Demographics of Bulgaria

The demography of the Republic of Bulgaria is monitored by the National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria.

Demographics of Bulgaria
Bulgaria population pyramid in 2020
Population 6,951,482 (31 December 2019)[1]
Growth rate -7.1 people/1,000 population (2018)[1]
Birth rate 8.9 births/1,000 population (2018)[2]
Death rate 15.4 deaths/1,000 population (2018)[1]
Life expectancy 74.8 years (2018)[1]
 • male 71.4 years
 • female 78.4 years
Fertility rate 1.56 children born/woman (2018)[1]
Infant mortality rate 5.8 deaths/1,000 infants (2018)[1]
Net migration rate -0.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017)
Age structure
0–14 years 14.4%
15–64 years 64.3%
65 and over21.3% (2018)[3]
Sex ratio
At birth1.06 male(s)/female
Under 151.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years0.97 male(s)/female
65 and over0.68 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Bulgarian(s) adjective: Bulgarian
Major ethnicBulgarian (84.8%)
Minor ethnicTurkish (8.8%)
Roma (4.9%)
Other and unknown (1.5%)
Language
OfficialBulgarian (85.2%)

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Bulgaria, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Bulgaria has a very high Human Development Index of 0.813, ranking 51st in the world in 2018[4] and holds the 38th position in Newsweek's rankings of the world's best countries to live in, measuring health, education, political environment and economic dynamism.[5]

Demographic history

Various estimates have put Bulgaria's medieval population at 1.1 million in 700 AD and 2.6 million in 1365.[6] At the 2011 census, the population inhabiting Bulgaria was 7,364,570 in total, but more recent estimates calculate that the population has declined to 6.9 million.[7] The peak was in 1989, the year when the borders opened after a half of a century of communist regime, when the population numbered 9,009,018.

Census population and average annual growth rate
YearPop.±% p.a.
1887 3,154,375—    
1892 3,310,713+0.97%
1900 3,744,283+1.55%
1905 4,035,575+1.51%
1910 4,337,513+1.45%
1920 4,846,971+1.12%
1926 5,528,741+2.22%
1934 6,077,939+1.19%
1946 7,029,349+1.22%
1956 7,613,709+0.80%
1965 8,227,966+0.87%
1975 8,727,771+0.59%
1985 8,948,649+0.25%
1992 8,487,317−0.75%
2001 7,932,984−0.75%
2011 7,364,570−0.74%
2015 7,168,009[8]−0.67%
20167,101,859−0.92%
20177,050,034−0.73%
20187,000,039−0.71%
20196,951,482−0.69%
Source: Censuses in Bulgaria

Vital statistics

Vital Statistics 1875 to 1915

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World in Data and Gapminder Foundation.[9]

Years187518761877187818791880[9]
Total Fertility Rate in Bulgaria5.165.054.954.844.734.62
Years1881188218831884188518861887188818891890[9]
Total Fertility Rate in Bulgaria4.524.925.165.165.044.375.155.054.924.7
Years1891189218931894189518961897189818991900[9]
Total Fertility Rate in Bulgaria5.244.824.695.095.455.555.75.285.455.67
Years1901190219031904190519061907190819091910[9]
Total Fertility Rate in Bulgaria5.75.735.765.85.835.775.725.665.65.55
Years19111912191319141915[9]
Total Fertility Rate in Bulgaria5.525.485.455.425.39

Vital statistics 1900–1915

[10][11][12]

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000)
1900 3,710,000 157,000 84,000 73,000 42.3 22.6 19.7
1901 3,740,000 141,000 87,000 54,000 37.7 23.3 14.4
1902 3,800,000 149,000 91,000 58,000 39.2 23.9 15.3
1903 3,850,000 159,000 88,000 71,000 41.3 22.9 18.4
1904 3,910,000 167,000 84,000 83,000 42.7 21.5 21.2
1905 4,000,000 174,000 87,000 87,000 43.5 21.8 21.8
1906 4,100,000 179,000 91,000 88,000 43.7 22.2 21.5
1907 4,150,000 180,000 92,000 88,000 43.4 22.2 21.2
1908 4,200,000 169,000 102,000 67,000 40.2 24.3 16.0
1909 4,280,000 173,000 113,000 60,000 40.4 26.4 14.0
1910 4,350,000 180,000 100,000 80,000 41.4 23.0 18.4
1911 4,400,000 176,000 94,000 82,000 40.0 21.4 18.6
1912 4,430,000 185,000 91,000 94,000 41.8 20.5 21.2
1913 4,200,000 108,000 122,000 -14,000 25.7 29.0 -3.3
1914 4,240,000 191,000 88,000 103,000 45.0 20.8 24.3
1915 4,280,000 172,000 85,000 87,000 40.2 19.9 20.3

Vital statistics 1916–1940
Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rates[9]
1916 4,660,000 99,000 97,000 2,000 21.2 20.8 0.4 5.38
1917 4,690,000 81,000 99,000 -18,000 17.3 21.1 -3.8 5.37
1918 4,740,000 100,000 152,000 -52,000 21.1 32.1 -11.0 5.36
1919 4,790,000 157,000 97,000 60,000 32.8 20.3 12.5 5.35
1920 4,850,000 193,000 104,000 89,000 39.8 21.4 18.4 5.35
1921 4,890,000 197,000 106,000 91,000 40.3 21.7 18.6 5.27
1922 5,010,000 203,000 106,000 97,000 40.5 21.2 19.4 5.19
1923 5,090,000 192,000 108,000 84,000 37.7 21.2 16.5 5.11
1924 5,210,000 207,000 108,000 99,000 39.7 20.7 19.0 5.03
1925 5,310,000 196,000 102,000 94,000 36.9 19.2 17.7 4.94
1926 5,420,000 203,000 93,000 110,000 37.5 17.2 20.3 4.80
1927 5,510,000 183,000 112,000 71,000 33.2 20.3 12.9 4.65
1928 5,590,000 185,000 99,000 86,000 33.1 17.7 15.4 4.50
1929 5,670,000 173,000 103,000 70,000 30.5 18.2 12.3 4.36
1930 5,740,000 180,000 93,000 87,000 31.4 16.2 15.2 4.05
1931 5,800,000 171,000 98,000 73,000 29.5 16.9 12.6 3.80
1932 5,884,000 186,000 96,000 90,000 31.6 16.3 15.3 4.07
1933 5,961,000 174,000 93,000 81,000 29.2 15.6 13.6 3.76
1934 6,039,000 181,795 85,046 96,749 30.1 14.1 16.0 3.88
1935 6,102,000 160,951 89,086 71,865 26.4 14.6 11.8 3.39
1936 6,154,000 159,146 87,723 71,423 25.9 14.3 11.6 3.33
1937 6,196,000 150,771 84,674 66,097 24.3 13.7 10.7 3.12
1938 6,244,000 142,415 85,373 57,042 22.8 13.7 9.1 2.92
1939 6,292,000 138,883 84,150 54,733 22.1 13.4 8.7 2.81
1940 6,341,000 140,564 85,046 55,518 22.2 13.4 8.8 2.84

