McCarran International Airport

McCarran International Airport (IATA: LAS, ICAO: KLAS, FAA LID: LAS) is an international airport in Paradise, Nevada and is the main airport for public use in the Las Vegas Valley, a metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Nevada, about 5 miles (8 km) south of Downtown Las Vegas. The airport is owned by Clark County and operated by the Clark County Department of Aviation. It is named after the late U.S. Senator Pat McCarran, a member of the Democratic Party who contributed to the development of aviation both in Las Vegas and on a national scale. LAS covers 2,800 acres (11.3 km2) of land.[2]

"Las Vegas Airport" redirects here. For the airport in Las Vegas, New Mexico, see Las Vegas Municipal Airport.
McCarran International Airport
The airport in 2012
Summary
Airport typePublic
OwnerClark County
OperatorClark County Department of Aviation
ServesLas Vegas Valley, Southern Utah, Southern Nevada, Northern Arizona
LocationParadise, Nevada, United States
Focus city for
Elevation AMSL2,181 ft / 665 m
Coordinates36°04′48″N 115°09′08″W
Websitemccarran.com
Map
LAS
LAS
LAS
LAS
LAS
Runways
Direction Length Surface
ft m
1L/19R 8,988 2,740 Concrete
1R/19L 9,771 2,978 Concrete
8L/26R 14,515 4,424 Concrete
8R/26L 10,525 3,208 Concrete
Statistics (2020)
Total Passengers22,201,479
Aircraft movements323,422
Cargo240,415,561 lbs.
Source: McCarran International Airport[1]

The airport was built in 1942 and opened to airline flights in 1948. It has expanded since then and has employed various innovative technologies, such as common-use facilities. The airport has four runways and two passenger terminals. East of the passenger terminals is the Marnell Air Cargo Center, and on the west side of the airport are fixed-base operators and helicopter companies. The airport services as a base for Allegiant Air, Frontier Airlines, Southwest Airlines, and Spirit Airlines. It is the busiest airport in the United States that does not operate as a hub for any of the three U.S legacy carriers.

History

Origins (1920–1948)
Postcard showing Senator McCarran at the original McCarran Field, 1941

The first airport at Las Vegas was Anderson Field, opened in November 1920[3][4] southeast of present-day Sahara Ave and Paradise Rd. Purchased by the Rockwell brothers in 1925, the airfield was renamed Rockwell Field, and in April 1926 Western Air Express (WAE) began carrying mail (and eventually passengers).[3] When the brothers sold Rockwell Field and the new owner canceled WAE's lease, the airline had to look for another airport.[5] Local businessman P. A. Simon had built an airfield northeast of the city[5] (now Nellis Air Force Base) and WAE moved there in November 1929 and bought the field a few years later.[6][7]

When the city tried to buy the field and build a more modern terminal, WAE refused, but with the advent of World War II WAE was pressured to sell.[8] Nevada Senator Pat McCarran helped obtain federal funding for the city to buy the field and build a terminal. He also helped establish a gunnery school by the United States Army Air Corps at the field.[9] For the senator's contributions, the airport was named McCarran Field in 1941.[10]

A third airfield, Alamo Field, was established in 1942 by aviator George Crockett south of Las Vegas, at the present location of McCarran Airport.[11] The Army sought to open a base at the site of McCarran Field, so Clark County purchased Alamo Field to make it its airline airport. Alamo Field became the new McCarran Field on December 19, 1948.[10][11] Meanwhile, the Army reopened its base at the original McCarran Field in 1949 and named it Nellis Air Force Base in 1950.[12]

Early expansion (1949–1996)

In its first year of operation McCarran Field served over 35,000 passengers. The April 1949 OAG shows 12 departures a day: 5 Western, 5 TWA and 2 United. The Las Vegas casino industry grew during the 1950s, and the airport handled 959,603 passengers in 1959.[10] The May 1959 OAG shows 47 weekday departures: 13 Western, 11 United, 11 TWA, 9 Bonanza and 3 Pacific. The first jet flights were United 720s in September 1960.

A Gates and rotunda area with slot machines in 2007

Airport officials began planning a new passenger terminal; the original terminal was on Las Vegas Boulevard, and the new one was built on Paradise Road.[13] The terminal, whose design was inspired by the TWA Flight Center in New York City,[13] opened on March 15, 1963.[10] The airport was renamed McCarran International Airport in September 1968.[14] Further expansion took place between 1970 and 1974 with the construction of the A and B gates.

Before deregulation the airport had four dominant carriers: United and TWA served both coasts nonstop, while Western and Hughes Airwest flew to cities in the western US.[15] After the airline industry was deregulated in 1978, the number of airlines at McCarran doubled from seven to fourteen by the end of 1979.[10] New airlines included American, Braniff and Continental.[16]

In response, the county launched an expansion plan, McCarran 2000, listing projects to be undertaken into the year 2000.[17] Expanded baggage claim facilities, an esplanade, and a parking garage opened in 1985; the C Gates and the first line of the people mover system followed in 1987.[14]

The Charter/International Terminal, later renamed Terminal 2, opened in December 1991 to handle international traffic.[14] An additional, nine-story parking garage and a tunnel linking the Las Vegas Beltway to the airport were constructed as well.[18][19] In June 1998, the southwest and southeast wings of the D Gates were opened.[20]

