Anti-LGBT rhetoric

Anti-LGBT rhetoric are themes, catchphrases, and slogans that have been used against homosexuality or other non-heterosexual sexual orientations in order to demean lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. They range from the demeaning and the pejorative to expressions of hostility towards homosexuality which are based on religious, medical, or moral grounds. It is a form of hate speech[1][2] which is illegal in countries such as the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden.[3]

Anti-LGBT demonstration in Seattle, Washington, United States

Anti-LGBT rhetoric often consists of moral panic and/or conspiracy theory. In Eastern Europe, these conspiracy theories are based on earlier antisemitic conspiracy theories and posit that the LGBT movement is an instrument of foreign control and domination.[4][5][6]

Anti-gay rhetoric

Anti-gay activists claim that homosexuality goes against traditional family values, or that homosexuality is a Trojan Horse, or that it "destroys families" and humankind[7] through homosexual recruitment which will lead to the extinction of humanity.

Causing disasters

The argument that homosexuals cause natural disasters has been around for more than a thousand years, even before Justinian blamed earthquakes on "unchecked homosexual behavior" in the sixth century.[8] This trope was common in early modern Christian literature;[9] homosexuals were blamed for earthquakes, floods, famines, plagues, invasions of Saracens, and field mice. This discourse was revived by Anita Bryant in 1976 when she blamed homosexuals for droughts in California.[8] In the US, right-wing religious groups including the Westboro Baptist Church continue to claim that homosexuals are responsible for disasters.[10] Homosexuals have been blamed for hurricanes, including Isaac, Katrina, and Sandy.[11] In 2020, various religious figures including Israeli rabbi Meir Mazuz have argued that the COVID-19 pandemic is divine retribution for same-sex activity or pride parades.[12]

Reverend Jerry Falwell blamed homosexuals (among others) for indirectly causing the September 2001 attacks by provoking the aggression of Islamic fundamentalists and causing God to withdraw his protection for America. On the broadcast of the Christian television program The 700 Club, Falwell said, "You helped this happen." He later clarified that "I would never blame any human being except the terrorists".[13][14]

In 2012, Chilean politician Ignacio Urrutia claimed that allowing homosexuals to serve in the Chilean military would cause Perú and Bolivia to invade and destroy his country.[15]

Causing AIDS

An outgrowth of the discourse on homosexuality causing disasters argues that HIV/AIDS is divine punishment for homosexuality.[16][8][17] During the early years of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s, mainstream newspapers labeled it a "gay plague".[18][19][20] For a few years the misleading technical name for the disease was gay-related immune deficiency.[21]

The slogan "AIDS Kills Fags Dead" appeared during the early years of AIDS in the United States, when the disease was mainly diagnosed among male homosexuals and was almost invariably fatal. The slogan caught on quickly as a catchy truism, a chant, or simply something written as graffiti. It is reported that the slogan first appeared in public in the early 1990s, when Sebastian Bach, the former lead singer of the heavy metal band Skid Row, wore it on a t-shirt thrown to him by an audience member.[22] The slogan "AIDS cures fags" is used by the Westboro Baptist Church.[23][24]

Homosexual agenda

The derogatory term "homosexual agenda" is applied to efforts to change government policies and laws on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) issues, for example, same-sex marriage and civil unions, LGBT adoption, recognizing sexual orientation as a protected civil rights minority classification, LGBT military participation, inclusion of LGBT history and themes in public education, introduction of anti-bullying legislation to protect LGBT minors—as well as non-governmental campaigns and individual actions that increase visibility and cultural acceptance of LGBT people, relationships, and identities. The term has also been used by some social conservatives to describe alleged goals of LGBT rights activists, such as supposed recruitment of heterosexuals into a "homosexual lifestyle".[25]

In the United States, the phrase "the gay agenda" was popularized by a video series produced by the evangelical religious group, Springs of Life Ministries in California, and distributed by many Christian Right organizations, the first video of which was called The Gay Agenda and was released in 1992.[26]:8181 In the same year the Oregon Citizens Alliance (a conservative Christian political activist organization) used this video as part of their campaign for Ballot Measure 9 to amend the Oregon Constitution to prevent what the OCA called special rights for gays, lesbians, and bisexuals.[27]

Paul Cameron—co-founder of the Institute for the Scientific Investigation of Sexuality in Lincoln, later renamed the Family Research Institute—appeared in the video, wherein he asserted that 75 percent of gay men regularly ingest feces and that 70–78 percent have had a sexually transmitted disease.[28] The Gay Agenda was followed by three other video publications; The Gay Agenda in Public Education (1993), The Gay Agenda: March on Washington (1993) and a feature follow-up Stonewall: 25 Years of Deception (1994). The videos contained interviews with opponents of LGBT rights, and the series was made available through Christian right organizations.[29]

  • In 2003, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in his dissent in the landmark case Lawrence v. Texas that

    Today's opinion is the product of a Court, which is the product of a law-profession culture, that has largely signed on to the so-called homosexual agenda, by which I mean the agenda promoted by some homosexual activists directed at eliminating the moral opprobrium that has traditionally attached to homosexual conduct.[30]

  • In 2004, Oklahoma Senator Tom Coburn rated the "gay agenda" as a more pressing danger than any terrorist activity affecting Americans.[31]
  • In 2019 two prominent Roman Catholic cardinals - Raymond Leo Burke and Walter Brandmuller wrote an open letter to Pope Francis calling for an end of "the plague of the homosexual agenda" which they blamed for the sexual abuse crisis engulfing the Catholic Church. They claimed the agenda was spread by "organized networks" protected by a "conspiracy of silence".[32]

Responses

A man satirizing the concept of a gay agenda at the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear

The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) describes the term as a "rhetorical invention of anti-gay extremists seeking to create a climate of fear by portraying the pursuit of civil rights for LGBT people as sinister".[33] Such campaigns based on a presumed "gay agenda" have been described as anti-gay propaganda by researchers and critics.[34][35]

A satirical article by Michael Swift which appeared in the Gay Community News in February 1987 entitled "Gay Revolutionary" describes a scenario in which homosexual men dominate American society and suppress all things heterosexual. This was reprinted in Congressional Record without the opening line: "This essay is an outré, madness, a tragic, cruel fantasy, an eruption of inner rage, on how the oppressed desperately dream of being the oppressor."[36]

Ugandan bill

Uganda borrowed from the anti-gay rhetoric and influence of the American religious right to influence public opinion, and eventually persuade parliament to pass the Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Act (previously called the "Kill the Gays bill").

In 2009, a workshop entitled "Seminar on Exposing the Homosexuals' Agenda" was held in Kampala, Uganda organized by the Family Life Network, and led by Ugandan Stephen Langa.[37] The workshop featured three American evangelial Christians: Scott Lively, author of several books opposing homosexuality; Caleb Lee Brundidge, an ex-gay man who conducts sessions to heal homosexuality; and Don Schmierer, a board member of Exodus International, an organization devoted to promoting "freedom from homosexuality through the power of Jesus Christ".[38][39] The theme of the conference was the "gay agenda": the threat posed to Bible-based values and traditional American family. They discussed conversion therapy, how gay men often sodomized teenage boys and how "the gay movement is an evil institution" whose goal is "to defeat the marriage-based society and replace it with a culture of sexual promiscuity".[40] According to Ugandan Kappy Kaoma who was in attendance, "[The parliament] feels it is necessary to draft a new law that deals comprehensively with the issue of homosexuality and ...takes into account the international gay agenda. ... Right now there is a proposal that a new law be drafted."[37]

Within a month, the Anti-Homosexuality Bill of 2009 was introduced in Parliament with penalties up to capital punishment. That did not succeed, but by 2013 Parliament passed a law which was then signed into law by President Museveni with penalties up to life imprisonment for "the offense of homosexuality".[41]

Homosexuality as unnatural

Graffiti in Poznań: "Boy–girl is the normal family"