Vital statistics 1941 to present
Total population (31 December) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rates[fn 1]
1941 6,711,000 147,293 85,011 62,282 21.9 12.7 9.3 2.80
1942 6,767,000 153,272 88,082 65,190 22.6 13.0 9.6 2.91
1943 6,823,000 148,840 88,386 60,454 21.8 13.0 8.9 2.79
1944 6,879,000 151,013 94,082 56,931 22.0 13.7 8.3 2.83
1945 6,936,000 166,960 103,591 63,369 24.1 14.9 9.1 3.09
1946 6,993,000 179,226 95,799 83,427 25.6 13.7 11.9 3.29
1947 7,048,000 169,501 94,395 75,106 24.0 13.4 10.7 3.06
1948 7,130,000 175,771 89,927 85,844 24.7 12.6 12.0 3.16
1949 7,195,000 177,734 84,675 93,059 24.7 11.8 12.9 3.17
1950 7,251,000 182,571 74,134 108,437 25.2 10.2 15.0 2.94
1951 7,258,000 152,803 77,364 75,439 21.1 10.7 10.4 2.45
1952 7,275,000 154,014 84,254 69,760 21.2 11.6 9.6 2.44
1953 7,346,000 153,220 68,055 85,165 20.9 9.3 11.6 2.41
1954 7,423,000 149,902 68,384 81,518 20.2 9.2 11.0 2.36
1955 7,499,000 150,978 67,960 83,018 20.1 9.1 11.1 2.41
1956 7,576,000 147,910 71,153 76,757 19.5 9.4 10.1 2.36
1957 7,651,000 141,035 65,807 75,228 18.4 8.6 9.8 2.26
1958 7,728,000 138,294 60,734 77,560 17.9 7.9 10.0 2.23
1959 7,829,246 136,892 73,850 63,042 17.5 9.4 8.1 2.23
1960 7,905,502 140,082 63,665 76,417 17.7 8.1 9.7 2.31
1961 7,980,734 137,861 62,562 75,299 17.3 7.8 9.4 2.29
1962 8,045,158 134,148 69,640 64,508 16.7 8.7 8.0 2.24
1963 8,111,132 132,143 66,057 66,086 16.3 8.1 8.1 2.21
1964 8,177,547 130,958 64,479 66,479 16.0 7.9 8.1 2.19
1965 8,230,788 125,791 66,970 58,821 15.3 8.1 7.1 2.09
1966 8,285,325 123,039 68,366 54,673 14.9 8.3 6.6 2.03
1967 8,335,126 124,582 74,696 49,886 14.9 9.0 6.0 2.02
1968 8,404,080 141,460 72,176 69,284 16.8 8.6 8.2 2.27
1969 8,464,264 143,060 80,183 62,877 16.9 9.5 7.4 2.27
1970 8,514,883 138,745 77,095 61,650 16.3 9.1 7.2 2.17
1971 8,557,906 135,422 82,805 52,617 15.8 9.7 6.1 2.10
1972 8,594,493 131,316 84,174 47,142 15.3 9.8 5.5 2.03
1973 8,647,440 139,713 81,470 58,243 16.2 9.4 6.7 2.15
1974 8,710,049 149,196 85,239 63,957 17.1 9.8 7.3 2.29
1975 8,731,434 144,668 89,974 54,694 16.6 10.3 6.3 2.23
1976 8,785,763 144,929 88,348 56,581 16.5 10.1 6.4 2.24
1977 8,822,602 141,702 94,362 47,340 16.1 10.7 5.4 2.21
1978 8,805,462 136,442 92,445 43,997 15.5 10.5 5.0 2.15
1979 8,846,417 135,358 94,403 40,955 15.3 10.7 4.6 2.16
1980 8,876,652 128,190 97,950 30,240 14.4 11.0 3.4 2.05
1981 8,905,581 124,372 95,441 28,931 14.0 10.7 3.2 2.00
1982 8,929,332 124,166 100,293 23,873 13.9 11.2 2.7 2.01
1983 8,950,144 122,993 102,182 20,811 13.7 11.4 2.3 2.01
1984 8,971,214 122,303 101,419 20,884 13.6 11.3 2.3 2.01
1985 8,949,880 118,955 107,485 11,470 13.3 12.0 1.3 1.97
1986 8,966,462 120,078 104,039 16,039 13.4 11.6 1.8 2.02
1987 8,976,255 116,672 107,213 9,459 13.0 11.9 1.1 1.96
1988 8,986,636 117,440 107,385 10,055 13.1 11.9 1.1 1.97
1989 8,767,308 112,289 106,902 5,387 12.8 12.2 0.6 1.90
1990 8,669,269 105,180 108,608 -3,428 12.1 12.5 -0.4 1.82
1991 8,595,465 95,910 110,423 -14,513 11.2 12.8 -1.7 1.66
1992 8,484,863 89,134 107,998 -18,864 10.5 12.7 -2.2 1.55
1993 8,459,763 84,400 109,540 -25,140 10.0 12.9 -3.0 1.46
1994 8,427,418 79,442 111,827 -32,385 9.4 13.3 -3.8 1.37
1995 8,384,715 71,967 114,670 -42,703 8.6 13.7 -5.1 1.23
1996 8,340,936 72,188 117,056 -44,868 8.7 14.0 -5.4 1.23
1997 8,283,200 64,125 121,861 -57,736 7.7 14.7 -7.0 1.09
1998 8,230,371 65,361 118,190 -52,829 7.9 14.4 -6.4 1.11
1999 8,190,876 72,290 111,786 -39,496 8.8 13.6 -4.8 1.23
2000 8,149,468 73,679 115,087 -41,408 9.0 14.1 -5.1 1.27
2001 7,868,815 68,180 112,368 -44,188 8.7 14.3 -5.6 1.24
2002 7,805,506 66,499 112,617 -46,118 8.5 14.4 -5.9 1.21
2003 7,745,147 67,359 111,927 -44,568 8.7 14.5 -5.8 1.23
2004 7,688,573 69,886 110,110 -40,224 9.1 14.3 -5.2 1.29
2005 7,629,371 71,075 113,374 -42,299 9.2 14.6 -5.4 1.31
2006 7,572,673 73,978 113,438 -39,460 9.6 14.7 -5.1 1.38
2007 7,518,002 75,349 113,004 -37,655 9.8 14.8 -5.0 1.42
2008 7,467,119 77,712 110,523 -32,811 10.2 14.5 -4.3 1.48
2009 7,421,766 80,956 108,068 -27,112 10.7 14.2 -3.5 1.57
2010 7,369,431 75,513 110,165 -34,652 10.0 14.6 -4.6 1.49
2011 7,327,224 70,846 108,258 -37,412 9.6 14.7 -5.1 1.51
2012 7,284,552 69,121 109,281 -40,160 9.5 15.0 -5.5 1.50
2013 7,245,677 66,578 104,345 -37,767 9.2 14.4 -5.2 1.48
2014 7,202,198 67,585 108,952 -41,367 9.4 15.1 -5.7 1.53
2015[13] 7,153,784 65,950 110,117 -44,167 9.2 15.3 -6.1 1.53
2016[14] 7,101,859 64,984 107,580 -42,596 9.1 15.1 -6.0 1.54
2017[15] 7,050,034 63,955 109,791 -45,836 9.0 15.5 -6.5 1.56
2018[16] 7,000,039 62,197 108,526 -46,329 8.9 15.4 -6.5 1.56
2019[17] 6,951,482 61,538 108,083 -46,545 8.8 15.5 -6.7 1.58