In the late 1990s the airport focused on attracting foreign airlines.[21] In 1994, Condor Flugdienst began charter flights from Germany, launching scheduled service from Cologne and Frankfurt in 1997.[22] Northwest Airlines and Japan Airlines introduced flights from Tokyo in 1998,[23][24] and Virgin Atlantic began flying from London–Gatwick in 2000.[25]

Innovation and D Gates completion (1997–2011)
The finished D Gates in May 2009, with Terminal 3 under construction in the background

In 1997, the airport introduced Common Use Terminal Equipment (CUTE), becoming the first airport in the country to do so.[26] With multiple airlines serving McCarran, it became inefficient to have separate facilities for each airline.[27] CUTE allows for shared use of ticket counters and gates; an airline can overflow to inactive facilities during peak times.[27][28]

McCarran furthered its common use strategy in 2003 with the SpeedCheck system, introducing Common-Use Self-Service (CUSS) kiosks.[29] The kiosks allow passengers to check-in and print boarding passes for any one of multiple airlines. Previously, airlines had been installing their own check-in kiosks, defeating the use of CUTE and increasing congestion at the ticket counters.[26] SpeedCheck kiosks have been installed at the Las Vegas Convention Center as well.[30]

In January 2005 McCarran began offering complimentary Wi-Fi throughout its passenger terminals.[31] The service initially covered 1.7 million square feet (160,000 m2), making it the largest free Wi-Fi zone among U.S. airports at the time.[32] The northeast wing of the D Gates opened in April 2005, along with a 160 feet (49 m) air traffic control tower at the center of the concourse.[33] The expansion had been postponed following the September 11 attacks but resumed amid high growth in passenger traffic.[34] Later in the year, the airport started a baggage-tracking system using radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags.[35] Small RFID transmitters are inserted into baggage tags to improve bag identification, thereby lowering the risk for lost or misplaced luggage. McCarran became one of the first airports worldwide to conduct RFID tagging on a large scale.[36]

On August 19, 2008 US Airways closed its night-flight hub at McCarran Airport,[37] which had been established by predecessor America West Airlines in the 1990s.[38] In order to maximize the use of its fleet,[39] US Airways had been operating two banks of flights to and from McCarran in the middle of the night.[37] The operation had made US Airways the second-busiest carrier at McCarran, providing over 100 daily round-trip flights.[37] However, amid rising oil prices and continued demand for low fares, the airline decided to close the hub.[37][40] In 2011, US Airways reduced flights to Las Vegas by an additional 40%.[41]

In September 2008 the northwest wing of the D Gates was completed.[14] This marked the completion of the concourse, which has a total of 44 gates.[42]

New tower under construction, July 2013

In May 2011 construction began on a new air traffic control tower. The tower is 352 feet (107 m) tall and replaces a shorter tower that opened in 1983.[43] In January 2014 it was discovered that a chemical coating to prevent the growth of a toxic fungus was added improperly.[44] The problem was corrected by the following June,[45] and the tower opened on August 28, 2016.[46] The shorter tower will be closed and demolished.[47]

Terminal 3 and later developments (2012–present)

Terminal 3 opened on June 27, 2012.[48] The project was announced in January 2001 as a way to accommodate rapid growth in passenger traffic, including international traffic.[49] It came into question amid the 2008 recession and decreased tourism to Las Vegas, but the county decided to proceed with the project, in anticipation of eventual economic recovery and a rebound in passenger numbers.[50] Terminal 3 cost $2.4 billion to build and is one of the largest public works projects in Nevada.[48][51] It replaced Terminal 2, providing more international gates and a larger U.S. Customs and Border Protection facility.[52] With its seven domestic gates, the terminal also eases congestion at Terminal 1.[53][54]

In a $51 million project, eight domestic gates in the D Gates (D19-D26) nearest to Concourse E were converted to seven "swing" gates, capable of receiving both domestic and international flights. The gates were connected to the customs facility in Terminal 3 by an underground pedestrian passageway. Gates D21/D22 were converted into the only 3-jetway gate at McCarran; this was done to provide a proper accommodation area for the double-decker Airbus A380. This conversion resulted in the conversion of Gate D23 to D22A, and this "swing" gate project was completed in June 2017.[55][56] In addition, a $30 million renovation of Terminal 1's ticketing and baggage claim areas is underway as of December 2016. Improvements include refurbished bathrooms, new ticket counters, and terrazzo flooring.[57]

In recent years, there have been attempts to rename the airport. Former U.S. Senator Harry Reid,[58] Clark County Commissioner Tick Segerblom,[59][60] and Nevada Governor Steve Sisolak – all Democrats, as was McCarran – are currently pushing for a name change.[61] The proposed names are Harry Reid Las Vegas International Airport and Las Vegas International Airport.

