Demographics of Poland

The demographics of Poland constitute all demographic features of the population of Poland, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1950 24,824,018—    
1960 29,614,201+19.3%
1970 32,639,258+10.2%
1980 35,539,720+8.9%
1990 37,960,653+6.8%
2000 38,556,693+1.6%
2010 38,321,789−0.6%
2020 37,846,611−1.2%
Source: United Nations Population Division[1]
The population of Poland, Data of FAO, 1961-2014 ; Number of inhabitants in millions.
Largest cities and towns in Poland (over 20,000 citizens; 2010 data)
Alternative map
Population density in Poland by powiat (county).

According to the 2011 census by the Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS), at the end of 2011 Poland had a population of 38,538,447,[2] which translates into an average population density of 123 people/km2 (urban 1105 per 1 km2, rural 50 per 1 km2). 61.5% of the Polish population lives in urban areas, a number which is slowly diminishing. Poland is the 37th most populous country in the world (8th in Europe, with 5.4% of the European population). Total population of Poland is almost stagnant (population growth was 0.08%). In 2018, the average life expectancy was 77.9 years; 74.1 for men and 82 for women. Population distribution is uneven. Ethnically, Poland is a very homogeneous country, with 96.7% of population being Polish.

A number of censuses have assessed this data, including a national census in 2002, and a survey by the Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights (HFHR), which confirmed there are numerous autochthonous ethnic groups in Poland. Estimates by INTEREG and Eurominority present a similar demographic picture of Poland but they provide estimates only for the most numerous of these ethnic groups.

Like many developed nations, Poland is ageing. In 1950, the median age was 25.8: half of the Polish population was younger, half older. Today it is 38.2. If current trends continue, it may be 51 by 2050.[3] As the population is ageing, it also started to decline in the 1990s mainly due to low birth rates and continued emigration overseas which impacted the local economy; however this has started to change, with the Polish government encouraging citizens to return to Poland with increased wage incentives. The number of children born in Polish families (TFR of 1.31, down from 2 in 1990) is one of the lowest in Central Europe, but has started to increase in recent years.[4][5]

Historical population
Population of Poland 1900-2010

For many centuries, until the end of World War II in 1945, the population of Poland included many significant ethnic minorities.

Twentieth century

The population of Poland decreased by about six million due to the losses sustained during the Holocaust and German occupation during World War II (1939-1945), and Poland became one of the most ethnically homogeneous areas in Europe (next to the populations of Slovakia and the Czech Republic) as a result of radically altered borders and population expulsions at the end of and after the war. The post-war population movements were accompanied by waves of forced migrations ordered by the Soviet and Polish communist authorities, including the transfers of sizable Polish populations (1944–1946) from Poland's pre-war eastern territories which were incorporated into the Soviet Union, the expulsion of ethnic Ukrainians to the USSR (1944–1946), Operation Vistula (1947), and the expulsion of Germans (1945–1950) from former German provinces awarded to Poland.

According to GUS, about 38,325,000 people live in Poland, however, the same report states that the number of residents living in the country all the time is approximately 37,200,000; with 1,125,000 people living abroad for 6 to 7 months or more. It means that the permanent population may be correspondingly smaller.[6]

In the 21st century many Poles migrated following Poland's accession to the European Union in 2004 and the opening of the EU's labor market; with approximately 2 million (primarily young) Poles taking up jobs abroad.[7]

Vital statistics
Total fertility rate by Polish regions in 2014 (Eurostat)
  1.4 - 1.5
  1.3 - 1.4
  < 1.3

[8][9][10]

Total fertility rate from 1800 to 1920

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[11]

Years18001801180218031804180518061807180818091810[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland6.286.266.256.236.226.26.196.176.166.146.12
Years1811181218131814181518161817181818191820[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland6.116.096.086.066.056.036.036.166.36.03
Years1821182218231824182518261827182818291830[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland6.36.035.765.496.836.166.36.226.146.06
Years1831183218331834183518361837183818391840[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland5.985.96.436.835.96.36.576.036.436.57
Years1841184218431844184518461847184818491850[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland6.166.436.36.035.365.495.094.825.495.63
Years1851185218531854185518561857185818591860[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland5.635.495.635.364.825.365.766.36.576.57
Years1861186218631864186518661867186818691870[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland6.436.976.576.25.835.465.095.635.636.16
Years1871187218731874187518761877187818791880[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland5.765.495.765.765.495.495.235.235.365.23
Years1881188218831884188518861887188818891890[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland5.095.235.235.095.365.365.365.495.765.63
Years1891189218931894189518961897189818991900[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland5.635.365.635.95.95.765.635.495.495.49
Years1901190219031904190519061907190819091910[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland5.365.365.095.094.965.095.094.964.964.82
Years1911191219131914191519161917191819191920[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland4.694.564.694.823.893.623.223.224.424.69