Current vital statistics
  • Number of births January–September 2019 = 41,828
  • Number of births January–September 2020 = 41,895
  • Number of deaths January–September 2019 = 77,987
  • Number of deaths January–September 2020 = 75,165
  • Natural Decrease January–September 2019 = -36,159
  • Natural Decrease January–September 2020 = -33,270

https://ncpha.government.bg/images/___NCPHA/__HealthStatistics/_Operational/2019/2019_1_BirthsByRegion.pdf https://ncpha.government.bg/images/___NCPHA/__HealthStatistics/_Operational/2019/2019_2_BirthsByRegion.pdf https://ncpha.government.bg/images/___NCPHA/__HealthStatistics/_Operational/2020/liveBirths_I_20.pdf https://ncpha.government.bg/images/___NCPHA/__HealthStatistics/_Operational/2020/liveBirths_II_20.pdf https://ncpha.government.bg/images/___NCPHA/__HealthStatistics/_Operational/2019/2019_3_BirthsByRegion.pdf https://ncpha.government.bg/images/___NCPHA/__HealthStatistics/_Operational/2020/liveBirths_III_20.pdf

Birth rates and fertility
Fertility rate (1980–2010)
Births and deaths, Bulgaria 1900-2015
  • Birth rate in 2014
  • Fertility rate in 2013
  • Fertility rate in 2014
  • Bulgaria's deaths and births (2005–2009).

In 2016 a total of 64,984 live births were recorded in Bulgaria.[18] The country has a crude birth rate of 9.1‰.

Seventy years ago (in the census of 1946), Bulgaria had a crude birth rate of 25,6‰. Ethnic Bulgarians (23,3‰) had a much lower crude birth rate compared to the two largest minorities: Turks (40,9‰) and Roma (47,2‰).[19] However, it is unlikely that this difference continued since then, as birth rates in the Balkan countries dropped sharply.

Bulgaria has a low total fertility rate of 1.54 children per woman (at the end of 2016). This is up significantly from the late 1990s, but still below replacement and not enough to prevent further population decline, especially with emigration. Provinces with large Roma populations (for example Sliven, Montana and Yambol) tend to have higher fertility rates (and higher death rates) compared to other areas, whereas Turkish fertility is similar to the Bulgarian majority.[20]

Total fertility rate and crude birth rate by province from 2010 to 2018 (NSI)[21]
Province TFR (2010)TFR (2016)TFR (2017)TFR (2018)TFR (2019)
Northwest Region 1.531.72 1.72 1.75 1.77
Vidin 1.501.45 1.58 1.68 1.65
Vratsa 1.461.77 1.68 1.81 1.83
Lovech 1.581.66 1.79 1.89 1.84
Montana 1.521.74 1.65 1.67 1.62
Pleven 1.561.80 1.79 1.71 1.81
North Central Region 1.321.45 1.45 1.45 1.43
Veliko Tarnovo 1.191.40 1.43 1.34 1.27
Gabrovo 1.431.41 1.49 1.58 1.69
Razgrad 1.371.491.48 1.65 1.60
Ruse 1.341.40 1.37 1.41 1.30
Silistra 1.491.77 1.71 1.55 1.76
Northeast Region 1.531.50 1.48 1.49 1.52
Varna 1.571.45 1.44 1.44 1.47
Dobrich 1.441.531.51 1.44 1.56
Targovishte 1.671.59 1.57 1.63 1.61
Shumen 1.421.54 1.45 1.53 1.51
Southeast Region 1.671.82 1.88 1.84 1.87
Burgas 1.541.631.65 1.61 1.69
Sliven 1.952.24 2.34 2.27 2.35
Stara Zagora 1.641.73 1.80 1.76 1.72
Yambol 1.701.98 2.00 2.13 2.06
Southwest Region 1.421.36 1.38 1.38 1.42
Blagoevgrad 1.461.46 1.45 1.50 1.62
Kyustendil 1.331.63 1.75 1.76 1.95
Pernik 1.351.621.66 1.73 1.68
Sofia 1.451.74 1.73 1.80 1.91
Sofia (city) 1.391.27 1.29 1.26 1.28
South Central Region 1.501.61 1.65 1.65 1.66
Kardzhali 1.491.64 1.66 1.70 1.74
Pazardzhik 1.581.72 1.75 1.85 1.81
Plovdiv 1.491.56 1.60 1.61 1.60
Smolyan 1.331.45 1.47 1.40 1.49
Haskovo 1.531.701.75 1.62 1.71
Bulgaria1.491.541.56 1.56 1.58