The airport control tower was closed for several days in 2020 after a controller tested positive for COVID-19. Airport operations continue using common traffic advisory frequency, though many flights are delayed or cancelled due to reduced capacity.[62]

Facilities

Runways
Terminal 1, showing Concourses A and B. Concourse C extends to the right, out of view in 2011.
Check-in hall in Terminal 3 in 2015
Automated people mover at McCarran in 2011

McCarran Airport has four runways:[63]

Runway Length Width ILS Notes
1L/19R 8,988 ft
2,740 m		150 ft
46 m		1L ILS Category I, with DME
1R/19L 9,771 ft
2,978 m		150 ft
46 m		—
8L/26R 14,515 ft
4,424 m		150 ft
46 m		26R ILS Category I, with DME
Second longest civil runway in North America
8R/26L 10,525 ft
3,208 m		150 ft
46 m		26L ILS Category I

All runways have been resurfaced with concrete, a more durable material than the previous asphalt. In April 2016, 8L/26R was the last runway to be resurfaced; it is the longest at McCarran and serves a third of the airport's traffic.[64] Parallel to it is runway 8R/26L, which opened in 1991.[65] On the western side of the airport are runways 1L/19R and 1R/19L. 1L/19R was a 5000-foot runway for light aircraft before it was widened and lengthened in 1997.[66] Between the two sets of parallel runways was runway 14/32, which has been decommissioned.[lower-alpha 1] Runways 8L/26R and 8R/26L were previously 7L/25R and 7R/25L. The runways were renumbered 8L/26R and 8R/26L in August 2017 due to a shift in direction of the Earth's magnetic field.[69][70]

Dry weather at McCarran allows operations under visual flying rules 99% of the time. During most of the year (about 56% of the time) the airport uses Visual Configuration 1: runways 19R and 26L for arrivals and 19L and 26R for departures. Airfield capacity in Configuration 1 is constrained by bordering military airspace, high terrain to the west, and an uphill departure from 26R. Because of the heat, 26R is favored over 19L for departures. When the winds shift in the winter (about 13% of the year), the airfield adopts Visual Configuration 3, which uses 01L and 26L for arrivals and 01L and 01R for departures. Marginal flying conditions adopt the same Configuration 1/Configuration 3 split based on the prevailing winds. In instrument weather, arrivals are preferred on 26L, and departures take off from 19L and 26R.[71]

Terminals

There are two terminals at McCarran and 5 concourses with a total of 92 gates. Terminal 1 was completed in 1963, Terminal 2 was completed in 1986, and Terminal 3 was completed in 2012. Prior to the completion of Terminal 3, Terminal 2 handled international flights. After Terminal 3 was completed, Terminal 2 became redundant and it was demolished in 2016.

Terminal 1 opened on March 15, 1963, and was expanded between 1970 and 1974 with the current A and B Gates buildings.[10] Currently, Terminal 1 has four concourses, each of which is connected to a central pre-security area. Ticketing and baggage claim are located on Level 1 of this area. Level 2 houses the three security checkpoints, an esplanade with several retail outlets, and a USO lounge for military service members.[72] West of the pre-security area are the A Gates and the B Gates, two Y-shaped concourses with circular ends. To the south are the C Gates, which can be accessed by the Green Line of the tram system. The satellite D Gates concourse, which opened in 1998, lies to the east and contains three lounges: the Centurion lounge for American Express card holders; the Club at LAS, which is available to all passengers at a fee and free for Priority Pass cardholders; and the United Club, a lounge accesible to United frequent flyers and club membership holders. The Blue Line of the tram system links the D Gates with the pre-security area.

Terminal 3 was also built on the eastern side of the McCarran Airport Corridor, and is located just north of Concourse D. Level 0 of the terminal contains customs, baggage claim, and another USO lounge. Check-in, security, a second Club at LAS, and all gates are on Level 2.[55][73] The terminal has 14 gates, seven domestic (E8–E12, E14–E15) and the other seven international (E1–E7); Concourse E and the D19-D26 "swing gates" at Concourse D (the part of Concourse D that is nearest to Concourse E) handle all international flights. [73] Four of the international gates have two jetways each to allow for quicker handling of wide-body aircraft. Passengers flying Air Canada, Frontier Airlines, Hawaiian Airlines, Sun Country Airlines, and United Airlines all check-in and receive baggage at Terminal 3, but depart out of the D gates. The Red Line of the tram system links Terminal 3 with the D Gates.[74]

Automated people mover
Main article: McCarran International Airport Automated People Movers

McCarran has three separate tram lines:

  • Green line, connecting Terminal 1 with C Gates
  • Blue line, connecting Terminal 1 with D Gates
  • Red line, connecting Terminal 3 with D Gates

Ground transportation
A shuttle about to depart Terminal 1 for the rental car center in 2010

Road access to McCarran Airport is provided by Paradise Road to the north and by the McCarran Airport Connector to the south, which connects to the Las Vegas Beltway.

Terminal 1 and Terminal 3 have their own parking garages.[75][76] Each also has its own economy lot, which provides lower parking rates,[77][78] and a separate lot for oversize vehicles.[79][80] Complimentary shuttle transportation is provided between the terminals and the remote Terminal 1 economy and oversize vehicle lots. In March 2016, the airport opened a cellphone lot, which provides free parking to people waiting for passengers.[81]

A consolidated rental car facility opened in April 2007, located about 3 miles (4.8 km) from the airport. The facility, which sits on 68 acres (28 ha) of land, houses multiple rental car companies with 5,000 parking spaces on multiple levels. Courtesy shuttles transport passengers between the airport and the facility.[82]

For transportation between Terminal 1 and Terminal 3, McCarran Airport provides a free shuttle service, which leaves from Level 0 of both terminals.[83][84]

RTC Transit provides bus transportation to and from various parts of the Las Vegas Valley. Route 108, Route 109, the Westcliff Airport Express and the Centennial Express provide direct access to the airport. Buses depart from Level 0 of Terminal 1 and Level 2 of Terminal 3.[83]

Other facilities

A small parking lot on the south side of the airport, on E. Sunset Road, between Las Vegas Blvd., and S. Eastern Ave, allows the public to watch aircraft take off, land, and listen to the aircraft radios. This is the only "official" watching area. There are several unofficial areas, mainly off the ends of the runways, however they are heavily patrolled by Las Vegas Metro Police and spectators are commonly asked to leave. The public watching area is currently closed due to COVID regulations.