Describing homosexuality as unnatural dates back to Plato, Aristotle, and Thomas Aquinas. However, there is no single definition of "unnatural". Some of those who argue that homosexuality is unnatural in the sense of being absent from nature, an argument refuted by the presence of homosexuality in animals. Others mean that the genitals were created for reproduction (either by God or natural selection) and are not intended to be used for purposes they deem "unnatural". Proponents of this idea often argue that homosexuality is immoral because it is unnatural, but opponents argue that this argument is is–ought conflation. Some proponents of the "unnaturalness" thesis argue that homosexual behavior is the result of "recruitment" or willful sinfulness. However, if the causes of sexual orientation (still a matter of scientific debate) are biological, this undermines their argument to an extent.[42]

As a disease

Some of those who called homosexuality unnatural, such as Traditional Values Coalition head and Christian right activist Louis Sheldon, said that if it were proven to be a biologically based phenomenon, it would still be diseased.[42] The psychiatric establishment once medicalized same-sex desire. In the United States, homosexuality was removed in 1973 as a mental disorder from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as it did not meet the criteria for a mental disorder.[43][44][45] The Catholic Church still officially teaches that "homosexual tendencies" are "objectively disordered".[46] In 2016, anti-LGBT rhetoric was increasing in Indonesia under the Twitter hashtag #TolakLGBT (#RejectLGBT) and claims that LGBT is a disease.[47] In 2019, Archbishop Marek Jędraszewski claimed that a "rainbow plague" is threatening Poland.[48] In 2020, the education minister defended an official who warned that "LGBT virus" was threatening Polish schools, and was more dangerous than COVID-19.[49]

Homosexuality as ungodly

The phrase "God made Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve" is a slogan used as shorthand alluding to a Bible-based argument that homosexuality is sinful and unnatural.[50][51] A Christianity Today article in December 1970 reported on attitudes in San Francisco, quoting a graffiti that said, "If God had wanted homosexuals, he would have created Adam and Freddy."[52] In 1977 in Dade County, Anita Bryant made a similar comment, only her version was "Adam and Bruce".[53][54] By 1979, Jerry Falwell had used "Adam and Steve".[55] In 1977, it was used on a protest sign, as mentioned in a New York Times news service report about a November 19 rally in Houston that year.[56][57] The phrase was used in "The Gay Bar", an episode of Maude broadcast on December 3, 1977. Two years later, Jerry Falwell gave the phrase wider circulation in a Christianity Today report of a press conference he had given.[56][58] The phrase later acquired a certain notoriety, and, when used to name a pair of characters in a work of fiction, helps to identify them as members of a homosexual pair (Paul Rudnick's play The Most Fabulous Story Ever Told,[56][59] the 2005 film Adam & Steve and other works).[56] The phrase was used by the Democratic Unionist Party MP David Simpson during the 2013 British House of Commons' debate on same-sex marriage, although a slip of the tongue saying "in the Garden of Eden, it was Adam and Steve" initially caused laughter in the chamber.[60][56] Zimbabwean presidential candidate Nelson Chamisa said in an interview that "[w]e must be able to respect what God ordained and how we are created as a people, there are a male and a female, there are Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve".[61] The phrase was also reclaimed by LGBT people and used in blogs, comics, and other media mocking the anti-gay message.[56]

Homosexuality as a lifestyle

Closely related to the idea of "homosexual recruitment" is the idea of a "homosexual lifestyle" or "gay lifestyle", which LGBT people choose voluntarily rather than having a non-heterosexual sexual orientation.[62][63] Christian right activists also may worry that increasing LGBT rights will make the "gay lifestyle" more attractive to young people.[64]

Homosexual acts as sin

Religious protest of homosexuality in San Francisco
Sign in Tel Aviv: "God hates lechery"

Many conservative Christians consider homosexual acts to be inherently sinful based on scriptural passages such as Leviticus 18:22 ("You shall not lie with a male as with a woman; it is an abomination"), Leviticus 20:13 ("If a man lies with a male as with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination; they shall be put to death, their blood is upon them"), and 1 Corinthians 6:9–10 ("Do you not know that wrongdoers will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived! Fornicators, idolaters, adulterers, male prostitutes, sodomites, thieves, the greedy, drunkards, revilers, robbers—none of these will inherit the kingdom of God.")[65] The story of Sodom and Gomorrah, a city that was burned down due to the sins of its inhabitants, is sometimes portrayed as divine retribution for homosexual behavior.[66][65]

Various inflammatory and controversial slogans, including some listed in the next section, have been used by opponent congregations and individuals, particularly by Fred Phelps, founder of the Westboro Baptist Church. These slogans have included "God Hates Fags", "Fear God Not Fags", and "Matthew Shepard Burns In Hell".[67]

Homosexuality is also frequently considered sinful in Islam. In some Middle Eastern countries, acts of homosexuality are punishable by death. Anti-LGBT rhetoric and political homophobia is growing in some Muslim countries.[68][69][70][71][72]

Other religious leaders including Christians, Muslims, and Jews have denounced anti-LGBT rhetoric.[73][74][75][76]

As Western ill

Homosexuality is sometimes claimed to be non-existent in some non-Western countries, or to be an evil influence imported from the West.

Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad of Malayasia employed anti-gay rhetoric as part of his "Asian values" program, describing homosexuality as one of several Western ills.[77] Mohamad used it for political advantage in the 1998 scandal involving the sacking and jailing of MP and former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim by Mohamad amidst accusations of sodomy that the Sydney Morning Herald termed a "blatantly political fix-up".[78] Anwar was subsequently subjected to two trials and sentenced to nine years imprisonment for corruption and sodomy.[79]

While in New York for a meeting of the United Nations, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was invited to speak at Columbia University in New York to give a lecture. When responding to a student question afterward, he said, speaking through an interpreter: "In Iran, we don't have homosexuals like in your country."[80] In his native Farsi, he used the slang equivalent of faggot, not the neutral term for a "homosexual".[81]

Other countries and regions viewing homosexuality as a Western disease include Vietnam,[82] China,[83] Ethiopia,[84] Africa,[85] Australian Muslims,[86] and India.[87]

Conflation with child abuse

"Stop Pedofilii" van belonging to Fundacja Pro, falsely claiming that pedophilia is advocated by the "LGBT lobby"

The claim that homosexuals sexually abuse children predates the current era, as it was leveled against pederasts even during antiquity.[88] Lawmakers and social commentators have sometimes expressed a concern that normalizing homosexuality would also lead to normalizing pedophilia, if it were determined that pedophilia too were a sexual orientation.[89] A related claim is that LGBT adoption is done for the purpose of grooming children for sexual exploitation.[90] Others have falsely claimed that the "+" in "LGBT+" refers to "pedophiles, zoophiles, necrophiles".[91][92] In 2020, online conspiracy theorists alleged that LGBT is adding a P for "pedosexual" and that pedophiles have created the LGBT identities of "clovergender" and "agefluid". All of these claims have been rated false by fact checkers.[93][94][95]

The empirical research shows that sexual orientation does not affect the likelihood that people will abuse children.[96][97][98]

Recruitment

The charge of "homosexual recruitment" is an argument used by social conservatives which alleges that LGBT people engage in concerted efforts to indoctrinate children into homosexuality. In the United States, this dates back to the early post-war era.[99]:91 Proponents were found especially among the New Right, as epitomized by Anita Bryant. In her Save Our Children campaign, she promoted a view of homosexuals recruiting youth.[99]:115–116 A common slogan is "Homosexuals cannot reproduce — so they must recruit" or its variants.[100][101] Supporters of recruitment allegations point at "deviant"[102] and "prurient" sex education as evidence. They express concern that anti-bullying efforts teach that "homosexuality is normal, and that students shouldn't harass their classmates because they're gay", suggesting recruitment as the primary motivation.[103] Supporters of this myth cite the inability for same-sex couples to reproduce as a motivation for recruitment.[103][104][105][106]

Sociologists and psychologists describe such claims as an anti-gay myth,[107][108] and a fear-inducing bogeyman.[109] Many critics believe the term promotes the myth of homosexuals as pedophiles.[110][111]