Vital statistics from 1921 to 1938
Birth and death rates in Poland between 1921 and 1938

[8][9][10]

Year [12] Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rates[fn 1][11]
1921 27,224,000 890,400568,300322,100 32.720.911.84.40
1922 27,846,000 983,100554,600482,500 35.319.915.44.73
1923 28,480,000 1,014,700493,800520,900 35.617.318.34.82
1924 29,007,000 1,000,100519,200480,900 34.517.916.64.69
1925 29,475,000 1,036,600492,200544,400 35.216.718.54.74
1926 29,906,000 989,100532,700456,400 33.117.815.34.44
1927 30,302,000 958,733525,633433,100 31.617.314.34.23
1928 30,693,000 990,993504,207486,786 32.316.415.94.29
1929 31,084,000 994,101518,929475,172 32.016.715.34.26
1930 31,490,000 1,022,811488,417534,394 32.515.517.04.33
1931 31,935,000 964,573493,703470,870 30.215.514.74.05
1932 32,394,000 934,663486,548448,115 28.915.013.83.87
1933 32,823,000 868,675466,210402,465 26.514.212.33.55
1934 33,223,000 881,615479,684401,931 26.514.412.13.56
1935 33,616,000 876,667470,998405,669 26.114.012.13.50
1936 34,020,000 892,320482,633409,687 26.214.212.03.51
1937 34,441,000 856,064481,594374,470 24.914.010.93.34
1938 34,849,000 849,873479,602370,271 24.413.810.63.26
Years1939194019411942194319441945[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland3.233.213.183.163.133.113.08

After World War II

[13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18][11][19][20]