Regional differences

As of 2017, the municipality of Nikolaevo has the highest crude birth rate with 18.6‰, followed by Tvarditsa (16.7‰) and Kaynardzha (15.7‰). All these municipalities have relatively large Romani populations.

Top 20 municipalities with the highest birth rate (2017)[22]
MunicipalityBirth rate (‰)
Nikolaevo Municipality, Stara Zagora Province18.6
Tvarditsa Municipality, Sliven Province16.7
Kaynardzha Municipality, Silistra Province15.7
Gurkovo Municipality, Stara Zagora Province14.6
Yablanitsa Municipality, Lovech Province14.2
Nikola Kozlevo Municipality, Shumen Province13.4
Kotel Municipality, Sliven Province13.2
Straldzha Municipality, Yambol Province13.1
Simeonovgrad Municipality, Haskovo Province12.5
Chelopech Municipality, Sofia Province12.4
Maglizh Municipality, Stara Zagora Province12.4
Sliven Municipality, Sliven Province12.2
Nova Zagora Municipality, Sliven Province12.1
Bratya Daskalovi Municipality, Stara Zagora Province12.1
Ihtiman Municipality, Sofia Province12.0
Dolni Dabnik Municipality, Pleven Province11.8
Pavel Banya Municipality, Stara Zagora Province11.6
Lukovit Municipality, Lovech Province11.6
Rakovski Municipality, Plovdiv Province11.5
Kameno Municipality, Burgas Province11.4
Top 20 municipalities with the lowest birth rate (2017)[22]
Nedelino Municipality, Smolyan Province5.7
Hisarya Municipality, Plovdiv Province5.6
Kocherinovo Municipality, Kyustendil Province5.6
Devin Municipality, Smolyan Province5.5
Gramada Municipality, Vidin Province5.5
Svoge Municipality, Sofia Province5.5
Godech Municipality, Sofia Province5.4
Apriltsi Municipality, Lovech Province5.3
Novo Selo Municipality, Vidin Province5.0
Chepelare Municipality, Smolyan Province4.9
Zemen Municipality, Pernik Province4.9
Hitrino Municipality, Shumen Province4.8
Chiprovtsi Municipality, Montana Province4.7
Borovo Municipality, Ruse Province4.5
Belene Municipality, Pleven Province4.4
Tryavna Municipality, Gabrovo Province4.2
Boynitsa Municipality, Vidin Province4.0
Nevestino Municipality, Kyustendil Province3.8
Banite Municipality, Smolyan Province3.2
Georgi Damyanovo Municipality, Montana Province3.1

On the other hand, the municipalities of Georgi Damyanovo, Banite and Nevestino have a extremely low birth rates. These municipalities are almost exclusively inhabited by ethnic Bulgarians.

Teenage pregnancy

Bulgaria has one of the highest share of teenage pregnancy in Europe. Nevertheless, this number is declining rapidly in recent years.

Number of teenage mothers in Bulgaria in the period 1990-2017[23]
Year1990199520002005201020152017
All live births in Bulgaria105,18071,96773,67969,88675,51365,95063,955
Mothers aged under twenty22,51816,27812,78710,6258,4116,2746,038
Share of teenage mothers 21.4%22.6% 17.4% 15.2% 11.1% 9.5% 9.4%

The ten municipalities with the largest absolute number of teenage mothers are: Sliven (373), Sofia (339), Plovdiv (245), Pazardzhik (161), Stara Zagora (141), Nova Zagora (131), Burgas (108), Yambol (106), Haskovo (96) and Varna (86).[24]

Top ten municipalities with the highest share of mothers aged under twenty (2017)[22]
MunicipalityAll live birthsBirths to mothers aged under twenty% of all live births
Bolyarovo Municipality251040.0%
Gramada Municipality10440.0%
Bratya Daskalovi Municipality983737.8%
Nikolaevo Municipality823137.8%
Gurkovo Municipality732737.0%
Kaynardzha Municipality802936.3%
Maglizh Municipality1214335.5%
Yablanitsa Municipality822935.4%
Ihtiman Municipality2057134.6%
Dimovo Municipality652233.8%

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 74.83 years
Male: 71.37 years
Female: 78.39 years (2016-2018 est.)[1]

Average life expectancy at age 0 of the total population.[25]

Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 62.33
1955–1960 66.78
1960–1965 70.28
1965–1970 70.91
1970–1975 71.07
1975–1980 71.10
1980–1985 71.24
1985–1990 71.39
1990–1995 71.11
1995–2000 70.97
2000–2005 72.19
2005–2010 73.13
2010–2015 74.25
2016–2018 74.83

Kardzhali Province and Sofia City have the highest life expectancy with 76.6 years for both sexes. The lowest life expectancy is recorded in the Northwestern provinces like Montana (72.7 years), Vratsa (72.8 years) and Vidin (72.9 years).[26]

Infant mortality rate
Total: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2018)[1]
Male: 6.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2018)
Female: 5.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2018)

Projections

The following forecast for the future population is an official estimate of the National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria.[27]

Year Population
2015 7,159,819
2020 6,950,436
2025 6,734,989
2030 6,519,217
2035 6,311,454
2040 6,115,526
2045 5,929,267
2050 5,748,061
2055 5,567,060
2060 5,384,040

Demographic statistics

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review.[28]

  • One birth every 8 minutes
  • One death every 5 minutes
  • One net migrant every 111 minutes
  • Net loss of one person every 11 minutes

Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[29]

Population pyramid of Bulgaria by age and sex in 1950
Population
7,057,504 (July 2018 est.)
Ethnic groups
Bulgarian 76.9%, Turkish 8%, Romani 4.4%, other 0.7% (including Russian, Armenian, and Vlach), other (unknown) 10% (2011 est.)
note: Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 9–11% of Bulgaria's population
Languages
Bulgarian (official) 76.8%, Turkish 8.2%, Romani 3.8%, other 0.7%, unspecified 10.5% (2011 est.)
Religions
Eastern Orthodox 59.4%, Muslim 7.8%, other (including Catholic, Protestant, Armenian Apostolic Orthodox, and Jewish) 1.7%, none 3.7%, unspecified 27.4% (2011 est.)
Age structure
Population pyramid of Bulgaria in 2017
Birth and death rates of Bulgaria in 1950-2008
0-14 years: 14.6% (male 530,219 /female 500,398)
15-24 years: 9.43% (male 346,588 /female 318,645)
25-54 years: 43.12% (male 1,565,770 /female 1,477,719)
55-64 years: 13.3% (male 442,083 /female 496,888)
65 years and over: 19.54% (male 557,237 /female 821,957) (2018 est.)
Median age
total: 43 years. Country comparison to the world: 22nd
male: 41.2 years
female: 44.9 years (2018 est.)
Birth rate
8.5 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 215th
Death rate
14.5 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 4th
Total fertility rate
1.47 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 201st
Net migration rate
-0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 115th
Population growth rate
-0.63% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 225th
Mother's mean age at first birth
26.7 years (2014 est.)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 51.7 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 21.2 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 30.5 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 3.3 (2015 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 75% of total population (2018)

.rate of urbanization: -0.22% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

potential support ratio: 3.3 (2015 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 74.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 119th
male: 71.5 years
female: 78.3 years (2018 est.)
Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)

total population: 98.4%
male: 98.7%
female: 98.1% (2015 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 15 years
male: 15 years
female: 15 years (2016)
Unemployment, youth ages 15–24
total: 17.2%. Country comparison to the world: 77th
male: 17.4%
female: 16.9% (2016 est.)

Sex ratio

Of the total 7,364,570 as of 2011, 3 586 571 are males and 3,777,999 are females, or there are 1053 women for 1,000 men.

Demographic policies
Bias among ethnic groups in Bulgaria

The progressive decrease of the Bulgarian population is hindering economic growth and welfare improvement, and the management measures taken to mitigate the negative consequences do not address the essence of the problem. The Government Program for the period 2017 - 2021 is the first one that aims at overturning the trend. The program also identifies the priority means for achieving this goal: measures to increase the birth rate, reduce youth emigration, and build up regulatory and institutional capacity to implement a modern immigration policy tailored to the needs of the Bulgarian business.[30][31]

Ethnic groups
Population of Bulgaria according to ethnic group 1900–1956
Ethnic
group		 census 1900 census 1905 census 1910 census 1920 census 1926 census 1934 census 1946 census 1956
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Bulgarians[32] 2,888,219 77.1 3,203,810 79.4 3,518,756 81.1 4,036,056 83.3 4,557,706 83.2 5,204,217 85.6 5,903,580 84.0 6,506,541 85.5
Turks[32] 531,240 14.2 488,010 12.1 465,641 10.7 520,339 10.7 577,552 10.5 591,193 9.7 675,500 9.6 656,025 8.6
Roma[32] 89,549 2.4 99,004 2.5 122,296 2.8 98,451 2.0 134,844 2.5 149,385 2.5 170,011 2.4 197,8651 2.6
Russians 1,685 0.0 3,275 0.2 2,505 0.2 9,080 0.2 19,706 0.4 11,928 0.2 13,200 0.2 10,551 0.1
Armenians 14,581 0.4 12,932 0.3 11,509 0.2 27,332 0.5 25,963 0.4 21,637 0.3 21,954 0.3
Sarakatsani 6,128 0.2 7,251 0.2 2,085 0.0
Macedonians - - - - - - [33] 169,5442 2.4 187,7892 2.5
Greeks 66,635 1.8 63,487 1.6 43,275 1.0 42,074 0.9 10,564 0.2 9,601 0.2 7,437 0.1
Jews 33,661 0.9 37,663 0.9 40,133 0.9 43,209 0.9 46,558 0.8 48,565 0.8 44,209 0.6 6,027 0.1
Romanians 71,063 1.9 75,773 1.9 79,429 1.8 57,312 1.2 69,080 1.2 16,504 0.3 3,749 0.0
Tatars 18,884 0.5 17,942 0.4 18,228 0.4 6,191 0.1 5,993 0.1
Gagauzes 10,175 0.3 4,362 0.1
Others 13,199 0.2
Undeclared 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -
Total 3,744,283 4,035,575 4,337,513 4,846,971 5,528,741 6,077,939 7,029,349 7,613,709
1 According to x files of the state, the number of the Romani was reduced by 25,000 in 1956.[34]

2There are strong indications that in the 1946 and the 1956 census the population was forced to list as ethnic Macedonians against their will by the communist government in accordance with an agreement with Yugoslavia.[35][36]