Atlantic Aviation and Signature Flight Support are the two fixed-base operators (FBOs) at the airport, providing various services to private aircraft.[85] Engine 13 of the Clark County Fire Department is located on the grounds of McCarran International Airport.

Maverick Helicopters and Papillon Grand Canyon Helicopters each operate their own terminal at McCarran Airport. The Maverick terminal covers 6,000 square feet (560 m2), while the Sundance terminal occupies 13,000 square feet (1,200 m2). The Papillon terminal was established in 1997.[86] The companies provide helicopter tours over the Las Vegas Strip, Grand Canyon, and other tourist attractions.[87][88]

Sundance Helicopters ceased operations in September 2020 due to the COVID-19 recession.

Janet flights depart from a private terminal located on the west side of the airport. The airline, which is owned by the U.S. Air Force and operated by AECOM, transports employees and contractors to airports within the Nevada National Security Site.[89]

The Marnell Air Cargo Center covers 200,928 square feet (18,666.8 m2) and can handle 100,000 short tons (91,000 t) of cargo.[90] The $29 million facility opened in October 2010,[91] replacing a smaller facility that existed at the site of Terminal 3.[90] The center consists of two buildings, one of which is leased by FedEx and the other by multiple other companies, including UPS and Southwest Airlines.[92]

The main exhibits of the Howard W. Cannon Aviation Museum are located on Level 2 of Terminal 1, above baggage claim. There are additional exhibits throughout the airport and at other airports in the city. Display items chronicle the early history of aviation in Southern Nevada.[3] The museum is named after former Nevada Senator Howard Cannon, who contributed to the development of aviation in the county.[93] Its administrator is Mark Hall-Patton, who has appeared on the reality television show Pawn Stars.[94]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger
AirlinesDestinationsRefs
Aeroméxico Mexico City [95]
Aeroméxico Connect Monterrey [95]
Air Canada Rouge Calgary, Montréal–Trudeau, Toronto–Pearson, Vancouver [96]
Alaska Airlines Anchorage (begins May 20, 2021),[97] Everett, Los Angeles, Portland (OR), San Francisco, Seattle/Tacoma [98]
Allegiant Air Albuquerque, Appleton, Asheville (begins March 4, 2021),[99] Austin, Belleville/St. Louis, Bellingham, Billings, Bismarck, Boise, Bozeman, Cedar Rapids/Iowa City, Chicago–Rockford, Cincinnati, Des Moines, El Paso, Eugene, Fargo, Fayetteville/Bentonville, Flint (begins March 4, 2021),[99] Fort Wayne, Fresno, Grand Forks, Grand Island, Grand Junction, Grand Rapids, Great Falls, Idaho Falls, Indianapolis, Kalispell, Knoxville, Laredo, Los Angeles, Louisville, McAllen, Medford, Memphis, Minot, Missoula, Moline/Quad Cities, Monterey, Oakland, Oklahoma City, Omaha, Orange County (CA) (begins February 18, 2021),[99] Peoria, Phoenix/Mesa, Rapid City, Redmond (OR), Reno/Tahoe, San Antonio, San Diego, Santa Maria (CA), Shreveport, Sioux Falls, South Bend, Spokane (begins February 11, 2021),[100] Springfield/Branson, Stockton, Tri-Cities (WA), Tucson, Tulsa, Wichita
Seasonal: Jackson Hole (begins June 4, 2021)[101] 		[102]
American Airlines Charlotte, Chicago–O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Los Angeles, Miami, New York–JFK, Philadelphia, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Washington–National [103]
British Airways London–Gatwick, London–Heathrow [104]
Condor Frankfurt [105]
Copa Airlines Panama City–Tocumen [106]
Delta Air Lines Atlanta, Boston, Cincinnati, Detroit, Los Angeles, Minneapolis/St. Paul, New York–JFK, Raleigh/Durham (resumes March 2, 2021), Salt Lake City, Seattle/Tacoma [107]
Delta Connection Los Angeles
Seasonal: Orange County, Portland (OR), San Diego, San Jose (CA) 		[107]
Edelweiss Air Seasonal: Zürich [108]
Frontier Airlines Atlanta, Austin, Charlotte, Chicago–O'Hare, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Colorado Springs, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Detroit, El Paso (begins March 11, 2021),[109] Houston–Intercontinental, Indianapolis, Little Rock (begins March 11, 2021),[109] Long Island/Islip (begins March 18, 2021),[110] Los Angeles, Madison, Miami, Milwaukee, Nashville, Newark, Norfolk, Oakland, Oklahoma City (begins March 12, 2021),[109] Omaha, Ontario (CA) (resumes February 11, 2021),[111] Orange County, Orlando, Philadelphia, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Portland (OR), Puerto Vallarta (begins March 25, 2021),[109] Raleigh/Durham, Reno/Tahoe, Sacramento, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), San José del Cabo (begins March 26, 2021),[109] Seattle/Tacoma, Spokane, Tampa, Washington–Dulles, Wichita (begins March 12, 2021)[109] [112]
Hawaiian Airlines Honolulu, Kahului [113]
JetBlue Boston, Cancún (begins March 4, 2021),[114] Fort Lauderdale, Hartford, Los Angeles, Newark, New York–JFK, Raleigh/Durham (begins March 4, 2021),[114] Richmond [115]
JSX Burbank, Oakland, Orange County, Phoenix–Sky Harbor
Seasonal: Salt Lake City		 [116]
KLM Amsterdam [117]
Southwest Airlines Albuquerque, Amarillo, Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Birmingham (AL), Boise, Buffalo, Burbank, Chicago–Midway, Cleveland, Colorado Springs (begins March 11, 2021),[118] Columbus–Glenn, Dallas–Love, Denver, Des Moines, Detroit, El Paso, Fort Lauderdale, Fresno (begins April 25, 2021),[119] Houston–Hobby, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Little Rock, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Louisville, Lubbock, Midland/Odessa, Milwaukee, Nashville, New Orleans, Oakland, Oklahoma City, Omaha, Ontario, Orange County, Orlando, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Pittsburgh, Portland (OR), Raleigh/Durham, Reno/Tahoe, Sacramento, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), Santa Barbara (begins April 12, 2021),[119] Seattle/Tacoma, Spokane, Tampa, Tucson, Tulsa, Wichita
Seasonal: Albany, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Philadelphia 		[120]
Spirit Airlines Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Boston, Burbank, Chicago–O'Hare, Cleveland, Columbus–Glenn, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Detroit, Fort Lauderdale, Houston–Intercontinental, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Nashville, Newark, New Orleans, Oakland, Orange County, Orlando, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Portland (OR), Sacramento, San Diego, Seattle/Tacoma, Tampa [121]
Sun Country Airlines Minneapolis/St. Paul
Seasonal: Dallas/Fort Worth, Houston-Intercontinental (begins September 2, 2021),[122] Los Angeles, Madison, St. Louis, San Antonio		 [123]
Swoop Edmonton
Seasonal: Toronto–Pearson 		[124]
United Airlines Chicago–O'Hare, Denver, Houston–Intercontinental, Los Angeles, Newark, San Francisco, Washington–Dulles [125]
United Express Los Angeles, San Francisco [125]
Virgin Atlantic London–Heathrow [126]
VivaAerobus Mexico City
Seasonal: Monterrey 		[127]
Volaris Guadalajara, León/Del Bajío, Mexico City [128]
WestJet Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto–Pearson, Vancouver, Winnipeg
Seasonal: Regina, Saskatoon 		[129]