  • In 1977, Anita Bryant successfully campaigned to repeal an ordinance in Miami-Dade County that prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Her campaign was based upon allegations of homosexual recruitment.[105] Writing about Bryant's efforts to repeal a Florida anti-discrimination law in the Journal of Social History, Michel Boucai wrote that "Bryant's organization, Save Our Children, framed the law as an endorsement of immorality and a license for 'recruitment'." [112]
  • Oregon's proposed 1992 Ballot Measure 9 contained language that would have added anti-LGBT rhetoric to the state Constitution. U.S. writer Judith Reisman justified her support for the measure, citing "a clear avenue for the recruitment of children" by gays and lesbians.[113]
  • A small newspaper in Uganda's capital attracted international attention in 2010 when it outed 100 gay people alongside a banner that said, "Hang them", and claimed that homosexuals aimed to "recruit" Ugandan children, and that schools had "been penetrated by gay activists to recruit kids."[114] According to gay rights activists, many Ugandans were attacked afterward as a result of their real or perceived sexual orientation.[115] Minorities activist David Kato, who was outed in the article and a co-plaintiff in the lawsuit against the paper, was subsequently murdered at home by an intruder[116] and an international outcry resulted.[117][118]

In 1998, The Onion parodied the idea of "homosexual recruitment" in an article titled "'98 Homosexual-Recruitment Drive Nearing Goal", saying "Spokespersons for the National Gay & Lesbian Recruitment Task Force announced Monday that more than 288,000 straights have been converted to homosexuality since January 1, 1998, putting the group well on pace to reach its goal of 350,000 conversions by the end of the year."[119][120] According to Mimi Marinucci, most US adults who support gay rights would recognize the story as satire due to unrealistic details.[119] The Westboro Baptist Church passed along the story as fact,[121][122] citing it as evidence of a gay conspiracy.[123]

LGBT conspiracy

Marchers at Prague Pride 2017 carry sign satirizing "Homo Lobby"

Homintern

In 1937 the English gay classics scholar Sir Maurice Bowra referred to himself as part of the "Homintern".[124] However, there are competing claims about who coined the term – including Jocelyn Brooke, Harold Norse and W. H. Auden. A takeoff on Comintern (Communist International), it was meant to convey the idea of a global homosexual community.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]

Auden used the term in the Partisan Review in 1950, entitling his review of a book on Oscar Wilde: "A Playboy of the Western World: St. Oscar, the Homintern Martyr."[127]

"Homintern" was also used by American Senator Joe McCarthy during the McCarthyist scare in the 1950s, who used it to claim that the administrations of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman were set on destroying America from within.[128] Attempts were made to link Communism and homosexuality, with "homintern" a play on the word "Comintern" (the short name of the Communist International). But the word was also used ironically by those in favor of gay rights.[129][130][131]

Homintern also appeared in a number of mass-circulation magazine articles during the 1960s - such as Ramparts, which in 1966 published an article by Gene Marine about the Homintern. It was also frequently used in the conservative magazine National Review. William F. Buckley, Jr. would warn of the machinations of the Homintern on his TV talk show Firing Line – feeding the conservative belief that the Homintern deliberately manipulated culture to encourage homosexuality by promoting camp programs such as the popular 1960s TV series Batman. Such magazine articles were often illustrated with the color lavender and the Homintern was sometimes called "the lavender conspiracy". It was subsequently claimed that there was a secret worldwide network of gay art gallery owners, ballet directors, movie producers, record label executives and photographers who, behind the scenes, determined who would become successful artists, dancers, actors, and models.[129]

The historian Michael S. Sherry has used the term hominterm discourse "for the untidy bundle of ideas and accusations about the gay creative presence".[132]

Gaystapo

The term "Gaystapo" (French: Gestapette) was coined in France in the 1940s by political satirist Jean Galtier-Boissière for the Vichy education minister, Abel Bonnard. It was subsequently applied by National Front leader Jean-Marie Le Pen to Florian Philippot, who he accused of being a bad influence on Marine Le Pen.[133][134]

Homosexual and Gay mafia

The English critic Kenneth Tynan wrote to A.C. Spectorsky (editor of Playboy) in 1967 proposing an article on the "Homosexual Mafia" in the arts.[135] Spectorsky declined, although he admitted that "culture hounds were paying homage to faggotismo as they have never done before" Playboy would subsequently run a panel on gay issues in April 1971.

"Gay Mafia" became more widely used in the US media in the 1980s and 1990s, such as the American daily The New York Post. The term was also used by the British tabloid The Sun in 1998 in response to what it claimed was sinister dominance by gay men in the Labour Party Cabinet.[136][137][138][139]

Lavender mafia

While the term "Lavender Mafia" has occasionally been used to refer to informal networks of gay executives in the US entertainment industry,[140] more generally it refers to Church politics. For example a faction within the leadership and clergy of the Roman Catholic Church that allegedly advocates the acceptance of homosexuality within the Church and its teachings.[141]

Illegitimate political influence

Catholic Church

In 2013, Pope Francis spoke about a "gay lobby" within the Vatican, and promised to see what could be done.[142] In July 2013, Francis went on to draw a distinction between the problem of lobbying and the sexual orientation of people: "If a person is gay and seeks God and has good will, who am I to judge?" "The problem", he said, "is not having this orientation. We must be brothers. The problem is lobbying by this orientation, or lobbies of greedy people, political lobbies, Masonic lobbies, so many lobbies. This is the worse problem."[143][144]

LGBT as an ideology

LGBT-free zone stickers distributed by the Gazeta Polska newspaper, 2019

In 2013, Alex Aradanas published some articles in the right-wing website American Thinker which discussed "LGBT ideology", for instance, "to affirm LGBT ideology is to support abuse".[145] The Italian Catholic philosopher Roberto Marchesini also used the phrase in a 2015 article, equating it with the earlier concept of "gender ideology". In his article he does not define either "LGBT ideology" or "gender ideology".[145][146] In 2017, several conservative Islamic politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia attacked "LGBT ideology".[145][147]

During a sermon on 1 August 2019, Archbishop Marek Jędraszewski called "LGBT ideology" a "rainbow plague" and compared it to the "Red Plague" of Communism.[148][149] Following this, the Czech cardinal Dominik Duka also commented on "LGBT ideology". However, because Czech society is secular and the Catholic Church has little influence on Czech politics, his comments had little impact.[145] In September 2019, Stanley Bill, a lecturer at Cambridge University who studies Poland, stated "Scaremongering about 'LGBT ideology' has almost become official policy in Poland with often nasty insinuations from members of the government and public media now the norm".[150]

In June 2020, Polish President Andrzej Duda drew international attention when he called LGBT an "ideology" and a form of "Neo-Bolshevism".[151][152] Agreement party MP Jacek Żalek stated in an interview that the LGBT community "are not people" and "it's an ideology", which led to the journalist Katarzyna Kolenda-Zaleska asking him to leave the studio; the row caused controversy.[153] The next day, Duda said at a rally in Silesia: "They are trying to convince us that [LGBT] is people, but it is just an ideology."[154] He promised to "ban the propagation of LGBT ideology in public institutions", including schools, similar to the Russian gay propaganda law.[155] On the same day, PiS MP Przemysław Czarnek said on a TVP Info talk show, regarding a photo of a naked person in a gay bar, "Let's defend ourselves against LGBT ideology and stop listening to those idiocies about human rights or equality. These people are not equal to normal people."[155][156]

In July 2020, the European Union announced that it will not provide funding to six Polish towns that have declared themselves 'LGBT-free zones', after nearly 100 local governments, a third of Poland's territory, declared themselves "free from LGBT ideology."[157] On 1 August 2020, the anniversary of the Warsaw Uprising, ultranationalist Robert Winnicki compared LGBT to communist and Nazi ideology. He stated, "Every plague passes at some point. The German plague passed, which was consuming Poland for six years, the red plague passed, the rainbow plague is also going to pass."[158] In August 2020, Justice Minister Zbigniew Ziobro announced a new program for "counteracting crimes related to the violation of freedom of conscience committed under the influence of LGBT ideology". From a government fund intended to help victims of crime, PLN 613,698 was awarded to a foundation to combat the alleged crimes of "LGBT ideology".[159][160][161] The project, among other things, explores a supposed connection between LGBT ideology and the Frankfurt School.[162] At the 16 August "Stop LGBT aggression" rally, Krzysztof Bosak said that even irreligious people are among opponents of "LGBT ideology" because it is "contrary to common sense and rational thinking". He also said that the LGBT community is "a lower form of social life".[163]