Population of Bulgaria according to nationality group 1965–2011
Nationalities census 1965 census 1975 census 19802[34] census 19892[34] census 19922[34] [37] census 1992 [38] census 2001 [32] census 20111
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % / % of Total
Bulgarians[32] 7,231,243 87.9 7,930,024 90.9 7,271,185 85.7 6,655,210 83.9 5,664,624 84.8 / 76.9
Turks[32] 780,928 9.5 730,728 8.4 800,052 9.4 746,664 9.4 588,318 8.8 / 8.0
Roma[32] 148,874 1.8 523,519 576,927 550,000 6.5 313,396 3.7 370,908 4.7 325,343 4.9 / 4.4
Russians 10,815 0.1 17,139 0.2 15,595 0.2 9,978 0.1
Armenians 20,282 0.2 14,526 0.2 13,677 0.2 10,832 0.1 6,552 0.1
Vlachs 5,159 0.1 10,566 0.1 3,684 0.1
Sarakatsani 5,144 0.1 4,107 0.1 2,556 0.0
Ukrainians 1,864 0.0 2,489 0.0 1,789 0.0
Macedonians 9,632 0.1 10,803 0.1 5,071 0.1 1,654 0.0
Greeks 8,241 0.1 4,930 0.1 3,408 0.0 1,379 0.0
Jews 5,108 0.1 3,076 0.0 3,461 0.0 1,363 0.0 1,162 0.0
Romanians 2,491 0.0 1,088 0.0 891 0.0
Tatars 6,430 0.1 5,963 0.1 4,515 0.1 1,803 0.0
Gagauzes 1,478 0.0 540 0.0
Other 23,542 0.3 12,342 0.2 19,659 0.3
Undeclared 0 - 0 - 8,481 0.1 86,915 1.1 736,981 10.01
Total 8,227,966 8,727,771 8,487,317 7,932,984 7,364,570
1 The 2011 percentage of the ethnic groups is calculated only from those who answered the optional question on ethnicity (6,680,980 in total) and does not include around 750,000 people who did not answer the question or 10% from the population.

2 Denotes secret backstage censuses ordered by the Ministry of Interior for enumerating Romani people alone. In 1989, over half of the Romani were recorded as Turkified and having fluid Turkish identity.[34]
3 Note that the distinction between Sarakatsani and Greeks, and between Vlachs and Romanians, is fluid. Sarakatsani were counted as Greeks in the 1900, 1920, 1926, 1934, and 1965 censuses.

Ethnic structure of the entire population (7,364,570) by most detailed cadastral division according to the 2011 census
Distribution of the ethnic groups by municipalities according to the 2011 census within those who answered the question (6,680,000)
Distribution of Turks according to the 2001 census

The censuses in 1880, 1887 and 1892 did not have a question on ethnic affiliation. The following table shows the ethnic composition of all Provinces of Bulgaria according to the 2011 census(% from the declared):

Province Ethnicity Ethnicity Ethnicity
BulgarianTurkishRoma
Blagoevgrad Province89%6%3%
Burgas Province80%13%5%
Dobrich Province75%13%9%
Gabrovo Province92%6%1%
Haskovo Province79%13%7%
Kardzhali Province30%66%
Kyustendil Province93%0%6%
Lovech Province91%3%4%
Montana Province86%0%13%
Pazardzhik Province84%6%8%
Pernik Province96%0%3%
Pleven Province91%4%4%
Plovdiv Province87%6%5%
Razgrad Province43%50%5%
Ruse Province81%13%4%
Shumen Province59%30%8%
Silistra Province57%36%5%
Sliven Province77%10%12%
Smolyan Province91%5%0%
Sofia City96%1%2%
Sofia Province91%0%7%
Stara Zagora Province86%5%8%
Targovishte Province55%36%7%
Varna Province87%7%3%
Veliko Tarnovo Province90%7%2%
Vidin Province91%0%8%
Vratsa Province93%0%6%
Yambol Province87%3%8%
Source (2011 census):[39]

Languages
Main article: Languages of Bulgaria
Distribution of the mother tongues by municipalities according to the 2011 census
Distribution of languages of Bulgaria (2001) [40]
Bulgarian
 
 84.5%
Turkish
 
 9.6%
Roma (Gypsy)
 
 4.1%
others
 
 0.9%
undeclared
 
 0.9%
Population of Bulgaria according to mother tongue 1880–1892
Mother
tongue		 census 1880[41][42] census 1887[43] census 1892[44]
Number % Number % Number %
Bulgarian 1,345,507 67.0 2,326,250 73.7 2,505,326 75.7
Turkish/Gagauz 527,284 26.3 607,331 19.3 569,728 17.2
Vlach 49,070 2.4
Romanian 62,628 1.9
Roma 37,600 1.9 50,291 1.6 52,132 1.6
Ladino 14,020 0.7 27,531 0.8
Tatar 12,376 0.6 16,290 0.5
Greek 11,152 0.6 58,326 1.8 58,518 1.8
Armenian 3,837 6,445 0.2
Serbo-Croatian 1,894
Serbian 818
German/Yiddish 1,280
German 3,620
Russian 1,123 928
Albanian 530
Italian 515 803
Hungarian 220
Czech 174
French 164 356
Arab 97
Polish 92
English 64
Circassian 63
Persian 58
Others 402 4,425
Unknown 1,165
Total 2,007,919 3 154 375 3,310,713
Territory (km2) 63,752 95,223 95,223

The 2001 census defines an ethnic group as a "community of people, related to each other by origin and language, and close to each other by mode of life and culture"; and one's mother tongue as "the language a person speaks best and usually uses for communication in the family (household)".[45] According to the 2011 census, among the Bulgarians 99.4% indicate Bulgarian as a mother tongue, 0.3% - Turkish, 0.1% - Roma and 0.1% others; among Turks 96.6% have pointed the Turkish as a mother tongue and 3.2% - Bulgarian; among the Roma 85% indicate Roma language as a mother tongue, 7.5% - Bulgarian, 6.7% - Turkish and 0.6% - Romanian.

Religion
Main article: Religion in Bulgaria

Bulgaria's traditional religion according to the constitution is the Orthodox Christianity, while Bulgaria is a secular state too. Since the last two censuses (2001 and 2011) provide widely divergent results, they are both shown in the table below. It is noteworthy that over a fifth of the population chose not to respond to this question in the 2011 census.