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rates Life expectancy (males) Life expectancy (females) Share of births outside marriage Immigration Emigration Net external migration
1946 23,777,000 570,000 335,000 235,000 24.0 14.1 9.9 3.06
1947 23,970,000 630,000 271,000 359,000 26.3 11.3 15.0 3.51
1948 23,980,000 704,772 268,000 436,772 29.4 11.2 18.2 3.93
1949 24,410,000 725,061 284,000 441,061 29.7 11.6 18.1 3.94
1950 24,824,000 763,108 288,685 474,423 30.7 11.6 19.1 3.71 56.07 61.68
1951 25,271,000 783,597 312,314 471,283 31.0 12.4 18.6 3.75 55.11 60.67
1952 25,753,000 778,962 286,730 492,232 30.2 11.1 19.1 3.67 57.59 63.07
1953 26,255,000 779,000 266,527 512,473 29.7 10.2 19.5 3.61 59.58 65.05
1954 26,761,000 778,054 276,406 501,648 29.1 10.3 18.7 3.58 59.80 65.06
1955 27,281,000 793,847 261,576 532,271 29.1 9.6 19.5 3.61 60.82 66.19
1956 27,815,000 779,835 249,606 530,229 28.0 9.0 19.1 3.61 62.29 67.52
1957 28,310,000 782,319 269,137 513,182 27.6 9.5 18.1 3.49 61.20 66.70
1958 28,770,000 752,600 241,435 511,165 26.2 8.4 17.8 3.36 63.08 68.57
1959 29,240,000 722,928 252,430 470,498 24.7 8.6 16.1 3.22 62.71 68.30
1960 29,561,000 669,485 224,167 445,318 22.6 7.6 15.1 2.98 64.94 70.60
1961 29,965,000 627,624 227,759 399,865 20.9 7.6 13.3 2.83 64.91 70.78
1962 30,324,000 599,505 239,199 360,306 19.8 7.9 11.9 2.72 64.53 70.49
1963 30,691,000 588,235 230,072 358,163 19.2 7.5 11.7 2.70 65.41 71.52
1964 31,161,000 562,855 235,919 326,936 18.1 7.6 10.5 2.57 65.78 71.60
1965 31,496,000 546,362 232,421 313,941 17.3 7.4 10.0 2.52 66.58 72.40
1966 31,698,000 530,307 232,945 297,362 16.7 7.3 9.4 2.33 66.87 72.85
1967 31,944,000 520,383 247,705 272,678 16.3 7.8 8.5 2.30 66.44 72.61
1968 32,426,000 524,174 244,115 280,059 16.2 7.5 8.6 2.24 67.04 73.55
1969 32,555,000 531,135 262,823 268,312 16.3 8.1 8.2 2.20 66.50 73.09
1970 32,526,000 545,973 266,799 279,174 16.8 8.2 8.6 2.22 66.62 73.33 5.0
1971 32,805,000 562,341 283,702 278,639 17.1 8.6 8.5 2.25 66.13 73.25
1972 33,068,000 575,725 265,250 310,475 17.4 8.0 9.4 2.24 67.32 74.17
1973 33,363,000 598,559 277,188 321,371 17.9 8.3 9.6 2.24 67.15 74.30
1974 33,691,000 621,080 277,085 343,995 18.4 8.2 10.2 2.26 67.80 74.64
1975 34,022,000 643,772 296,896 346,876 18.9 8.7 10.2 2.27 67.02 74.26 4.7
1976 34,362,000 670,140 304,057 366,083 19.5 8.8 10.7 2.31 66.92 74.55
1977 34,698,000 662,582 312,956 349,626 19.1 9.0 10.1 2.33 66.49 74.50
1978 35,010,000 666,336 325,104 341,232 19.0 9.3 9.7 2.30 66.36 74.53
1979 35,257,000 688,293 323,048 365,245 19.5 9.2 10.4 2.39 66.79 74.91 4.8
1980 35,578,000 692,798 350,203 342,595 19.5 9.8 9.6 2.42 66.01 74.44
1981 35,902,000 678,696 328,923 349,773 18.9 9.2 9.7 2.34 67.10 75.24
1982 36,227,000 702,351 334,869 367,482 19.4 9.2 10.1 2.38 67.24 75.20
1983 36,571,000 720,756 349,388 371,368 19.7 9.6 10.2 2.41 67.04 75.16
1984 36,914,000 699,041 364,883 334,158 18.9 9.9 9.1 2.36 66.84 74.97
1985 37,203,000 677,576 381,458 296,118 18.2 10.3 8.0 2.33 66.50 74.81 5.0