Criticism

According to Krakow Post, a Polish newspaper, "LGBT is not an ideology... The phrase 'LGBT ideology' makes about as much sense as 'redhead ideology' or 'left-handed ideology.'" While the support of many LGBT people and their allies improved LGBT rights, they have differing political views.[151] According to Notes from Poland, "attacks on 'LGBT ideology' – which often rely on exaggerated, distorted or invented claims – result in the marginalisation and demonisation of such people."[164] Center-right presidential candidate Szymon Hołownia, who is a practicing Catholic, stated, "there is no such thing as LGBT ideology, there are [LGBT] people". He said that anti-LGBT rhetoric from politicians could lead vulnerable people to suicide.[164] In protest at the comments made by the president and Żalek, LGBT people have held pickets in various towns and cities in Poland, opposing the idea that LGBT is an ideology.[165][166][167][168] Activists also created a film, "Ludzie, nie ideologia" (People, not ideology) showcasing the families of LGBT people.[169]

An article in OKO.press compared the anti-LGBT campaign to the 1968 "anti-Zionist" campaign: during the anti-Zionist campaign, people said that they were targeting Zionism as an ideology, but ended up targeting Jews as people. Many Jews were forced out of the country in 1968, and LGBT people are emigrating from Poland in 2020.[155] According to Polish historian Adam Leszczyński, "LGBT ideology" is

a bag into which the right wing throws societal changes that do not suit it (eg. calls for equal rights for same-sex couples, which have been implemented in many countries, from the United States to South Africa). In the language of right-wing propaganda... "LGBT ideology" serves to dehumanize minorities and create an enemy - and thus build political support for the right, which presents itself as the only defender of the traditional family, religion and social order. "Ideology" also fits the right-wing perception of the world in terms of a conspiracy - ideology is "promoted", someone disseminates it, someone is "behind it" (eg. George Soros, a Jewish-American financier who supports, among others, LGBT organizations).[170]

Conflict with national identity or sovereignty

In 1969, the Greek junta exited the Council of Europe after being found in violation of the European Convention of Human Rights, judging that the European Commission of Human Rights was "a conspiracy of homosexuals and communists against Hellenic values".[171]

This discourse, promoted by the governments of Hungary and Poland, alleges that LGBT rights movements are controlled by foreign forces (such as the European Union) and are a threat to national independence and western civilization.[172][173][174][175] Anti-government protests in Russia and the Euromaidan have also been portrayed by the Russian government as the work of a LGBT conspiracy.[175]

Dehumanization

"Stay in the closet; gay=scum": graffiti in Madrid

Dehumanization is a frequent feature of anti-LGBT rhetoric, which may take the form of comparing LGBT people to animals or equating homosexual relationships with bestiality.[176][177]

Calls for violence

"Death to faggots": Serbian graffiti in Belgrade

Anti-LGBT rhetoric also includes calls for violence against LGBT people and suggestions that they should be killed or die,[178] such as in Cyprus,[179] Iran,[180] Russia,[181] the United States,[182][183] Malawi,[184] or Uganda.[114]

In Serbia, members of Obraz chanted "Death to faggots" (Serbian: Смрт педерима) and posted posters stating "we are waiting for you" (Serbian: чекамо вас) next to an image of a baseball bat. In 2012, the organization was banned by the Constitutional Court of Serbia due to extremism.[185][186]

Anti-transgender themes

Anti-transgender graffiti in Rome's Municipio VIII district

Misgendering

Misgendering is the act of labelling others with a gender that does not match their gender identity.[187] Misgendering can be deliberate or accidental. It ordinarily takes the form of a person using pronouns to describe someone that are not the ones they use,[188] calling a person "ma'am" or "sir" in contradiction to the person's gender identity,[189] using a pre-transition name for someone instead of a post-transition one,[188] called "deadnaming".[190][191]

Deception and masquerade

Some transphobic slurs such as shemale, trap, and ladyboy capitalize on the idea that trans women are men masquerading as women. The concept of a person identifying as a gender that does not correspond with their physical sex identity has often been twisted into jokes about how repulsive such a person must be.[192]

Bathroom predators

In response to a growing push for anti-discrimination bills regarding public restrooms, Former Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee delivered this message to a National Religious Broadcasters Convention during his 2016 bid for the presidency:

We are now in city after city watching ordinances say that your seven-year-old daughter, if she goes into the restroom cannot be offended, and you can't be offended, if she's greeted there by a 42-year-old man who feels more like a woman than he does a man. Now I wish that someone told me that when I was in high school that I could have felt like a woman when it came time to take showers in PE. I'm pretty sure that I would have found my feminine side and said, 'Coach, I think I'd rather shower with the girls today.'

Huckabee goes on to say, "that there is something inherently wrong about forcing little children to be a part of this social experiment." Huckabee's joke prompted backlash from LGBT leaders, including Rebecca Issacs, the executive director of Equality Federation, who said in an email to The Huffington Post: "Everyone needs to use the restroom and everyone cares about safety and privacy. Mr. Huckabee's comments contribute to a climate in which, despite recent gains in visibility, transgender people continue to face extraordinarily high rates of discrimination and violence."[193]

In 2015, conservative group Campaign for Houston released an advertisement targeting Houston Proposition 1, an anti-discriminatory bill that would protect transgender peoples' rights to use bathrooms that align with their gender identity. The video, which implies the sexual assault of a young girl, was decried as "the definition of transphobia" by J. Brian Lowder, an associate editor for Slate and author for its LGBTQ section.[194]

In feminism

Some positions within feminist theory have used denialist rhetoric viewed as transphobic. Those that hold these positions are known as trans-exclusionary radical feminists, or "TERF" for short. This term was coined by feminist blogger Viv Smythe in 2008 as a value-neutral descriptor of feminists that engage in denialism.

In 1979, American radical feminist Janice Raymond published The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male. In it, she wrote that, "All transsexuals rape women's bodies by reducing the real female form to an artifact, appropriating this body for themselves."[195] A common position in radical feminism maintain that trans women are not women in a literal sense and should not be in women-only spaces.[196]

Some second-wave feminists perceive trans men and women respectively as "traitors" and "infiltrators" to womanhood.[197] In a 1997 article British lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys wrote that "[T]ranssexualism should be seen as a violation of human rights." Jeffreys also argued that by transitioning medically and socially, trans women are "constructing a conservative fantasy of what women should be. They are inventing an essence of womanhood which is deeply insulting and restrictive."[198] In the late 2010s, this rhetoric evolved into the false claim that transgender women force themselves on cisgender lesbians by using accusations of transphobia as a guilt trip.

Effects

According to one study, "homophobic epithets foster dehumanization and avoidance of gay people, in ways that other insults or labels do not."[199] Another study found that homophobia "results in substantial health and welfare effects".[200]

Legality and censorship

Hate speech against LGBT people, or incitement to hatred against them, is criminalized in some countries.[201]

See also

Notes

  1. [1930s?] "The new literary fashion then in the ascendant, dominated by what Jocelyn Brooke (himself homosexual, but detached from 'committed' writing) used to call The Homintern, was unsympathetic to me; at the same time the fourth novel on which I was now at work – to have the title Agents and Patients – did not entirely satisfy my own standards in breaking fresh ground."- Anthony Powell (1981)[lower-alpha 4]
  2. "The word 'Homintern', which I coined in 1939, is attributed to Auden, who used it in an article in the Partisan Review about 1941, and has passed into the language. A takeoff on Comintern (Communist International), it was meant to convey the idea of a global homosexual community." –Harold Norse (1989; correction: Auden's first articles in Partisan Review was in 1950)[125]
  3. "Anthony Powell suggested that his friend Jocelyn Brooke invented the term that Harold Nurse tells us Auden stole from him. Whoever invented it provided us with a splendid word to explain the social and cultural power of homosexuality." –Patrick Higgins (1993)[126]
  4. Anthony Powell, Faces in My Time, Vol. 3 of To Keep the Ball Rolling: Memoirs by Anthony Powell), Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1981, ISBN 9780030210013, no page
    Anthony Powell: To Keep the Ball Rolling: The Memoirs of Anthony Powell (new edition, abridged), University of Chicago Press, 2001, ISBN 9780226677217, p. 221