Religious structure of Bulgaria according to the 2011 census.
Muslim areas in Bulgaria according to the 2001 census
2001[46] 2011[7][47]
Orthodox Christian 82.6% 59.4%
Muslim 12.2% 7.8% (7.4% Sunni; 0.4% Shia)
Catholic 0.6% 0.7%
Protestant 0.5% 0.9%
Other 0.2% 0.15%
None 3.9% 9.3%
No response - 21.8%

The results of the Bulgarian 2011 Census, in which the indication of answer regarding the question for confession was optional, are as follows:[48]

Group Population % of declared % of total
Orthodoxy4,374,13576.0%59.4%
Undeclared1,606,269-21.8%
Irreligion682,16211.8%9.3%
Islam577,13910.0%7.8%
Protestantism64,4761.1%0.9%
Roman Catholicism48,9450.8%0.7%
Oriental Orthodoxy1,7150.0%0.0%
Jews7060.0%0.0%
Others9,0230.2%0.1%
Figure of percentage-5,758,3017,364,570
Municipalities where the prevalence is Bulgarian Muslim according to the 2001 census

The results of the Bulgarian 2001 Census by ethnic groups, the latest census in which the indication of identification (whether by confession or as irreligious) in the question for confession was obligatory, are as follows:[49][50]

Ethnic groups
by confession		 Total Bulgarians Turks Roma Others
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Orthodoxy 6,552,751 82.6 6,315,938 94.9 5,425 0.7 180,326 48.6 51,062
Islam 966,978 12.2 131,531 2.0 713,024 95.5 103,436 27.9 18,987
Irreligion 308,116 3.9 151,008 2.3 23,146 3.1 59,669 16.1
Roman Catholicism 43,811 0.6 37,811 0.6 2,561 0.3
Protestantism 42,308 0.5 14,591 0.2 2,066 0.3 24,651 6.6 1,000
Others 14,937 0.2 4,331 0.1 442 0.1
Total population 7,928,901 100.0 6,655,210 100.0 746,664 100.0 370,908 100.0 100.0

Migration
Main article: Immigration to Bulgaria

In relation to internal migration, according to the 1910 census, 300,000 or almost 10% of the ethnic Bulgarians were born in another Bulgarian municipality than the one they were enumerated in. The same data shows that the foreign-born ethnic Bulgarians numbered 78,000, or 2% of them, most numerous of whom were the 61,000 Ottoman-born, 9,000 Romanian-born and by less than 2,000 Austro-Hungarian, Serbian and Russian-born.[51] By the 1926 census, there had been 253,000 refugees with granted households and land or citizenship but with many more in towns of uncertain number. 35% came from Eastern Thrace, 30% came from Greek Macedonia, another 18% from Western Thrace, 8% from Dobruja, 4% from the Western Outlands, 3% from Asia Minor, and 2% from North Macedonia. They constituted 6% of the country's population. In 1940, 70,000 Bulgarians were exchanged from Northern Dobruja. The total number of refugees in 1878-1940 is estimated at between 700,000 and 1,200,000.[52]

  • Percentage of Bulgarians born in a different municipality of Bulgaria calculated from the total of the ethnic Bulgarians in 1910
  • Percentage of foreign-born Bulgarians calculated from the total of the ethnic Bulgarians in 1910
  • Percentage of Bulgarians born in Greek Macedonia and North Macedonia in 1946 calculated from the total of the ethnic Bulgarians
  • Part of the Bulgarians born in East Thrace, West Thrace and Asia Minor in 1946 calculated from the total of the ethnic Bulgarians
  • Part of the Bulgarians born in Northern Dobruja, Romania and Serbia in 1946 calculated from the total of the ethnic Bulgarians
  • Foreign born as a part of the ethnic Bulgarians in 1946

According to the 2011 census Russian citizens are the most numerous foreigners - 11 991, followed by 8 444 EU citizens (UK- 2 605, Greece - 1 253, Germany- 848, Poland - 819 and Italy - 456), citizens of Ukraine - 3 064, North Macedonia - 1 091, Moldova - 893 and Serbia - 569. 22.8% of them are from Asia, mostly from Turkey. Those with dual Bulgarian and other citizenship were 22 152, or 0.3% of the population. Of them persons with Bulgarian and Russian citizenship were 5 257 (23.7%), followed by persons with Bulgarian and Turkish citizenship - 4 282 (19.3%), Bulgarian and citizenship of the USA- 1 725 (7.8%). There are at least 17,527 Refugees of the Syrian Civil War with applications in Bulgaria. In 2001-2015 185,447 people applied for Bulgarian citizenship and 116,222 were provided with. 113,647 were granted on grounds of proven Bulgarian ancestry, including 59,968 North Macedonia citizens. 29,218 were Moldovan citizens, 5930 Ukrainians, 5374 Serbians, 5194 Russians, 3840 Israeli, 2192 Albanians, 692 Turks and others.[53] In 2016, 12,880 foreigners were naturalized, including 6196 Macedonians.[54]

Population by country of birth:[55]

2011 2013 2015
 Bulgaria 7,290,666 7,188,273 7,077,389
Total foreign-born 78,621 96,113 123,803
 Russia 18,725 19,533 24,416
 Turkey 3,955 6,227 9,284
 Syria 1,250 1,298 8,318
 Greece 4,928 7,377 7,166
 Ukraine 5,877 6,084 7,039
 Germany 2,083 3,638 5,533
 UK 3,042 5,066 6,738
 Spain 1,558 4,065 5,240
 Romania 6,045 5,380 4,612
 Italy 1,082 2,261 2,830
 North Macedonia 2,426 2,384 2,742
 USA 1,180 2,023 2,431
 Moldova 1,893 1,996 2,363
 Serbia 2,306 2,246 2,318
 Azerbaijan 2,152 1,871 1,886
 France 562 1,255 1,781
 Poland 1,196 1,443 1,648
 Armenia 1,472 1,422 1,565
 Kazakhstan 970 1,067 1,515
 Belgium 410 1,009 1,481
 China 860 929 1,236
 Czech Republic 924 1,028 1,186
 Albania 1,134 1,078 1,130
 Netherlands 298 735 1,040
 Cyprus 244 679 1,008
Unknown 144 166 1,006

Foreigners by nationality:

2011 2015
Total 36,723 65,622
 Russia 11,991 17,943
 Turkey 2,741 8,157
 Syria 729 7,508
 Ukraine 3,064 3,874
 UK 2,605 3,693
Unknown 2,538
 Greece 1,253 2,094
Stateless 1,875
 North Macedonia 1,091 1,289
 Germany 848 1,266
 Armenia 1,167 1,175
 China 749 1,147
 Moldova 893 1,018
 Poland 819 978
 USA 876
 Italy 456 815
 Serbia 569 813
 Iraq 706 806
 Kazakhstan 712

Age structure
0–14 years: 13.2%
15–65 years: 68.3%
65 years and over: 18.5% (Census 2011)[7]

At the 2011 census the largest decadal age group of the identified as Romani people is the 0–9 years old or 21% of them, the same age group accounted for 10% of the Turks and 7% of the Bulgarians.[56] Experts estimate that the Romani in some provinces make up 40% of all aged between 0 and 9 years.[57] Amongst those who did not answer the question on ethnic group lowest is the share of people aged 60+ years.