Cargo
AirlinesDestinationsRefs
Ameriflight Phoenix-Sky Harbor [130]
FedEx Express Memphis, Oakland [131][132]
UPS Airlines Louisville [133]

Statistics

Top domestic destinations
Busiest domestic routes from LAS
(November 2019 – October 2020)[134]
Rank City Passengers Carriers
1Los Angeles, California743,880Alaska, Allegiant, American, Delta, Frontier, Southwest, Spirit, United, JetBlue
2Denver, Colorado563,560Frontier, Southwest, Spirit, United
3Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas556,730American, Frontier, Spirit, Sun Country
4Seattle/Tacoma, Washington494,380Alaska, Delta, Frontier, Southwest, Spirit
5San Francisco, California446,910Alaska, Frontier, Southwest, United
6Atlanta, Georgia435,150Delta, Frontier, Southwest, Spirit
7Chicago–O'Hare, Illinois431,960American, Frontier, Spirit, United
8Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Arizona392,240American, Frontier, JSX, Southwest
9San Diego, California321,670Allegiant, Delta, Frontier, Southwest, Spirit
10Minneapolis, Minnesota312,540Delta, Southwest, Spirit, Sun Country

Top airlines by international passengers
Top airlines by international passengers carried at McCarran Airport (2017)
Rank Airline Passengers (2017)[135]
1WestJet921,950
2Air Canada Rouge862,403
3British Airways320,580
4Virgin Atlantic284,183
5Aeroméxico200,474
6Volaris176,444
7Thomas Cook Airlines136,291
8Korean Air116,240
9Copa Airlines97,748

Annual traffic
Annual passenger traffic at LAS
1997–Present[136]
YearPassengersYearPassengersYearPassengers
199730,315,094200747,728,414201748,500,194
199830,227,287200844,074,707201849,716,584
199933,715,129200940,469,012201951,537,638
200036,865,893201039,757,359202022,201,479
200135,180,960201141,479,8142021
200235,009,011201241,667,5962022
200336,265,932201341,857,0592023
200441,441,531201442,885,3502024
200544,267,362201545,389,0742025
200646,193,329201647,435,6402026