1986 37,456,000 634,748 376,316 258,432 16.9 10.0 6.9 2.21 66.76 75.13
1987 37,664,000 605,492 378,365 227,127 16.1 10.0 6.0 2.15 66.81 75.20
1988 37,862,000 587,741 370,821 216,920 15.5 9.8 5.7 2.12 67.15 75.67
1989 37,963,000 562,530 381,173 181,357 14.8 10.0 4.8 2.08 66.76 75.45
1990 38,119,000 545,817 390,343 155,474 14.3 10.2 4.1 2.04 66.23 75.24 6.2
1991 38,245,000 547,719 405,716 142,003 14.3 10.6 3.7 2.05 65.88 75.06 6.6
1992 38,365,000 515,214 394,729 120,485 13.4 10.3 3.1 1.91 66.47 75.48 7.2
1993 38,459,000 494,310 392,259 102,051 12.9 10.2 2.7 1.86 67.17 75.81 8.2
1994 38,544,000 481,285 386,398 94,887 12.5 10.0 2.5 1.78 67.50 76.08 9.0
1995 38,588,000 443,109 386,084 57,025 11.5 10.0 1.5 1.65 67.62 76.39 9.5
1996 38,618,000 428,203 385,496 42,707 11.1 10.0 1.1 1.58 68.12 76.57 10.2
1997 38,650,000 412,635 380,201 32,434 10.7 9.8 0.8 1.52 68.45 76.99 11.0
1998 38,666,000 395,619 375,354 20,265 10.2 9.7 0.5 1.44 68.87 77.34 11.6
1999 38,654,000 382,002 381,415 587 9.9 9.9 0.0 1.37 68.83 77.49 11.7
2000 38,649,000 378,348 368,028 10,320 9.8 9.5 0.3 1.35 69.74 78.00 12.1
2001 38,248,000 368,205 363,220 4,985 9.6 9.5 0.1 1.32 70.21 78.38 13.1
2002 38,218,531 353,765 359,486 -5,721 9.3 9.4 -0.1 1.25 70.40 78.80 14.4 6,587 24,532 -17,945
2003 38,190,608 351,072 365,230 -14,158 9.2 9.6 -0.4 1.22 70.50 78.90 15.8 7,048 20,813 -13,765
2004 38,173,835 356,131 363,522 -7,391 9.3 9.5 -0.2 1.23 70.70 79.20 17.1 9,495 18,877 -9,382
2005 38,157,055 364,383 368,285 -3,902 9.5 9.6 -0.1 1.24 70.80 79.40 18.5 9,364 22,242 -12,878
2006 38,125,479 374,244 369,686 4,558 9.8 9.7 0.1 1.27 70.90 79.60 18.9 10,802 46,936 -36,134
2007 38,115,641 387,873 377,226 10,647 10.2 9.9 0.3 1.31 71.00 79.70 19.5 14,995 35,480 -20,485
2008 38,135,876 414,499 379,399 35,100 10.9 10.0 0.9 1.39 71.30 80.00 19.9 15,275 30,140 -14,865
2009 38,167,329 417,589 384,940 32,649 10.9 10.1 0.9 1.40 71.50 80.10 20.2 17,424 18,620 -1,196
2010 38,529,866 413,300 378,478 34,822 10.7 9.8 0.9 1.38 72.10 80.60 20.6 15,246 17,360 -2,114
2011 38,538,447 388,416 375,501 12,915 10.1 9.7 0.3 1.30 72.40 80.90 21.2 15,524 19,858 -4,334
2012 38,533,299 387,858 384,788 3,070 10.1 10.0 0.1 1.30 72.70 81.00 22.3 14,583 21,200 -6,617
2013 38,495,659 369,576 387,312 -17,736 9.6 10.1 -0.5 1.26 73.10 81.10 23.4 12,199 32,103 -19,904
2014 38,478,602 375,160 376,467 -1,307 9.7 9.8 -0.1 1.29 73.80 81.60 24.2 12,330 28,080 -15,750
2015 38,437,239 369,308 394,921 -25,613 9.6 10.3 -0.7 1.29 73.60 81.60 24.6 12,330 28,080 -15,750
2016 38,432,992 382,257 388,009 -5,752 9.9 10.1 -0.2 1.36 73.90 81.90 25.0 13,475 11,970 1,505
2017 38,433,558 401,982 402,852 -870 10.5 10.5 -0.0 1.45 74.00 81.80 24.1 13,324 11,888 1,436
2018 38,411,148 388,178 414,200 -26,022 10.1 10.8 -0.7 1.44 73.80 81.70 26.4 15,461 11,849 3,612
2019 38,382,576 374,954 409,709 -34,755 9.8 10.7 -0.9 1.42 74.1 81.8 25.4 16,909 10,726 6,183
2020 38,268,000 355,000 477,000 -122,000 9.3 12.5 -3.2 1.38 7,000