Children aged up to nine years old by ethnic structure per province(% from the declared)
Province Ethnicity Ethnicity Ethnicity
BulgarianTurkishRoma
Bulgaria72.9% 10.6% 12.0%
Blagoevgrad Province80.9%7.3%7.8%
Burgas Province68.5%16.2%9.7%
Dobrich Province56.9%17.1%18.9%
Gabrovo Province85.0%8.2%3.8%
Haskovo Province62.7%16.5%16.7%
Kardzhali Province23.8%67.8%2.7%
Kyustendil Province79.4%0.0%16.1%
Lovech Province78.0%3.6%14.8%
Montana Province66.8%0.1%29.0%
Pazardzhik Province67.3%8.7%16.7%
Pernik Province90.3%0.1%7.5%
Pleven Province78.5%4.4%13.5%
Plovdiv Province74.1%9.3%11.9%
Razgrad Province33.9%50.0%10.2%
Ruse Province72.2%15.1%8.9%
Shumen Province45.5%31.5%17.6%
Silistra Province38.2%43.1%14.4%
Sliven Province55.0%11.6%28.3%
Smolyan Province87.6%5.0%1.9%
Sofia City92.2%0.5%3.6%
Sofia Province77.1%0.2%18.8%
Stara Zagora Province68.3%7.3%19.9%
Targovishte Province39.6%38.0%15.5%
Varna Province79.2%8.9%7.0%
Veliko Tarnovo Province79.9%11.0%4.4%
Vidin Province74.3%0.1%20.6%
Vratsa Province80.3%0.4%15.6%
Yambol Province62.4%5.8%26.7%
Source (2011 census):[32]

% ethnic declaration of total population aged 0-9 (2011 census)[56][58]

  Bulgarians (62.0%)
  unanswered (14.9%)
  Romani (10.2%)
  Turks (9.0%)
  No identity (3.4%)
  Other (0.5%)

Bulgarian children constitute the majority of all children in 23 out of 28 provinces. They constitute more than ninety percent of all children in two provinces: Sofia (city) (92%) and Pernik Province (90%).

Turkish children constitute the majority in Kardzhali Province (68% of self-declared) and Razgrad Province (50% of self-declared); they also constitute the largest group of all children in Silistra Province (43%).

Roma children constitute 12% of all children in Bulgaria and more than a quarter in three provinces: Montana (29%), Sliven (28%) and Yambol (27%).

Bulgaria is ageing rapidly, especially in some remote rural areas.

Age Structure (2011)
Under working age (0 – 17) Working age (18 – 64) Above working age (65 and over)
1 172 208 (16.0%) 4 789 967 (65.1%) 1 389 059 (18.9%)
Age Structure (2017)[59]
Under working age (0 – 17) Working age (18 – 64) Above working age (65 and over)
1 065 993 (15.1%) 4 248 503 (60.3%) 1 735 538 (24.6%)

The ageing of the population leads to an increase of the median age. The median age is 43.6 as of 2017, up from 40.4 years in 2001.[60]

Education
Main article: Education in Bulgaria
Map of Romani students in schools in Bulgaria. Chart of completed degrees by ethnic groups in Bulgaria.

% of the native language of children in 1st grade in 2011[61]

  Bulgarian (52%)
  another language (48%)

Over 98% of the population is literate, the males being more literate than the females.

According to the 2011 census, about 112,778 people aged nine or more are illiterate. There are considerable differences in the share of illiterate persons amongst the three main ethnic groups. Amongst the Bulgarian ethnic group the share of illiterate is 0.5%, amongst the Turkish - 4.7% and amongst the Roma ethnic group - 11.8%.[62] About 81 thousand people aged seven or more never visited school.[63]

Unemployment
Chart of unemployment and poverty rate by ethnic groups

The median unemployment for the country in 2011 was 10.1%.

The number of unemployed people declined to 207 thousand people (or around 6.2% of the population) in 2017.[64]

Most unemployed people are aged 15 to 24 years old.

The unemployment rate in rural areas (around 10.0%) is nearly two times higher than the unemployment rate in urban areas (approximately 5.1%).

Vidin Province has the highest unemployment rate with almost one fifth of its labour force being unemployed. The provinces of Shumen (15.9%), Silistra (12.5%) and Targovishte (12.4%) have also very high unemployment rates.

Other statistics

Home ownership

According to Eurostat, 82.3% per cent of the population live in privately owned and owner-occupied homes, ranking it as 12th highest in ownership globally.[65] It is down from a recent peak of 87.6% in 2008, and has been steadily falling since.[65]

Internet penetration

The number of Internet users has increased rapidly since 2000—from 430,000 their number grew to 1.55 million in 2004, and 3.4 million (48 per cent penetration rate) in 2010.[66] Bulgaria has the third-fastest average Broadband Internet speed in the world after South Korea and Romania with an average speed of 1,611 kbit/s.[67][68]

Mobile phone adoption

Currently there are three active mobile phone operators—Mtel, Telenor and Vivacom, Mtel is the largest one with 5.2 million users as of 2010,[69] Telenor has 3,9 million as of 2007 and Vivacom over 1 million.

HIV

Bulgaria's HIV rate is among the lowest in the world, being 0.1% or 3,800 infected as of 2009.

Urbanization

Most Bulgarians (72.5 per cent) reside in urban areas. Approximately one-sixth of them live in Sofia, which has a population exceeding 1,200,000 people.

Urban population: 5,338,261 or 72.5% of total population (Census 2011)[7]
Rural: 2,026,309 or 27.5%
Rate of urbanization: -0.3% annual rate of change (2005–10 est.)

Largest cities
Main article: List of cities and towns in Bulgaria

See also

Notes
  1. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.

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