    References

    1. "Hate Speech and Hate Crimes against LGBT Persons" (PDF). European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
    2. "Hate crime & hate speech". ILGA-Europe. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
    3. Morén, Kristoffer (24 July 2012). "Lag om hets mot folkgrupp innefattar homosexuella - DN.SE". Dagens Nyheter. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
    4. Herdt, Gilbert (June 2009). Moral Panics, Sex Panics: Fear and the Fight Over Sexual Rights. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3723-1.
    5. Klosowska, Anna (6 June 2011). "Trouble in the Global Village: A Snapshot of LGBT Community in Eastern Europe". In Sierra, M.; Román-Odio, C. (eds.). Transnational Borderlands in Women's Global Networks: The Making of Cultural Resistance. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-11947-5.
    6. Sherry, Michael S. (2007). Gay Artists in Modern American Culture: An Imagined Conspiracy. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-8589-5.
    7. "Russia raises anti-LGBT rhetoric at home while softening message to West | CTV News". Ctvnews.ca. 2013-11-27. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
    8. Dynes, Wayne R. (22 March 2016). "Myths & Fabrications". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: Volume II. Routledge. p. 870. ISBN 978-1-317-36812-0.
    9. Greenberg, David F. (15 August 1990). The Construction of Homosexuality. University of Chicago Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-226-30628-5.
    10. Dominey-Howes, Dale; Gorman-Murray, Andrew; McKinnon, Scott (2014). "Queering disasters: on the need to account for LGBTI experiences in natural disaster contexts". Gender, Place & Culture. 21 (7): 905–918. doi:10.1080/0966369X.2013.802673. S2CID 146478126.
    11. Dowling, Tim (30 October 2012). "Superstorm Sandy and many more disasters that have been blamed on the gay community". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
    12. "Religious figures blame LGBT+ people for coronavirus". Reuters. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
    13. "CNN report of Falwell's speech". Archives.cnn.com. Archived from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
    14. "Falwell and Robertson Blame Liberal America". Snopes.com. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
    15. "'Si aceptan homosexuales en el Ejército, Perú y Bolivia nos volarán la raja' | Noticias | elmundo.es". www.elmundo.es. 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
    16. Bright, G. (14 February 2012). Plague-Making and the AIDS Epidemic: A Story of Discrimination. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-01122-0.
    17. Murphy, T F (1988). "Is AIDS a just punishment?". Journal of Medical Ethics. 14 (3): 154–160. doi:10.1136/jme.14.3.154. PMC 1375741. PMID 3184138.
    18. "'Gay plague': The vile, horrific and inhumane way the media reported the AIDS crisis". PinkNews. 30 November 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
    19. Dowsett, Gary (2009). "The "gay plague" revisited: AIDS and its enduring moral panic". In Herdt, Gilbert (ed.). Moral Panics, Sex Panics: Fear and the Fight over Sexual Rights. NYU Press. pp. 130–. ISBN 978-0-8147-3732-3.
    20. Howard, Ken; Gavin Yamey (2003). "Magazine's HIV claim rekindles "gay plague" row". BMJ : British Medical Journal. 326 (7386): 454. doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7386.454. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1125344.
    21. "The terrifying experiences of a gay man who lived through the AIDs crisis". The Independent. 6 January 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
    22. Michael Musto. "La Dolce Musto", village voice, 2000. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-03-22. Retrieved 2007-03-26.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    23. "Anti-Gay Protesters Descend on LISD". kcbd.com. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
    24. Claussen, Dane S. (2002). Sex, Religion, Media. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-7425-1558-1.
    25. Hate Group: 'Homosexual Activists' Try To 'Confuse Children' To 'Build Their Numbers' Think Progress July 9, 2012.
    26. Herman, Didi (1998). The Anti-Gay Agenda: Orthodox Vision and the Christian Right. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226327693.
    27. Signorile, Michelangelo (1993). "Queer In America". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    28. (Herman 1998, p. 78)
    29. (Herman 1998, pp. 80–81)
    30. (Cobb 2006, p. 161)
    31. Moulitsas, Markos (May 5, 2005). "Kissing the tarantula: US blogger Markos Moulitsas marvels at the Tories' attempts to woo the gay vote, in stark contrast to the stance of US conservatives". The Guardian. To the newly elected Republican senator from Oklahoma, Tom Coburn, the "gay agenda" is a more pressing danger than terrorists flying planes into buildings and killing allied troops in Iraq. "The gay community has infiltrated the very centres of power in every area across this country, and they wield extreme power ... That agenda is the greatest threat to our freedom that we face today," he said during the 2004 campaign. "Why do you think we see the rationalisation for abortion and multiple sexual partners? That's a gay agenda."
    32. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47302817
    33. "GLAAD Media Reference Guide: Offensive Terms to Avoid". GLAAD.
    34. Duberman, Martin B. (1997). A queer world: the Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies reader. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-1875-9.
    35. Mason, Gail; Tomsen, Stephen (1997). Homophobic violence. Hawkins Press. ISBN 978-1-876067-04-5.
    36. "Fordham University: Michael Swift – Gay Revolutionary (the complete essay)". Retrieved 10 May 2017.
    37. Kaoma, Kapya (Winter 09/Spring 10). The US Christian Right and the Attack on Gays in Africa, PublicEye.org. Accessed 26 August 2020.
    38. About us, Exodus International (2005). Retrieved 7 January 2009.
    39. exgaywatch.com, 2009/03.
    40. Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 January 2010). Americans' Role Seen in Uganda Anti-Gay Push, The New York Times. Accessed 26 August 2020.
    41. Text of the Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014 as signed into law
    42. Hopkins, Patrick D. (2012). "Naturalizing homosexuality: biology, sexual orientation, and the nature/culture distinction". Queer Philosophy. Brill | Rodopi. pp. 1–9. doi:10.1163/9789401208352_002. ISBN 978-94-012-0835-2.
    43. Drescher, Jack (2015-12-04). "Out of DSM: Depathologizing Homosexuality". Behavioral Sciences. 5 (4): 565–575. doi:10.3390/bs5040565. ISSN 2076-328X. PMC 4695779. PMID 26690228.
    44. "Gay Is Okay With APA (American Psychiatric Association)". 24 March 2010. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010.
    45. "Case No. S147999 in the Supreme Court of the State of California, In re Marriage Cases Judicial Council Coordination Proceeding No. 4365(...) - APA California Amicus Brief — As Filed" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-12-21.
    46. "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Roman Catholic Church". HRC. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
    47. Mollman, Steve (16 February 2016). ""LGBT is a disease, not a human right"—a growing movement in Indonesia rejects gay rights". Quartz. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
    48. "Liberals fear unrest as Poland Catholic Church doubles down on anti-gay rhetoric". Reuters. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    49. Tilles, Daniel (25 August 2020). "Education minister defends official who warned "LGBT virus" threatens Polish schools". Notes From Poland. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
    50. Smith, Ralph R.; Windes, Russel R. (3 February 2000). Progay/Antigay: The Rhetorical War Over Sexuality. SAGE Publications. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-4522-6372-4.
    51. Clarke, Victoria (September–October 2001). "What about the children? arguments against lesbian and gay parenting". Women's Studies International Forum. 24 (5): 555–570. doi:10.1016/S0277-5395(01)00193-5.
    52. Cleath, Robert L. (December 4, 1970). "'Gays' Go Radical". Christianity Today. Carol Stream, Illinois: Christianity Today International: 40–41. ISSN 0009-5753. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
    53. The Church and Homosexuals, Christian Century, 1 June 1977, p. 528; as quoted in Balch (2007) p. 22
    54. Carroll, Peter N. (1990) [1st pub. 1990]. It Seemed Like Nothing Happened: America in the 1970s. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. pp. 292–. ISBN 978-0-8135-1538-0. OCLC 183352949. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