Accidents and incidents
  • On the evening of November 15, 1964, Bonanza Air Lines Flight 114, a Fairchild F-27 turboprop flying from Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport to McCarran Int'l Airport crashed into the top of a hill in desert country about 8 miles (13 km) SSW of Las Vegas in poor weather conditions, all 26 passengers and three crew perished. The probable cause was the misreading of a faulty, outdated approach chart by the captain which resulted in a premature descent before impacting terrain.[137]
  • On September 8, 2015, British Airways Flight 2276 aborted takeoff from McCarran due to engine failure. While preparing to takeoff from runway 7L for London Gatwick Airport, the Boeing 777-200ER suffered failure of its left (#1) engine, and a fire erupted.[138] 14 passengers suffered injuries during the evacuation,[138] and the runway was closed for eight hours.[139] The aircraft suffered major damage, but it was repaired and returned to service in March 2016.[140]
  • On October 1, 2017, a mass shooting occurred during a country music concert near the airport. Fleeing concertgoers ran across the Las Vegas Strip and climbed over the fence onto airport property. Flights to McCarran were temporarily suspended as a result, with inbound aircraft diverted to Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport and several airports in California. In addition, the shooter, Stephen Paddock, attempted to detonate a jet fuel tank at the airport by firing on it from their position, but the fuel did not ignite.[141]

Ivanpah Valley Airport
Main article: Ivanpah Valley Airport

In the late 1990s, the county decided to build a second airport for Las Vegas, to be located 30 miles (48 km) from the city in the Ivanpah Valley. Passenger traffic at McCarran had been rising steadily, and the county predicted that the airport would reach its capacity of 55 million passengers per year by 2008. The county began the process of acquiring federal land for the airport, and it started funding an EIS. However, the advent of an economic recession in 2007 and the resulting decline in passenger numbers called the Ivanpah Valley Airport project into question. In June 2010, the project was indefinitely suspended. However, the county continues to monitor the site of the planned airport, and it will reconsider the project once McCarran Airport reaches its capacity.

Notes
  1. The runway appears in Jeppesen charts from 1955 and 1966;[67][68] it closed about 1973.

