunderbird Road, between 30 minutes and an hour away from one another depending on traffic.

One beneficial quality of this arrangement for unfamiliar travelers is that the major north-south arterial roads are rarely similarly named; the "avenue" arterials in the West Valley are all odd-numbered and the "street" arterials in the East Valley are even-numbered, with the exception of 7th Ave. & 7th St., both being major roadways running parallel and each one-half mile from Central Ave.

Communities in Maricopa County that have their own street numbering systems include:

Community Point of Origin
Apache Junction Idaho Road & Junction Drive
Avondale (historic downtown only) Central Avenue & Western Avenue
Buckeye (historic downtown only) Monroe Avenue & 1st Street
Chandler (historic downtown only) Commonwealth Place & Arizona Avenue
Gilbert Gilbert Road & Elliot Road
Litchfield Park Old Litchfield Road & Wigwam Boulevard
Mesa (historic downtown only) Center Street & Main Street
Goodyear (historic district only) Western Avenue & Litchfield Road
Tempe Mill Avenue & the Salt River
Wickenburg Center Street & Frontier Street
Wittmann (core area only) Center Street & Grand Avenue

Additional confusion can be encountered in Mesa in its urban core, with east-west numbered avenues and drives counting down from 11th Avenue north towards Main Street),[33] and numbered streets and places counting down from 11th Place south towards Main Street.[34] Then, in the eastern part of the city, north-south streets and places count up from 22nd St east of Gilbert Rd,[35] to 112th Street on the Apache Junction border.[36] Also, numerous trailer parks inside the city limits run their own contradictory variations of the numbered street system.[37]

Most communities in Pinal County use the Pinal County street numbering system, whose point of origin is at SR 287 and 11 Mile Corner Road (the intersection of which is known as "11 Mile Corner"). Exceptions include:

Community Point of origin
Apache Junction Idaho Road & Junction Drive
Casa Grande Ash Avenue & Center Street
Coolidge Central Avenue & railroad tracks
Eloy Alsdorf Road & Main Street
Florence Butte Avenue & Main Street
Queen Creek (follows Phoenix-County)
Stanfield SR 84 & Stanfield Road

Note that Apache Junction continues Mesa's convention of numbered street names by having the north-south sequence continue up from 112th St while simultaneously having east-west numbered avenues south of Apache Trail and east-west numbered streets north of Apache Trail.[38]

Traffic safety

In terms of safety, the Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ metropolitan area has been ranked 16th most dangerous in the USA, based on its Pedestrian Danger Index, computed on the share of local commuters who walk to work and the most recent data on pedestrian deaths as found in a 2016 report released by Smart Growth America.[39]

Rail

Amtrak serves the Phoenix metropolitan area with their Sunset Limited and Texas Eagle trains—both of which stop in Maricopa, located about 40 miles south of downtown Phoenix. Amtrak's Stagecoach Express provides Thruway Motorcoach service from Maricopa station to both Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport and Tempe station. Amtrak also provides additional Thruway Motorcoach service from Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport to Flagstaff station, which is served by the Southwest Chief.

Amtrak's Los Angeles-New Orleans Sunset Limited served the city of Phoenix directly from 1971 until it was rerouted on June 2, 1996, to a more southerly route between Tucson and Yuma, Arizona, in order to accommodate the Union Pacific Railroad's desire to abandon a portion of its Phoenix-to-Yuma "West Line." This made Phoenix one of the largest cities in the nation without direct passenger service.

A light rail system (dubbed the "METRO Light Rail") runs more than 20 miles from suburban Mesa, through Tempe and into Phoenix, traveling through the downtown area, offering access to Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport and linking two of the four metro area campuses of Arizona State University. The light rail began public operation on December 27, 2008, and it was projected to initially accommodate 26,000 boardings a day, or more than 8 million boardings in its first year. The Valley Metro Rail boardings has experienced constant growth since the beginning. In the year 2012, the light rail boarded just over 14 million people.

Many expansions to the METRO system are currently in the early planning stages, and two are under construction. The Central Mesa extension project, which extends the Main Street line 2½ miles from its current terminus at Sycamore to Mesa Drive in Downtown Mesa, has finished construction and opened on August 22, 2015.[40] The Northwest rail project opened March 2016. The project extended the 19th Avenue track from its former terminus at Montebello Ave to Dunlap Avenue, 3 miles north.[41] Many more extensions are funded, with further projects being studied for feasibility.

