Manado Malay

Manado Malay
	Bahasa Manado
Native to	Indonesia
Region	North Sulawesi
Native speakers	850,000 (2001)[1]
Language family	Malay Creole East Indonesian Manado Malay; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xmm
Glottolog	mala1481

Manado Malay, or simply the Manado language, is a creole language spoken in Manado, the capital of North Sulawesi province in Indonesia, and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is Bahasa Manado, and the name Minahasa Malay is also used, after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used primarily for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography.

Manado Malay differs from standard Malay in having numerous Portuguese and Dutch loan words as a result of colonisation and having traits such as its use of kita as a first person singular pronoun, rather than as a first person inclusive plural pronoun. It is derived from North Moluccan Malay (Ternate Malay), which can be evidenced by the number of Ternate loanwords in its lexicon.[2] Simple Manado Malay sentences can be understood by speakers of standard Malay or western Malay dialects, albeit with varying degrees of difficulty.

Word stress

Most words have stress on the pre-final syllable:

kadéra	'chair'
sténga	'half'
dói	'money'

But there are also many words with final stress:

butúl	'right, correct, true'
tolór	'egg; testicle'
sabóng	'soap'

Pronouns

Personal

Pronoun	Standard Indonesian	Manado Malay
First singular	saya	kita
First plural	kami / kita	torang
Second singular	Anda	ngana
Second plural	kalian	ngoni
Third singular	dia	dia
Third plural	mereka	dorang

Possessives

Possessives are built by adding "pe" to the personal pronoun or name or noun, then followed by the 'possessed' noun. Thus "pe" has the function similar to English "'s" as in "the doctor's uniform".

English	Manado Malay
My friend	kita pe tamang / ta pe tamang
Your (sing.) friend	ngana pe tamang / nga pe tamang
His/her book	dia pe buku / de pe buku
This book is yours (pl.)	ini ngana pe buku

Interrogative words

The following are the interrogative words or "w-words" in Manado Malay:

English	Manado Malay
why	kyápa
where	di mána
who	sápa
which one(s)	tu mána

Grammatical aspect

Ada ('to be') can be used in Manado Malay to indicate the perfective aspect, e.g.:

Dorang ada turung pigi Wenang = "They already went down to Wenang"
Torang so makang = "We ate already" or "We have eaten already"
kita = "me", "myself", "i" or "we", "us"
torang = "we", "us".

Nasal finals

The final nasals /m/ and /n/ in Indonesian are replaced by the "-ng" group in Manado Malay, similar with Terengganu dialect of Malaysia, e.g.:

makang (Indonesian makan) = "to eat",
jalang (Indonesian jalan) = "to walk",
sirang (Indonesian siram) = "to shower", etc.

Prefix

"ba-" prefix

The ber- prefix in Indonesian, which serves a function similar to the English -ing, is modified into ba- in Manado Malay. E.g.: bajalang (berjalan, walking), batobo (berenang, swimming), batolor (bertelur, laying eggs)

"ma(°)-" prefix

° = ng, n, or m depending on phonological context.

The me(°)- prefix in standard Indonesian, which also serves a function to make a verb active, is modified into ma(°)- in Manado Malay. E.g.: mangael (mengail, hooking fish), manari (menari, dancing), mancari (mencari, searching), mamasa (memasak, cooking), manangis (menangis, crying).

Other words

Several words in standard Indonesian are shortened in Manado Malay. For example:

pi (standard Indonesian: pergi, "to go")

mo pi mana ngoni? ("where are you people going?")

co (standard Indonesian: coba, "to try")

co lia ini oto ("try have a look at this car")

so (standard Indonesian: sudah, "have/has done")

so klar? ("have you finished?"), so maleleh? ("has it molten?"), so kanyang? ("are your stomachs full yet?")

ta (standard Indonesian: awalan ter, passive prefix)

tasono? ("fallen asleep") , tajatung? ("fallen"), tagoso ("being rubbed")

Indonesian loanwords from Manado Malay

Several words in Manado Malay are loaned to standard Indonesian:

baku (which indicates reciprocality) e.g.: baku hantam (to punch each other), baku ajar (to hit each other), baku veto (to debate one another), baku sedu (to laugh oneselves off), baku dapa (to meet each other).

Manado Malay loanwords from other languages

Due to the past colonisation by the Dutch and the Portuguese in Sulawesi, several words of Manado Malay originate from their languages.

Standard Indonesian	Manado Malay loanword	Language of Origin	English meaning
topi	capéo	Portuguese (chapéu)	cap, hat
bosan	fastíu	Portuguese (fastio)	bored
untuk	for	Dutch (voor)	for
garpu	fork	Dutch (vork)	fork
tenggorokan	gargántang	Portuguese (garganta)	throat
kursi	kadéra	Portuguese (cadeira)	chair
bendera	bandéra	Portuguese (bandeira)	flag
saputangan	lénso	Portuguese (lenço)	handkerchief
tapi	mar	Dutch (maar)	but
jagung	mílu	Portuguese (milho)	corn, maize
sudah	klar	Dutch (klaar)	finished
paman	om	Dutch (oom)	uncle
nenek	oma	Dutch (oma)	grandmother
kakek	opa	Dutch (opa)	grandfather
teduh	sómbar	Portuguese (sombra)	shade
keringat	suár	Portuguese (suar)	sweat
bibi	tánte	Dutch (tante)	aunt
dahi	tésta	Portuguese (testa)	forehead, temple
penyu	tuturúga	Portuguese (tartaruga)	turtle
sepatu	chapátu	Portuguese (sapato)	shoe(s)
kebun	kintál	Portuguese (quintal)	(agricultural) field or garden

References

Manado Malay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Allen, Robert B.; Hayami-Allen, Rika (2002). Macken, M. (ed.). Orientation in the Spice Islands (PDF). Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University. p. 21.

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[e18-1] Manado Malay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

[2] Allen, Robert B.; Hayami-Allen, Rika (2002). Macken, M. (ed.). Orientation in the Spice Islands (PDF). Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University. p. 21.