CD1

CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) is a family of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of various human antigen-presenting cells. They are related to the class I MHC molecules, and are involved in the presentation of lipid antigens to T cells. However their precise function is unknown.[1]

For the album by Throbbing Gristle, see CD1 (album).
CD1a molecule
Identifiers
SymbolCD1A
Alt. symbolsCD1
NCBI gene909
HGNC1634
OMIM188370
RefSeqNM_001763
UniProtP06126
Other data
LocusChr. 1 q22-q23
CD1b molecule
Identifiers
SymbolCD1B
Alt. symbolsCD1
NCBI gene910
HGNC1635
OMIM188360
RefSeqNM_001764
UniProtP29016
Other data
LocusChr. 1 q22-q23
CD1c molecule
Identifiers
SymbolCD1C
Alt. symbolsCD1
NCBI gene911
HGNC1636
OMIM188340
RefSeqNM_001765
UniProtP29017
Other data
LocusChr. 1 q22-q23
CD1d molecule
Identifiers
SymbolCD1D
NCBI gene912
HGNC1637
OMIM188410
RefSeqNM_001766
UniProtP15813
Other data
LocusChr. 1 q22-q23
CD1e molecule
Identifiers
SymbolCD1E
NCBI gene913
HGNC1638
OMIM188411
RefSeqNM_030893
UniProtP15812
Other data
LocusChr. 1 q22-q23

Types

CD1 glycoproteins can be classified primarily into two groups which differ in their lipid anchoring.[2]

  • CD1a, CD1b and CD1c (group 1 CD1 molecules) are expressed on cells specialized for antigen presentation.[3]
  • CD1d (group 2 CD1) is expressed in a wider variety of cells.

CD1e is an intermediate form, expressed intracellularly, the role of which is currently unclear.[4]

In humans

Group 1

Group 1 CD1 molecules have been shown to present foreign lipid antigens, and specifically a number of mycobacterial cell wall components, to CD1-specific T cells.

Group 2

The natural antigens of group 2 CD1 are not well characterized, but a synthetic glycolipid, alpha-galactosylceramide, originally isolated from a compound found in a marine sponge, has strong biologic activity.

Group 2 CD1 molecules activate a group of T cells, known as Natural killer T cells because of their expression of NK surface markers such as CD161. Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are activated by CD1d-presented antigens, and rapidly produce Th1 and Th2 cytokines, typically represented by interferon-gamma and IL-4 production.

The group 2 (CD1d) ligand alpha-galactosylceramide is currently in phase I clinical trials for the treatment of advanced non-hematologic cancers.

Diagnostic relevance

CD1 antigens are expressed on cortical thymocytes, but not on mature T cells. This often remains true in neoplastic cells from these populations, so that the presence of CD1 antigens can be used in diagnostic immunohistochemistry to identify some thymomas and malignancies arising from T cell precursors. CD1a, in particular, is a specific marker for Langerhans cells, and can therefore also be used in the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Other conditions that may show CD1 positivity include myeloid leukaemia and some B cell lymphomas.[5]

In cows and mice

Mice lack the group 1 CD1 molecules, and instead have 2 copies of CD1d. Thus, mice have been used extensively to characterize the role of CD1d and CD1d-dependent NKT cells in a variety of disease models.

It has recently been shown that cows lack the group 2 CD1 molecules, and have an expanded set of group 1 CD1 molecules.[6] Because of this and the fact that cows are a natural host of Mycobacterium bovis, a pathogen in humans as well, it is hoped that studying cows will yield insights into the group 1 CD1 antigen-presenting system.

References
  1. Porcelli S, Brenner MB, Greenstein JL, Balk SP, Terhorst C, Bleicher PA (1989). "Recognition of cluster of differentiation 1 antigens by human CD4-CD8-cytolytic T lymphocytes". Nature. 341 (6241): 447–50. Bibcode:1989Natur.341..447P. doi:10.1038/341447a0. PMID 2477705. S2CID 4264602.
  2. Zajonc DM, Wilson IA (2007). "Architecture of CD1 proteins". Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 314: 27–50. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69511-0_2. ISBN 978-3-540-69510-3. PMID 17593656.
  3. Sköld M, Behar SM (2005). "The role of group 1 and group 2 CD1-restricted T cells in microbial immunity". Microbes Infect. 7 (3): 544–51. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2004.12.012. PMID 15777730.
  4. Angenieux C, Salamero J, Fricker D, Cazenave JP, Goud B, Hanau D, de La Salle H (2000). "Characterization of CD1e, a third type of CD1 molecule expressed in dendritic cells". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (48): 37757–64. doi:10.1074/jbc.M007082200. PMID 10948205.
  5. Kumarasen C, Anthony S-Y L (2003). Manual of diagnostic antibodies for immunohistology. London: Greenwich Medical Media. pp. 59–60. ISBN 1-84110-100-1.
  6. Van Rhijn I, Koets AP, Im JS, Piebes D, Reddington F, Besra GS, Porcelli SA, van Eden W, Rutten VP (2006). "The bovine CD1 family contains group 1 CD1 proteins, but no functional CD1d". J. Immunol. 176 (8): 4888–93. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.8.4888. PMID 16585584.
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