Aviation

In 2010, Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport was the 24th busiest passenger facility in the world and the 10th busiest in the United States, with more than 38 million passengers using the facility. With three terminal buildings encompassing 120 gates, more than 20 airlines offer daily non-stop flights to destinations throughout the world.

The Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport started commercial passenger flights in 2004. The airport currently provides service to 39 destinations.

There are several municipal and regional airports in the metropolitan area; however, none of them are currently used by commercial airlines for passenger flights. They include, but are not limited to, Glendale Airport, Phoenix Deer Valley Airport, Phoenix Goodyear Airport, Scottsdale Airport, Falcon Field, Chandler Municipal Airport, Buckeye Airport, Phoenix Regional Airport, Pleasant Valley Airport, Estrella Sailport, Stellar Airpark, Skyranch at Carefree, Gila River Memorial Airport, Pegasus Airpark.

See also

Notes
  1. The Comfort Index uses a combination of afternoon summer temperature and humidity to closely predict the effect that the humidity will have on people. Higher values indicate a more comfortable climate.
  2. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  3. Official records for Phoenix kept at downtown August 1895 to September 1953, and at Sky Harbor Int'l since October 1953. For more information see ThreadEx.

References
  1. "Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale Metro Area, Arizona People". www.bestplaces.net.
  2. http://www.surgent.net/highpoints/az/range/buttepeak.html
  3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
  4. "Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale Metro Area, Arizona: 155 Zip Codes". bestplaces.net.
  5. "Census 2000 PHC-T-3. Ranking Tables for Metropolitan Areas: 1990 and 2000, United States Census Bureau, April 2, 2001, retrieved July 8, 2006
  6. "OMG Bulletin" (PDF). Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  7. "US Census". Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  8. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  9. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
  10. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
  11. "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
  12. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
  13. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 30, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
  14. "INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2016 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS)". American Fact Finder. US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  15. "POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS". American Fact Finder. US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  16. DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 – 2010 Demographic Profile Data, U.S. Census Bureau, archived from the original on May 21, 2019
  17. DP03, SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, U.S. Census Bureau, archived from the original on February 13, 2016, retrieved April 3, 2020
  18. URBANIZED AREA OUTLINE MAP (CENSUS 2000): Phoenix--Mesa, AZ (PDF), U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau
  19. "Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale Metro Area, Arizona Climate". www.bestplaces.net.
  20. "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
  21. "Station Name: AZ Phoenix Sky Harbor INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  22. "WMO Climate Normals for PHOENIX/SKY HARBOR INTL, AZ 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  23. "Monthly Averages for Phoenix, AZ – Temperature and Precipitation". The Weather Channel. Retrieved May 7, 2009.
  24. "Phoenix: Economy - Major Industries and Commercial Activity". www.city-data.com.
  25. "Arizona Republic 100: State's largest employers".
  26. http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2012/06/27/the-top-10-us-metros-for-economic.html
  27. "Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale Metro Area, Arizona Economy". www.bestplaces.net.
  28. Valley Metro System Map
  29. Phoenix Metropolitan Street Atlas (2006 ed.). Wide World of Maps. 2006.
  30. Google Maps
  31. "Google Maps". Google. January 1, 1970. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
  32. "Google Maps". Google. January 1, 1970. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
  33. "Google Maps". Google. January 1, 1970. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
  34. "Google Maps". Google. January 1, 1970. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
  35. "Google Maps". Google. January 1, 1970. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
  36. 56 S 111th Pl (January 1, 1970). "56 S 111 pl, Mesa, Maricopa, Arizona 85208 – Google Maps". Google. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
  37. 56 S 111th Pl (January 1, 1970). "56 S 111 pl, Mesa, Maricopa, Arizona 85208 – Google Maps". Google. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
  38. 56 S 111th Pl (January 1, 1970). "56 S 111 pl, Mesa, Maricopa, Arizona 85208 – Google Maps". Google. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
  39. https://smartgrowthamerica.org/dangerous-by-design/
  40. "Providing Public Transportation Alternatives for the Greater Phoenix Metro Area". www.valleymetro.org. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
  41. "Providing Public Transportation Alternatives for the Greater Phoenix Metro Area - Valley Metro". www.valleymetro.org. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2015.

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