PTPN11

Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11) also known as protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1D (PTP-1D), Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP-2), or protein-tyrosine phosphatase 2C (PTP-2C) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN11 gene. PTPN11 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) Shp2.[5][6]

PTPN11
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesPTPN11, BPTP3, CFC, JMML, METCDS, NS1, PTP-1D, PTP2C, SH-PTP2, SH-PTP3, SHP2, protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11, protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 11
External IDsOMIM: 176876 MGI: 99511 HomoloGene: 2122 GeneCards: PTPN11
Gene location (Human)
Chr.Chromosome 12 (human)[1]
Band12q24.13Start112,418,351 bp[1]
End112,509,913 bp[1]
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

5781

19247

Ensembl

ENSG00000179295

ENSMUSG00000043733

UniProt

Q06124

P35235

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_002834
NM_080601
NM_001330437
NM_001374625

NM_001109992
NM_011202

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001317366
NP_002825
NP_542168
NP_001361554

NP_001103462
NP_035332

Location (UCSC)Chr 12: 112.42 – 112.51 MbChr 5: 121.13 – 121.19 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

PTPN11 is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. This PTP contains two tandem Src homology-2 domains, which function as phospho-tyrosine binding domains and mediate the interaction of this PTP with its substrates. This PTP is widely expressed in most tissues and plays a regulatory role in various cell signaling events that are important for a diversity of cell functions, such as mitogenic activation, metabolic control, transcription regulation, and cell migration. Mutations in this gene are a cause of Noonan syndrome as well as acute myeloid leukemia.[7]

Structure and function

This phosphatase, along with its paralogue, Shp1, possesses a domain structure that consists of two tandem SH2 domains in its N-terminus followed by a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) domain. In the inactive state, the N-terminal SH2 domain binds the PTP domain and blocks access of potential substrates to the active site. Thus, Shp2 is auto-inhibited.

Upon binding to target phospho-tyrosyl residues, the N-terminal SH2 domain is released from the PTP domain, catalytically activating the enzyme by relieving this auto-inhibition.

Genetic diseases associated with PTPN11

Missense mutations in the PTPN11 locus are associated with both Noonan syndrome and Leopard syndrome.

It has also been associated with Metachondromatosis.[8]

Noonan syndrome

In the case of Noonan syndrome, mutations are broadly distributed throughout the coding region of the gene but all appear to result in hyper-activated, or unregulated mutant forms of the protein. Most of these mutations disrupt the binding interface between the N-SH2 domain and catalytic core necessary for the enzyme to maintain its auto-inhibited conformation.[9]

Leopard syndrome

The mutations that cause Leopard syndrome are restricted regions affecting the catalytic core of the enzyme producing catalytically impaired Shp2 variants.[10] It is currently unclear how mutations that give rise to mutant variants of Shp2 with biochemically opposite characteristics result in similar human genetic syndromes.

Cancer associated with PTPN11

Patients with a subset of Noonan syndrome PTPN11 mutations also have a higher prevalence of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemias (JMML). Activating Shp2 mutations have also been detected in neuroblastoma, melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer.[11] Recently, a relatively high prevalence of PTPN11 mutations (24%) were detected by next-generation sequencing in a cohort of NPM1-mutated acute myeloid leukemia patients,[12] although the prognostic significance of such associations has not been clarified. These data suggests that Shp2 may be a proto-oncogene. However, it has been reported that PTPN11/Shp2 can act as either tumor promoter or suppressor.[13] In aged mouse model, hepatocyte-specific deletion of PTPN11/Shp2 promotes inflammatory signaling through the STAT3 pathway and hepatic inflammation/necrosis, resulting in regenerative hyperplasia and spontaneous development of tumors. Decreased PTPN11/Shp2 expression was detected in a subfraction of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens.[13] The bacterium Helicobacter pylori has been associated with gastric cancer, and this is thought to be mediated in part by the interaction of its virulence factor CagA with SHP2.[14]

Interactions

PTPN11 has been shown to interact with

H Pylori CagA virulence factor

CagA is a protein and virulence factor inserted by Helicobacter pylori into gastric epithelia. Once activated by SRC phosphorylation, CagA binds to SHP2, allosterically activating it. This leads to morphological changes, abnormal mitogenic signals and sustained activity can result in apoptosis of the host cell. Epidemiological studies have shown roles of cagA- positive H. pylori in the development of atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric carcinoma.[70]

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Further reading
  • Marron MB, Hughes DP, McCarthy MJ, Beaumont ER, Brindle NP (2000). "Tie-1 receptor tyrosine kinase endodomain interaction with SHP2: potential signalling mechanisms and roles in angiogenesis". Angiogenesis. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 476. pp. 35–46. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4221-6_3. ISBN 978-1-4613-6895-3. PMID 10949653.
  • Carter-Su C, Rui L, Stofega MR (2000). "SH2-B and SIRP: JAK2 binding proteins that modulate the actions of growth hormone". Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 55: 293–311. PMID 11036942.
  • Ion A, Tartaglia M, Song X, Kalidas K, van der Burgt I, Shaw AC, Ming JE, Zampino G, Zackai EH, Dean JC, Somer M, Parenti G, Crosby AH, Patton MA, Gelb BD, Jeffery S (2002). "Absence of PTPN11 mutations in 28 cases of cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome". Hum. Genet. 111 (4–5): 421–7. doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0803-6. PMID 12384786. S2CID 27085702.
  • Hugues L, Cavé H, Philippe N, Pereira S, Fenaux P, Preudhomme C (2006). "Mutations of PTPN11 are rare in adult myeloid malignancies". Haematologica. 90 (6): 853–4. PMID 15951301.
  • Tartaglia M, Gelb BD (2005). "Germ-line and somatic PTPN11 mutations in human disease". European Journal of Medical Genetics. 48 (2): 81–96. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2005.03.001. PMID 16053901.
  • Ogata T, Yoshida R (2006). "PTPN11 mutations and genotype-phenotype correlations in Noonan and LEOPARD syndromes". Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews : PER. 2 (4): 669–74. PMID 16208280.
  • Feng GS (2007). "Shp2-mediated molecular signaling in control of embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation". Cell Res. 17 (1): 37–41. doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7310140. PMID 17211446.
  • Edouard T, Montagner A, Dance M, Conte F, Yart A, Parfait B, Tauber M, Salles JP, Raynal P (2007). "How do Shp2 mutations that oppositely influence its biochemical activity result in syndromes with overlapping symptoms?". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 64 (13): 1585–90. doi:10.1007/s00018-007-6509-0. PMID 17453145. S2CID 25934330.
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