    55. Christianity Today, 16 November 1979, p.48, as quoted in Balch, David L. (1 July 2007). Homosexuality, Science, and the "Plain Sense" of Scripture. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-55635-538-7. OCLC 535493879. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
    56. Schonfeld, Zach (1 July 2015). "The Surprising History of the Phrase 'Adam and Eve, Not Adam and Steve'". Newsweek. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
    57. Klemesrud, Judy (November 20, 1977). "Equal Rights Plan and Abortion Are Opposed by 15,000 at Rally". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
    58. Balch, David (2000). Homosexuality, science, and the "plain sense" of Scripture. Grand Rapids, Mich: Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8028-4698-3.
    59. Hurwitt, Robert (21 May 2001). "Adam and Steve's adventures in paradise". San Francisco Chronicle. p. E4.
    60. Hennessy, Mark (6 February 2013). "British MPs back gay marriage legislation". The Irish Times.
    61. "MDC's Nelson Chamisa speaks on Cde Mugabe's legacy". Youtube.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
    62. Spitko, E. Gary (2017). Antigay Bias in Role-Model Occupations. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-8122-4870-8.
    63. Mutz, Larry (2006). "A Fairy Tale: The Myth of the Homosexual Lifestyle in Anti-Gay-and-Lesbian Rhetoric". Women's Rights Law Reporter. 27: 69–.
    64. Barton, Bernadette (October 2012). Pray the Gay Away: The Extraordinary Lives of Bible Belt Gays. NYU Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-8147-2442-2.
    65. Gnuse, Robert K. (2015). "Seven Gay Texts: Biblical Passages Used to Condemn Homosexuality". Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture. 45 (2): 68–87. doi:10.1177/0146107915577097. S2CID 170127256.
    66. Pitt, Richard N. (2010). ""Killing the Messenger": Religious Black Gay Men's Neutralization of Anti-Gay Religious Messages". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 49 (1): 56–72. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01492.x.
    67. "Dunn, Katia. "What If God Were Gay?". Portland Mercury". Archived from the original on 2005-03-10. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
    68. Boellstorff, Tom (2004). "The emergence of political homophobia in Indonesia: masculinity and national belonging". Ethnos. 69 (4): 465–486. doi:10.1080/0014184042000302308. S2CID 143971007.
    69. Hamdi, Nassim; Lachheb, Monia; Anderson, Eric (2017). "Masculinity, homosexuality and sport in an Islamic state of increasing homohysteria". Journal of Gender Studies. 26 (6): 688–701. doi:10.1080/09589236.2016.1155979. S2CID 147347384.
    70. Weiss, Meredith L.; Bosia, Michael J. (31 August 2013). "Homophobia as a Tool of Statecraft: Iran and Its Queers". In Korycki, Katarzyna; Nasirzadeh, Abouzar (eds.). Global Homophobia: States, Movements, and the Politics of Oppression. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-09500-9.
    71. Thoreson, Ryan Richard (2014). "Troubling the waters of a 'wave of homophobia': Political economies of anti-queer animus in sub-Saharan Africa". Sexualities. 17 (1–2): 23–42. doi:10.1177/1363460713511098. S2CID 144030716.
    72. Wieringa, Saskia E. (27 May 2019). "Is the Recent Wave of Homophobia in Indonesia Unexpected?". In Fealy, Greg; Ricci, Ronit (eds.). Contentious Belonging: Contentious Belonging. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. ISBN 978-981-4843-49-2.
    73. "Poland's Jewish leaders deplore stigmatization of LGBTQ people". NBC News. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
    74. "The Faith Leaders Leading the Fight for LGBTQ Equality". HRC. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
    75. Jones, Ian; Thorpe, Kirsty; Wootton, Janet (3 November 2011). Women and Ordination in the Christian Churches: International Perspectives. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-567-23910-5.
    76. Santos, A. (28 November 2012). Social Movements and Sexual Citizenship in Southern Europe. Springer. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-137-29640-5.
    77. Shah, Shanon (17 October 2017). The Making of a Gay Muslim: Religion, Sexuality and Identity in Malaysia and Britain. Palgrave Studies in Lived Religion and Societal Challenges. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. p. 130. ISBN 978-3-319-63130-1. OCLC 1027079609. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
    78. Hartcher, Peter (23 February 2010). "Outdated political thuggery embarrasses Malaysia". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
    79. "Anwar Ibrahim". 6 June 2014. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
    80. Goldman, Russell (September 24, 2007). "Ahmadinejad: No Gays, No Oppression of Women in Iran". ABC News. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
    81. Martel, Frédéric; Bronski, Michael (9 April 2019) [1st pub. Flammarian, Paris 2013]. "8. "In Iran, There Are No Homosexuals"". Global Gay: How Gay Culture is Changing the World. Translated by Baudoin, Patsy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. pp. 203–. ISBN 978-0-262-53705-6. OCLC 1001431180. Retrieved 26 August 2020. The former President of Iran evaded an American student's question on the execution of homosexuals by saying, 'In Iran, we don't have homosexuals like in your country. This does not exist in our country. In Iran we do not have this phenomenon. I do not know who told you that we have.' (Note that in this speech, Ahmadinejad used the Farsi term hamjensbaz, 'faggot', not the more neutral term hamjensgara, 'homosexual'.)
    82. Lam, Charles (28 October 2013). "UCI Anthropologist Out To Prove Gay People Exist ... In Vietnam". OC Weekly. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
    83. Huang, Wen (4 January 2001). "Gayness as a Western disease". Bay Area Reporter. 31 (1). Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
    84. Baker, Katie J. M. "Ethiopia's War on Homosexuals". Newsweek. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
    85. Luirink, Bart; Maurick, Madeleine; Chambers, Christopher (2016). Homosexuality in Africa: A Disturbing Love. Soesterberg: Aspekt. ISBN 978-94-6338-082-9. OCLC 1148475814. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
    86. Sanjakdar, Fida (2013). "Educating for sexual difference? Muslim teachers' conversations about homosexuality". Sex Education. Taylor & Francis. 13 (1): 16–29. doi:10.1080/14681811.2011.634154. ISSN 1468-1811. OCLC 50451119. S2CID 145417308.
    87. Bedi, Rahul (5 July 2011). "Indian minister claims homosexuality is Western 'disease'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
    88. Lucian. Erotes
    89. Stam, Paul (25 June 2014). "Stam calls pedophilia, sadism 'sexual orientations'". WRAL.
    90. Wądołowska, Agnieszka (29 May 2020). "Activist who said "gay couples adopt kids to rape them" will not face trial after Polish court rejects case". Notes From Poland. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
    91. Santora, Marc (7 April 2019). "Poland's Populists Pick a New Top Enemy: Gay People". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
    92. "What does the plus in 'LGBT+' mean?". The Arizona State Press. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
    93. Link, Devon (30 July 2020). "Fact check: 'Clovergender' isn't part of the LGBTQ community". USA TODAY. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
    94. Caldera, Camille (30 July 2020). "Fact check: LGBTQ community rejects false association with pedophiles". USA TODAY. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
    95. Evon, David (27 July 2020). "Are Pedophiles Claiming to be 'Age Fluid'?". Snopes.com. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
    96. Gregory M. Herek:Facts About Homosexuality and Child Molestation Archived 19 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
    97. Michael Lamb, Affidavit – United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (2009) Archived 25 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
    98. "Sexual orientation, homosexuality, and bisexuality". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
    99. Murray, Heather (10 February 2012). Not in This Family: Gays and the Meaning of Kinship in Postwar North America. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0740-8. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
    100. Tanasychuk, John (June 4, 2007). "How Anita Bryant fought -- and helped -- gay rights". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
    101. "Utah bans gay high-school clubs". Lawrence Journal-World. 19 April 1996. p. 9A. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
    102. Wong, Curtis M. (2015-03-24). "Like Hitler, LGBT Activists Are Recruiting Children, Peter LaBarbera Claims". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
    103. Posner, Sarah (February 9, 2007). "The gay recruit". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
    104. Shelly, Barb (April 30, 2012). "Rep. Steve Cookson defends 'don't say gay' legislation". Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
