San Antonio Missions National Historical Park

San Antonio Missions National Historical Park is a National Historical Park and part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site preserving four of the five Spanish frontier missions in San Antonio, Texas, USA. These outposts were established by Catholic religious orders to spread Christianity among the local natives. These missions formed part of a colonization system that stretched across the Spanish Southwest in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries.

San Antonio Missions
National Historical Park
Mission Concepción
San Antonio Missions National Historical Park
San Antonio Missions National Historical Park
LocationSan Antonio, Texas, USA
Nearest citySan Antonio, TX
Coordinates29°21′42″N 98°28′49″W
Area948 acres (384 ha)
463 acres (187 ha) federal[1]
EstablishedApril 1, 1983 (1983-April-01)
Visitors614,810 (in 2012)[2]
Governing bodyNational Park Service
WebsiteSan Antonio Missions National Historical Park
CriteriaCultural: (ii)
Designated2015 (39th session)
Part ofSan Antonio Missions
Reference no.1466
State Party United States
RegionEurope and North America

In geographic order from north (upstream of the San Antonio River) to south (downstream) the missions are located as follows: Mission Concepción, Mission San Jose, Mission San Juan, and Mission Espada. The Espada Aqueduct, also part of the Park, is due east of Mission San Juan, across the river.

The fifth (and best known) mission in San Antonio, the Alamo, is not part of the Park. It is located upstream from Mission Concepción, in downtown San Antonio, and is owned by the State of Texas. The Alamo was operated by the Daughters of the Republic of Texas until July 2015, when custodianship was turned over to the Texas General Land Office.[3]

On July 5, 2015, the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, along with the Alamo Mission in San Antonio, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site.[4]

Mission Reach Ecosystem Restoration and Recreation project

In October 2013, the Mission Reach Ecosystem Restoration and Recreation project was completed, adding 15 miles of hiking, biking, and paddling trails to the San Antonio Missions.[5] This project connects Mission Concepcion, Mission San Jose, Mission San Juan, and Mission Espada to the San Antonio Riverwalk, through a series of park portals. Visitors can experience the Missions by walking, bicycling,[6][7] or using San Antonio's new VIVA Culture bus routes.[8]

Administrative history

The park was originally established in 1975 as the Mission Parkway on the National Register of Historic Places encompassing 84 separate historical sites along the San Antonio River on the southern side of the city of San Antonio.[9] Within this listing, the National Historical Park was authorized on November 10, 1978. It was established on April 1, 1983, containing many cultural sites along with some natural areas. Portions of the four missions are owned by the Archdiocese of San Antonio and are still run as active parishes.

In 1905, custodianship for the Alamo was entrusted to the Daughters of the Republic of Texas (DRT). In 2010, the office of the Texas Attorney General received a complaint that the DRT had been mismanaging not only the site, but the funds allocated for its management, and an investigation was begun.[10]

After two years, the Attorney General's office concluded that the DRT had mismanaged the Alamo, and cited numerous instances of misconduct on the DRT's part, including failing to properly maintain the Alamo in good order and repair, mismanagement of state funds, and breach of fiduciary duty.[11]

During the course of the investigation, in 2011, a state law was passed, signed by then-governor Rick Perry, to transfer custodianship of the Alamo from the DRT to the Texas General Land Office (GLO). The transfer was officially enacted in 2015. While the DRT initially objected to the Attorney General's report, and even went so far as to file a lawsuit to prevent the transfer, the organization eventually vowed to work with the Texas GLO to preserve the Alamo for generations to come.[12]

In July 2015, the missions were added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[13]

Mission Concepción
Main article: Mission Concepcion
Misión Concepción

Misión Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuña was established in 1716 as Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de los Hainais in East Texas. The mission was moved in 1731 to San Antonio. Founded by Franciscan friars, this is the best preserved of the Texas missions. Located at 807 Mission Road, Mission Concepcion was designated a National Historic Landmark on April 15, 1970.

In 2002, Archbishop Patrick Flores appointed Father Jim Rutkowski the archdiocesan administrator of Mission Concepcion. As such, Fr. Rutkowski has been charged with the pastoral duties associated with the operation of the active church congregation. In 2009-10 Las Misiones Foundation began an active, aggressive campaign to restore the interior of the Mission. Restoration of the mission's interior was completed in March 2010 after six months of work. Fr. Rutkowski continues to offer Sunday Mass regularly for the Mission community.

Mission San José
Main article: Mission San José (Texas)
Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo.

Misión San José y San Miguel de Aguayo was established in 1720. Located at 6519 San Jose Drive, it was designated the San Jose Mission National Historic Site in 1941. The historic site was administratively listed on the National Register on October 15, 1966. The church, which is still standing, was constructed in 1768. Mission San Jose was founded by Father Antonio Margil.

The park's visitor center is located adjacent.

Other missions bearing the name San José include the Mission San José located in Fremont, California, and the Misión San Jose de Comondú in Baja California Sur.

Mission San Juan Capistrano
Mission San Juan Capistrano
Main article: Mission San Juan Capistrano (Texas)

Misión San Juan Capistrano was established in 1716 as Misión San Jose de los Nazonis in East Texas.[14] The mission was renamed and moved in 1731 to San Antonio. Located on Mission Road, San Juan was listed on the National Register on February 23, 1972.

Another mission bearing the name San Juan Capistrano is the Mission San Juan Capistrano in San Juan Capistrano, California.

Mission Espada
Main article: Mission San Francisco de la Espada
Mission Espada

Misión San Francisco de la Espada was established in 1690 as San Francisco de los Tejas near present-day Augusta.[14] and renamed San Francisco de los Neches in 1721. The mission was moved in 1731 to San Antonio and given its current name. Located on Espada Road, this mission was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1972.

Additional locations
Espada Acequia

The Park includes two other locations listed on the National Register of Historic Places:

See also

References
  1. "Listing of acreage as of December 31, 2011". Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  2. "NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report". National Park Service. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
  3. Zavala, Elizabeth (July 10, 2015). "Daughters of the Republic of Texas conclude custodianship of the Alamo". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
  4. Associated Press. World heritage status for The Alamo, Japan industrial sites, Conroe Courier, July 5, 2015.
  5. http://www.sanantonioriver.org/mission_reach/mission_reach.php
  6. http://www.missionbiketour.com
  7. http://www.sanantonioriver.org/documents/bike-trail.pdf
  8. http://therivardreport.com/viva-mission-centro-and-culture-routes-now-open/
  9. Texas Historical Commission
  10. Fernandez, Manny (November 30, 2012). "In Texas, Another Skirmish Brews at the Alamo". New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
  11. Perez, Nicole (November 21, 2012). "Texas Attorney General's Office alleges DRT mismanaged The Alamo". Graham Media Group. KSAT News. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
  12. Gonzalez, John W. (July 9, 2015). "DRT bids farewell to 110-year Alamo role". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  13. "Sites in Norway, Germany, Israel, UK and USA inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List". UNESCO. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
  14. http://www.ci.sat.tx.us/LIBRARY/texana/sachronology.asp?res=1024&ver=true
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