References
  1. "Clark County Department of Aviation Statistics". McCarran.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  2. FAA Airport Form 5010 for LAS PDF, effective February 1, 2018.
  3. "Howard W. Cannon Aviation Museum". Clark County, Nevada. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  4. Wright 2005, p. 31.
  5. Moehring & Green 2005, p. 73.
  6. Wright 2005, p. 32.
  7. Moehring & Green 2005, pp. 85, 145.
  8. Moehring & Green 2005, pp. 85–86.
  9. Wright 2005, p. 33.
  10. Hall-Patton, Mark (September 27, 2010). "McCarran International Airport". Online Nevada Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  11. Wright 2005, p. 35.
  12. Hall-Patton, Mark (September 27, 2010). "Las Vegas Army Air Base". Online Nevada Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  13. Zook, Sandquist & Burke 2009, p. 73.
  14. Jones 2012, p. 15.
  15. "LAS75intro". www.departedflights.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-01. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  16. "LAS79intro". www.departedflights.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-01. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  17. Galatz, Karen (December 6, 1978). "Commissioners OK $216 Mil. McCarran expansion". Las Vegas Sun. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  18. Velotta, Richard (October 31, 1996). "Colorful McCarran Airport Parking Plaza opens Tuesday". Las Vegas Sun. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  19. "Las Vegas Airport Connector Opens". Public Roads. Vol. 58 no. 4. Federal Highway Administration. Spring 1995. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  20. Radke, Jace (June 15, 1998). "New terminal reminder of earlier times, family city". Las Vegas Sun. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  21. "Las Vegas aims high with international plan". Las Vegas Sun. November 17, 1997. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  22. "Condor Begins Nonstop Service to McCarran Airport". Travel Weekly. March 3, 1997. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  23. "Nonstop flights from Vegas to Japan to begin". Las Vegas Sun. April 8, 1998. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  24. Velotta, Richard (June 6, 2011). "Velotta: Delta creates buzz with in-flight magazine section on Las Vegas". Vegas Inc. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  25. "Inaugural London flight arrives today". Las Vegas Sun. June 8, 2000. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  26. Rick Belliotti (2008). Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Synthesis 8: Common Use Facilities and Equipment at Airports (PDF) (Report). Transportation Research Board. pp. 13, 67. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  27. Stellin, Susan (November 7, 2011). "Sharing Catches On at Airports". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 14, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  28. "Growing pains bring expansion to local airport". Las Vegas Sun. September 15, 1997. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  29. "McCarran debuting 'SpeedCheck' kiosks". Las Vegas Sun. May 20, 2003. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  30. Jones, David (February 3, 2004). "Speeding Flight Check-In At Self-Service Kiosks". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  31. "Las Vegas airport offering free Wi-Fi Internet connections". USA Today. Associated Press. January 4, 2005. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  32. Sanchez, Elaine (January 4, 2005). "McCarran Launches Country's Largest Free Airport Wireless Network" (PDF) (Press release). Las Vegas, NV: McCarran International Airport. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  33. "New D gates set to open today". Las Vegas Sun. April 15, 2005. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  34. Sanchez, Elaine (April 15, 2005). "McCarran International Airport Showcases First Major Construction Project Since 9/11" (PDF) (Press release). McCarran International Airport. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 10, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  35. O'Connor, Mary (October 25, 2005). "McCarran Airport RFID System Takes Off". RFID Journal. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  36. West, Karen (October 13, 2006). "Vegas bets on radio chips for luggage problems". MSNBC. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  37. Velotta, Richard (April 30, 2008). "US Airways to cut more Las Vegas flights". Las Vegas Sun. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  38. McCartney, Scott (March 17, 1996). "Grabbing The Red-eye". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 12, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  39. "America West says its committed to Vegas". Las Vegas Sun. February 20, 1998. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  40. Gilbertson, Dawn (June 13, 2008). "US Airways cutting jobs, flights, adding fees". azcentral.com. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  41. Velotta, Richard (September 1, 2011). "US Airways to cut 40 percent of Las Vegas flights". Vegas Inc. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  42. Velotta, Richard (December 14, 2008). "A flier's guide to McCarran". Las Vegas Sun. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  43. O'Reiley, Tim (May 31, 2011). "McCarran's new air traffic control tower will stand twice as tall as current one". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  44. Velotta, Richard; Rogers, Keith (August 7, 2014). "Construction mistake delays McCarran tower opening". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  45. Velotta, Richard (June 9, 2015). "FAA chief expects new McCarran tower to be operational in '16". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on June 13, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  46. Clemons, Marvin (August 28, 2016). "McCarran air traffic controllers begin using new $99M control tower". KSNV. Archived from the original on September 1, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
  47. Marroquin, Art (July 10, 2016). "New McCarran air traffic control tower to debut Aug. 28". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on July 14, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
  48. Velotta, Richard (June 27, 2012). "McCarran's Terminal 3 opens with Vegas-style fanfare". Las Vegas Sun. Archived from the original on August 6, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  49. Packer, Adrienne (January 5, 2001). "International tourism fuels expansion at airport". Las Vegas Sun. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  50. Walker, Randall (August 10, 2010). "Why we're building that new terminal at McCarran". Las Vegas Sun. Archived from the original on August 6, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  51. Jones 2012, p. 13.
  52. Velotta, Richard (June 16, 2011). "When new terminal opens at McCarran, old one will come down". Vegas Inc. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  53. O'Reiley, Tim (June 24, 2012). "McCarran embraces spacious new Terminal 3". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  54. Velotta, Richard (February 16, 2012). "McCarran's Terminal 3: A model gateway". Las Vegas Sun. Archived from the original on August 6, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  55. "Facilities & Services". McCarran International Airport. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  56. Marroquin, Art (May 26, 2017). "New corridor linking gates to inspections area opening soon at McCarran". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
  57. Kudialis, Chris (December 25, 2016). "Las Vegas airport by the numbers". Las Vegas Sun. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
  58. "Harry Reid: Pat McCarran's name shouldn't be on anything - Las Vegas Sun Newspaper". 25 August 2012. Archived from the original on 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
  59. "Lawmaker proposes renaming airport after Reid". 2 July 2016. Archived from the original on 2019-08-11. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
  60. "There is a renewed push to remove the McCarran name in Nevada". 27 March 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-07-01. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
  61. "Sisolak urges renaming Las Vegas airport after Harry Reid". 20 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-07-02. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
  62. Akers, Mick (20 March 2020). "McCarran operations still slowed as control tower remains closed". www.reviewjournal.com.
  63. "KLAS – McCarran International Airport". Airnav.com. May 26, 2016. Archived from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  64. Crews, Christine (April 22, 2016). "McCarran Reopens Runway 8L/26R" (Press release). Las Vegas, NV: Clark County, Nevada. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  65. Spillman, Benjamin (November 15, 2008). "Runway work could snarl flights". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on June 6, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  66. "McCarran International Airport opens a new runway for air carrier use". The Weekly of Business Aviation. October 27, 1997. Archived from the original on June 6, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  67. Standard Instrument Approach Procedures; Las Vegas, Nevada; McCarran Field; LAS (Map). Jeppesen. December 6, 1955. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