    105. "HBO eyes biopic about anti-gay activist Bryant". Reuters. 2 February 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2012. As a mother, I know that homosexuals cannot biologically reproduce children; therefore, they must recruit our children.
    106. Witt, Lynn; Thomas, Sherry; Marcus, Eric (1995-09-01). Out in All Directions: The Almanac of Gay and Lesbian America. Hachette Digital, Inc. pp. 353–. ISBN 978-0-446-51822-2. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
    107. Peddicord, Richard (1996). Gay and lesbian rights: a question: sexual ethics or social justice?. Kansas City: Sheed & Ward. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-55612-759-5. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
    108. Harris, W. C. (2009). Queer externalities: hazardous encounters in American culture. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4384-2752-2. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
    109. Sears, James T. (2001). Rebels, rubyfruit, and rhinestones: queering space in the Stonewall South. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-8135-2964-6. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
    110. Harris, p. 156
    111. Fejes, Fred (2008). Gay rights and moral panic: the origins of America's debate on homosexuality (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-4039-8069-4. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
    112. Boucai, Michael (December 22, 2010). "Gay Rights and Moral Panic: The Origins of America's Debate on Homosexuality (Book review)". Journal of Social History. Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
    113. Associated Press (15 October 1992). "Ex-gay minister backs Oregon Measure 9". Moscow-Pullman Daily News. Idaho. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
    114. ""Uganda Newspaper Published Names/Photos of LGBT Activists and HRDs - Cover Says 'Hang Them'"". International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
    115. "Outcry as Ugandan paper names 'top homosexuals'", Simon Akam, The Independent, 22 October 2010
    116. Rice, Xan (27 January 2011). "Ugandan gay rights activist murdered weeks after court victory". The Guardian.
    117. Gettleman, Jeffrey (27 January 2011). "Ugandan Who Spoke Up for Gays Is Beaten to Death". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
    118. Rice, Xan (29 January 2011). "Murdered Ugandan gay activist talked of threats". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
    119. Marinucci, Mimi (2010-12-01). Kaye, Sharon M. (ed.). The Onion and Philosophy: Fake News Story True Alleges Indignant Area Professor. Open Court Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-8126-9687-5. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
    120. "'98 Homosexual-Recruitment Drive Nearing Goal". The Onion. July 29, 1998. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
    121. Broderick, James F.; Miller, Darren W. (2007-06-12). Consider the Source: A Critical Guide to 100 Prominent News and Information Sites on the Web. Information Today, Inc. pp. 267–. ISBN 978-0-910965-77-4. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
    122. "Satire lost on antigay group". The Advocate. May 25, 2004. Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
    123. Schillinger, Liesl (March 1999). "Award-Winning Local Journalists Reflect Own Self-Hatred Back on Nightmarish World". Wired News. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
    124. "Bowra, Sir (Cecil) Maurice (1898–1971)" by L. G. Mitchell, "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"
    125. Harold Norse: Memoirs of a Bastard Angel, W. Morrow, 1989, ISBN 9780688067045, p. 77
    126. A Queer Reader, ed. Patrick Higgins, Fourth Estate (UK), 1993, p. 315
    127. Auden, W. H. (April 1950). "A Playboy of the Western World: St. Oscar, The Homintern Martyr". Partisan Review. Vol. 17 no. 4. New York. pp. 391–2. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
    128. Blumenthal, Max (13 July 2010). Republican Gomorrah: Inside the Movement that Shattered the Party (reprint ed.). Nation Books. p. 205. ISBN 9781568584171. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
    129. "A review of "Gay Artists in Modern American Culture An Imagined Conspiracy" by Michael S. Sherry". The San Francisco Chronicle. 25 November 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
    130. "From Auden to Wilde: a roll call of gay talent"
    131. Woods, Gregory (2017). Homintern: How Gay Culture Liberated the Modern World. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22874-8.
    132. Sherry, Michael S. (2007). Gay Artists in Modern American Culture: An Imagined Conspiracy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3121-2.
    133. Perreau, Bruno (2016). Queer Theory: The French Response. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0046-1.
    134. Tin, Louis-Georges (2008). The Dictionary of Homophobia: A Global History of Gay & Lesbian Experience. Arsenal. ISBN 978-1-55152-314-9.
    135. Kenneth Tynan Letters (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1994)
    136. "'Sun' rejects outing and sacks Parris sacks Parris and rejects outing". The Independent. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
    137. "BBC News – UK – Sun changes mind over gays". News.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
    138. "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 07 Apr 2010 (pt 0001)". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
    139. "A 'Gay Mafia' in Whitehall? Sex Is Back in the Headlines in Britain". Nytimes.com. 11 November 1998. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
    140. George De Stefano, An offer we can't refuse: the mafia in the mind of America, New York, 2005, Books.google.co.uk Retrieved 29 December 2014
    141. Gould, Peter (28 November 2005). "Vatican fuels gay clergy debate". BBC News. Retrieved 8 August 2007.
    142. "Pope Francis 'confirms Vatican gay lobby and corruption'". BBC News. 12 June 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
    143. Lizzie Davis (29 July 2013). "Pope Francis signals openness towards gay priests". The Guardian.
    144. "Pope Francis: Who am I to judge gay people?". BBC News. 29 July 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
    145. Leszczyński, Adam (17 June 2020). ""Ideologia LGBT". Co mówi o niej Andrzej Duda, biskupi i islamiści?". oko.press. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    146. L.C, Joseph Tham (15 March 2018). Sexuality, Gender & Education. IF Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-88-6788-141-3.
    147. Bosia, Michael J.; McEvoy, Sandra M.; Rahman, Momin (2020). The Oxford Handbook of Global Lgbt and Sexual Diversity Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 455. ISBN 978-0-19-067374-1.
    148. Scally, Derek (August 2, 2019). "Polish archbishop compares LGBTI community to 'red plague'". The Irish Times. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
    149. "Arcybiskup mówił o "tęczowej zarazie". Powstańcy oburzeni". TVN Warszawa (in Polish). TVN. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
    150. "Police fire tear gas and arrest dozens of far-right protesters attempting to disrupt LGBT+ march". The Independent. 28 September 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
    151. Hoffman, Steven (20 June 2020). "What is 'LGBT ideology,' and why are Polish people talking about it?". The Krakow Post. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
    152. Dellanna, Alessio (15 June 2020). "LGBT campaigners denounce President Duda's comments on "communism"". euronews. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
    153. Barejka, Piotr (13 June 2020). "Jacek Żalek wyjaśnia, czym jest "ideologia LGBT". I jak w "imię wolności wyklucza"". wiadomosci.wp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    154. "Poland's LGBT community speaks up: "We are people, not an ideology"". Kafkadesk. 24 June 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    155. Krawczyk, Stanisław (16 June 2020). ""Ideologia LGBT" jak "syjoniści" w 68. Tak PiS odczłowiecza mniejszość". oko.press. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    156. "Przemysław Czarnek o zdjęciu z osobami LGBT: Ci ludzie nie są równi normalnym ludziom". Polska Times (in Polish). 14 June 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
    157. Pronczuk, Monika. (30 July 2020). 'Polish Towns That Declared Themselves 'L.G.B.T. Free' Are Denied E.U. Funds'. The New York Times. Brussels