  68. Jeppesen Approach Chart; Las Vegas, Nev.; McCarran Apt (Map). Jeppesen. June 21, 1966. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
  69. Marroquin, Art (August 20, 2017). "Magnetic shifts prompt a renumbering for runways at McCarran". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  70. "Magnetic shifts prompt renumbering for runways at McCarran". Miami Herald. The Associated Press. August 20, 2017. Archived from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  71. "McCarran International (Las Vegas) Airport Capacity Profile, 2015" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  72. "My Journey". McCarran International Airport. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  73. Jones 2012, p. 23.
  74. "Red Line Tram at McCarran International Airport". www.mccarran.com. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  75. "Terminal 1 – Long Term". McCarran International Airport. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
  76. "Terminal 3 – Long Term". McCarran International Airport. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
  77. "Terminal 1 – Economy Parking". McCarran International Airport. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
  78. "Terminal 3 – Economy Parking". McCarran International Airport. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
  79. "Terminal 1 – Remote/Oversize Vehicle Parking". McCarran International Airport. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
  80. "Terminal 3 Oversize Vehicle Parking". McCarran International Airport. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
  81. Velotta, Richard (March 14, 2016). "McCarran opens cellphone parking lot for passenger pick-up". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on May 21, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
  82. Spillman, Benjamin (April 4, 2007). "Car Renters Consolidate in Building Near Airport". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on May 23, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
  83. "Airport Transit Routes". RTC Transit. Archived from the original on May 15, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
  84. "Inter-terminal Shuttle". McCarran International Airport. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
  85. Kudialis, Chris (May 1, 2015). "With megafight near, airport traffic peaking at record levels". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  86. Snel, Alan (April 16, 2015). "Papillon marks 50th anniversary with golden helicopter". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on August 4, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  87. Velotta, Richard (November 20, 2015). "Maverick Aviation takes off with plush new Las Vegas terminal". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  88. Ferrara, David (April 21, 2014). "Sundance Helicopters remodels terminal, polishes image". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  89. Young, Matt (July 22, 2015). "U.S. government airline Janet hides in plain site". News.com.au. Archived from the original on May 5, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  90. Velotta, Richard (October 9, 2010). "Company shows off air cargo center". Las Vegas Sun. Archived from the original on February 8, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
  91. Hansen, Kyle (September 9, 2010). "McCarran air cargo center to open in October". Las Vegas Sun. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
  92. Dostal, Erin (November 9, 2009). "Marnell breaks ground on McCarran cargo center". Las Vegas Sun. Archived from the original on February 8, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
  93. "Airport museum named after former Sen. Howard Cannon". Las Vegas Sun. June 3, 1999. Archived from the original on May 11, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  94. Lyle, Michael (August 9, 2011). "TV show makes a star out of museum administrator Mark Hall-Patton". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  95. "Flight Schedule". Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  96. "Flight Schedules". Air Canada. Archived from the original on 2018-03-23. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
  97. "Alaska Airlines adds more 'sun and fun' destinations from Anchorage". Alaska Airlines. December 16, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  98. "Flight Timetable". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  99. "Allegiant Announces Major Service Expansion With 15 New, Nonstop Routes, Two New Cities | Allegiant Travel Company". ir.allegiantair.com.
  100. "Allegiant announces new nonstop service from Spokane to Las Vegas". Business Insider. November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  101. https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/airline-news/2021/01/12/allegiant-air-flight-expansion-portland-jackson-hole-key-west/6631129002/
  102. "Flight schedules and notifications". Archived from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  103. "Flight schedules and notifications". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  104. "Timetables". British Airways. Archived from the original on 2017-03-30. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
  105. "Timetable". Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  106. "Flight Schedule". Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  107. "FLIGHT SCHEDULES". Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  108. "Timetable". Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  109. https://news.flyfrontier.com/frontier-airlines-announces-expanded-las-vegas-service-with-6-new-nonstop-routes/
  110. "Frontier Airlines Announces Daily Nonstop Flights from Long Island to Las Vegas". Frontier Airlines Announces Daily Nonstop Flights from Long Island to Las Vegas.
  111. "Frontier Airlines Announces 19 Nonstop Routes and 3 New Destinations". Frontier Airlines Announces 19 Nonstop Routes and 3 New Destinations.
  112. "Frontier". Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  113. "Destinations". Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  114. http://blueir.investproductions.com/investor-relations/press-releases/2020/12-17-2020-130220331
  115. "JetBlue Airlines Timetable". Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  116. "Where We Fly". www.jsx.com. JSX. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  117. "View the Timetable". KLM. Archived from the original on 2017-09-12. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
  118. Co, Southwest Airlines. "Southwest Airlines Announces Initial Flight Schedules For Chicago O'Hare And Colorado Springs". www.prnewswire.com.
  119. "Buy Now! Southwest Airlines Service In Fresno & Santa Barbara To Begin In April 2021 With One-Way Fares As Low As $39". Southwest Airlines Newsroom (Press release). January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  120. "Check Flight Schedules". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  121. "Where We Fly". Spirit Airlines. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  122. https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2021/01/25/sun-country-airlines-announces-16-new-routes.html
  123. "Route Map & Flight Schedule". Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  124. "Where we fly" Archived 2018-08-23 at the Wayback Machine, Swoop, 27 March 2019 Retrieved on 01 April 2019.
  125. "Timetable". Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  126. "Interactive flight map". Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  127. "Our Destination". Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  128. "Volaris Flight Schedule". Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  129. "Flight schedules". Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  130. https://w3.ameriflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Complex-Bases-with-Destinations-Lines-and-Airport-Codes-all-white-text-2-e1573666934751.png
  131. "Live Flight Tracker - Real-Time Flight Tracker Map". Flightradar24.
  132. "Live Flight Tracker - Real-Time Flight Tracker Map". Flightradar24.
  133. "Live Flight Tracker - Real-Time Flight Tracker Map". Flightradar24.
  134. "Las Vegas, NV: McCarran International (LAS)". Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  135. "2017 Statistics - Enplaned and Deplaned Passengers" (PDF). McCarran International Airport. January 22, 2018. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-24. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  136. "Statistics at Clark County Department of Aviation". Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  137. Accident description for N745L at the Aviation Safety Network
  138. Lidgett, Adam (September 8, 2015). "British Airways Plane Fire Update: Runway 7L At Las Vegas Airport Reopens After Plane Fire That Left 14 People Injured". International Business Times. Archived from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  139. Lewis, Rebecca. "Runway reopens after British Airways plane catches fire at Las Vegas airport". KTNV-TV. Archived from the original on 2016-06-03. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  140. "British Airways B777-200ER G-VIIO Returns to Service". The BA Source. March 24, 2016. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  141. German, Jeff (October 5, 2017). "Commissioner calls for security review of jet fuel tanks after Las Vegas Strip shooting". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on October 7, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
Bibliography

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.