    158. Santora, Marc (6 August 2020). "In Poland, the Rainbow Flag Is Wrapped Up in a Broader Culture War". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    159. "Kuriozalny projekt finansowany przez Fundusz Sprawiedliwości. Chodzi o przestępstwa "popełniane pod wpływem ideologii LGBT"". Bezprawnik (in Polish). 5 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    160. "Powstanie książka o rzekomych przestępstwach popełnianych pod wpływem "ideologii LGBT". Zapłaci ministerstwo". TOK FM (in Polish). Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    161. "IBA - IBAHRI condemns LGBTQI+ rights crackdown in Poland". www.ibanet.org. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    162. Burnetko, Krzysztof (6 August 2020). "Strażnicy pamięci i resort Ziobry walczą z "inwazją LGBT"". www.polityka.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    163. Mazzini, Mateusz (16 August 2020). "Narodowcy zapowiadają ofensywę anty-LGBT". Polityka (in Polish). Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    164. Tilles, Daniel (17 June 2020). "Poland's anti-LGBT campaign explained: 10 questions and answers". Notes From Poland. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    165. ""Nie jestem ideologią, jestem człowiekiem". Pikieta środowisk LGBT". GAZETA dziennik Polonii w Kanadzie. 18 June 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    166. "Wrocławski protest LGBT: "Jestem człowiekiem, nie ideologią!" [ZDJĘCIA]". www.tuwroclaw.com (in Polish). Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    167. ""LGBT to ludzie. Nie ideologia". W sobotę manifestacja w Pile - Portal asta24.pl - Piła - informacje i wydarzenia". www.asta24.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    168. Grabiec, Marta (17 June 2020). "Nie jestem "ideologią", jestem człowiekiem. Protest LGBT+ pod lubelskim ratuszem. Zobacz zdjęcia". Kurier Lubelski (in Polish). Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    169. Seiler, Katarzyna (29 June 2020). ""Kocham go, bo jest dobrym człowiekiem". Bliscy osób LGBT+ bohaterami nowego filmu "Ludzie, nie ideologia"" ["I love him because he is a good person." LGBT + people's relatives as the heroes of the new film "People, not ideology"]. Gazeta Wyborcza. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    170. Leszczyński, Adam (5 August 2020). "Intelektualiści prawicy o LGBT: nihilizm, bolszewia, hitleryzm. O co chodzi? Tłumaczymy ten obłęd". oko.press. Retrieved 20 August 2020. „Ideologia LGBT" to pojęcie–worek, do którego prawica wrzuca te zmiany cywilizacyjne, które jej nie odpowiadają (np. postulaty równouprawnienia związków jednopłciowych, w wielu krajach — od USA po RPA — zrealizowane). W języku propagandy prawicowej, jak pisał w OKO.press Stanisław Krawczyk, „ideologia LGBT" służy odczłowieczaniu mniejszości oraz kreowaniu wroga — a więc budowaniu politycznego poparcia dla prawicy, która przedstawia się jako jedyna obrończyni tradycyjnej rodziny, religii i ładu społecznego. „Ideologia" pasuje także do częstego na prawicy postrzegania świata w kategoriach spisku — ideologię ktoś „promuje", ktoś upowszechnia, ktoś „za nią stoi" (np. George Soros, żydowsko–amerykański finansista, wspierający m.in. organizacje LGBT).
    171. Madsen, Mikael Rask (2019). "Resistance to the European Court of Human Rights: The Institutional and Sociological Consequences of Principled Resistance". Principled Resistance to ECtHR Judgments - A New Paradigm?. Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht. 285. Springer. pp. 35–52. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-58986-1_2. ISBN 978-3-662-58986-1.
    172. "Poland will not let EU 'force' it into allowing gay marriages, says justice minister". Reuters. 20 July 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
    173. Ayoub, Phillip; Paternotte, David (20 October 2014). LGBT Activism and the Making of Europe: A Rainbow Europe?. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-39176-6.
    174. Ayoub, Phillip M. (2014). "With Arms Wide Shut: Threat Perception, Norm Reception, and Mobilized Resistance to LGBT Rights". Journal of Human Rights. 13 (3): 337–362. doi:10.1080/14754835.2014.919213. S2CID 145577747.
    175. Harari, Yuval Noah (22 June 2019). "50 years after Stonewall: Yuval Noah Harari on the new threats to LGBT rights". the Guardian. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
    176. Bender, Steven W. (2015). "Sexuality and Dehumanization: Homophobia in U.S. Law and Life". Mea Culpa: Lessons on Law and Regret from U.S. History. NYU Press. pp. 93–100. doi:10.18574/nyu/9781479899623.003.0007.
    177. Guerrero-Coral, Mario Andres (2020). The Discursive Construction of Hate: A Comparative Analysis of the Marginalization and Dehumanization of Homosexuals in Nazi Germany and in Pre-Stonewall United States (PhD thesis). York University.
    178. Duyvendak, Jan Willem; Geschiere, Peter; Tonkens, Evelien (30 June 2016). The Culturalization of Citizenship: Belonging and Polarization in a Globalizing World. Springer. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-137-53410-1.
    179. Baider, Fabienne (2018). ""Go to hell fucking faggots, may you die!" framing the LGBT subject in online comments". Lodz Papers in Pragmatics. 14 (1): 69–92. doi:10.1515/lpp-2018-0004. S2CID 158928585.
    180. Walsh, Alistair (12 June 2019). "Iran defends execution of gay people | DW | 12.06.2019". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
    181. Fitzsimons, Tim (23 July 2019). "Russian LGBTQ activist is killed after being listed on gay-hunting website". NBC News. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
    182. "Alabama mayor suggested 'killing out' gay people". BBC News. 4 June 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
    183. "US church pastor and detective says LGBT people should be killed". The Independent. 14 June 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
    184. "Homosexuals should be killed - Malawi politician". News24. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
    185. Петровић, Александра (14 December 2011). "Образ" пред Уставним судом". Politika Online. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
    186. "Ustavni sud Srbije zabranio "Obraz"". B92.net. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
    187. Julia Serano (20 May 2009). Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity. Seal Press. ISBN 978-0-7867-4791-7.
    188. Bender-Baird, Kyla (2011). Transgender Employment Experiences: Gendered Perceptions and the Law. SUNY Press. pp. 5–24. ISBN 978-1438436746.
    189. DeCecco, John (2012). Looking Queer: Body Image and Identity in Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay, and Transgender Communities (Haworth Gay & Lesbian Studies). New Jersey: Routledge. ISBN 978-0789004635.
    190. Talusan, Meredith Ramirez (June 4, 2015). "What 'deadnaming' means, and why you shouldn't do it to Caitlyn Jenner". Fusion. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
    191. Fae, Jane (19 May 2015). "Changing your name should be a joyous moment, but for many it's a nightmare". Comment is Free. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
    192. "How I Learned to Hate Transgender People". Archived from the original on 2015-05-05. Retrieved 2015-05-05.
    193. Levine, Sam (2 June 2015). "Mike Huckabee Belittled Transgender People In February Speech". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
    194. Lowder, J. Bryan (October 19, 2015). "This Anti-HERO Ad Is the Definition of Transphobia". Slate. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
    195. Raymond, Janice G. (1979). The transsexual empire. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. ISBN 9780807021644.
    196. Goldberg, Michelle (August 4, 2014). "What Is a Woman?". The New Yorker. Condé Nast. ISSN 0028-792X. OCLC 320541675. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
    197. Erickson-Schroth, Laura (2014-05-12). Trans Bodies, Trans Selves: A Resource for the Transgender Community. Oxford University Press. pp. 568–569. ISBN 978-0199325351. Some feminists have perceived transmasculine people as traitors—that is, as women who identify politically with men. When inclusive of trans men, these feminists have often gendered them as women. Conversely, these feminists have tended to perceive transfeminine people as infiltrators of womanhood and of women's space.
    198. Jeffreys, Sheila (May 1997). "Transgender activism: a lesbian feminist perspective". Journal of Lesbian Studies. 1 (3–4): 55–74. doi:10.1300/J155v01n03_03. Pdf.
    199. Fasoli, Fabio; Paladino, Maria Paola; Carnaghi, Andrea; Jetten, Jolanda; Bastian, Brock; Bain, Paul G. (2016). "Not "just words": Exposure to homophobic epithets leads to dehumanizing and physical distancing from gay men: Homophobic epithets and dehumanization" (PDF). European Journal of Social Psychology. 46 (2): 237–248. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2148.
    200. Plummer, David (1995). "Homophobia and health: Unjust, anti-social, harmful and endemic". Health Care Analysis. 3 (2): 150–156. doi:10.1007/BF02198224. PMID 10143359. S2CID 34638623.
    201. "Hate crime & hate speech". ILGA-Europe. Retrieved 22 August 2020.

    Further reading

    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.