Current vital statistics

[21]

Number of births from January–October 2019 = 318,700 (10.0‰)

Number of births from January–October 2020 = 302,800 (9.5‰)

Number of deaths from January–October 2019 = 341,300 (10.7‰)

Number of deaths from January–October 2020 = 356,700 (11.2‰)

Natural increase from January–October 2019 = -22,600 (-0.7‰)

Natural increase from January–October 2020 = -53,900 (-1.7‰)

Life expectancy
Period Life expectancy in
Years		 Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 61.4 1985–1990 70.7
1955–1960 65.9 1990–1995 71.2
1960–1965 68.3 1995–2000 72.7
1965–1970 69.8 2000–2005 74.6
1970–1975 70.3 2005–2010 75.6
1975–1980 70.4 2010–2015 77.0
1980–1985 70.7

Source: UN World Population Prospects[22]

Structure of the population

[23][24]

Structure of the population (01.07.2012) (estimates, excluding civilian aliens within the country, but including civilian nationals temporarily outside the country) :
Age group Male Female Total %
Total 18 651 441 19 882 348 38 533 789 100
0-4 1 058 874 1 005 069 2 063 943 5,36
5-9 945 643 897 723 1 843 366 4,78
10-14 974 509 925 506 1 900 015 4,93
15-19 1 158 367 1 108 267 2 266 634 5,88
20-24 1 394 761 1 341 393 2 736 154 7,10
25-29 1 623 072 1 575 546 3 198 618 8,30
30-34 1 602 736 1 558 622 3 161 358 8,20
35-39 1 470 751 1 432 822 2 903 573 7,54
40-44 1 231 083 1 209 751 2 440 834 6,33
45-49 1 196 548 1 192 952 2 389 500 6,20
50-54 1 369 258 1 414 996 2 784 254 7,23
55-59 1 404 141 1 522 140 2 926 281 7,59
60-64 1 163 935 1 350 684 2 514 619 6,53
65-69 675 573 861 584 1 537 157 3,99
70-74 529 739 776 722 1 306 461 3,39
75-79 424 407 720 249 1 144 656 2,97
80-84 278 428 566 126 844 554 2,19
85-89 115 213 311 388 426 601 1,11
90-94 28 565 91 223 119 788 0,31
95-99 4 614 18 265 22 879 0,06
100+ 224 1 320 1 544 <0,01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0-14 2 979 026 2 828 298 5 807 324 15,07
15-64 13 615 652 13 707 173 27 322 825 70,91
65+ 2 056 763 3 346 877 5 403 640 14,02
Structure of the population (30.06.2015) (estimates) :
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 18 607 417 19 847 159 38 454 576 100
0-4 982 639 928 662 1 911 301 4.97
5-9 1 047 830 996 205 2 044 035 5.32
10-14 924 671 877 780 1 802 451 4.69
15-19 1 028 884 979 585 2 008 469 5.22
20-24 1 257 703 1 209 498 2 467 201 6.42
25-29 1 464 438 1 417 040 2 881 478 7.49
30-34 1 647 147 1 602 930 3 250 077 8.45
35-39 1 561 396 1 522 202 3 083 598 8.02
40-44 1 354 899 1 329 476 2 684 375 6.98
45-49 1 166 358 1 160 878 2 327 236 6.05
50-54 1 211 294 1 238 398 2 449 692 6.37
55-59 1 386 303 1 489 816 2 876 119 7.48
60-64 1 256 035 1 443 985 2 700 020 7.0
65-69 917 893 1 147 725 2 065 618 5.37
70-74 501 311 716 224 1 217 535 3.17
75-79 426 059 715 629 1 141 688 2.97
80-84 287 908 573 415 861 323 2.24
85+ 184 649 497 711 682 360 1.77
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0-14 2 955 140 2 802 647 5 757 787 14.97
15-64 13 334 457 13 393 808 26 728 265 69.51
65+ 2 317 820 3 650 704 5 968 524 15.52

Demographic statistics
Breslau's Age Pyramid in 1691 according to Edmund Halley
Birth and death rates of Poland in 1950-2008
Population pyramid of Poland in 2017

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.[25]

  • One birth every 2 minutes
  • One death every 1 minutes
  • Net loss of one person every 7 minutes
  • One net migrant every 53 minutes

Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[20]

Population
38,420,687 (July 2018 est.)
38,476,269 (July 2017 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years: 14.8% (male 2,924,077 /female 2,762,634)
15-24 years: 10.34% (male 2,040,043 /female 1,932,009)
25-54 years: 43.44% (male 8,431,045 /female 8,260,124)
55-64 years: 13.95% (male 2,538,566 /female 2,819,544)
65 years and over: 17.47% (male 2,663,364 /female 4,049,281) (2018 est.)
0-14 years: 14.76% (male 2,919,353/female 2,757,923)
15-24 years: 10.7% (male 2,113,358/female 2,003,033)
25-54 years: 43.48% (male 8,447,418/female 8,283,757)
55-64 years: 14.21% (male 2,586,097/female 2,880,031)
65 years and over: 16.86% (male 2,560,847/female 3,924,452) (2017 est.)
0–14 years: 14.8% (male 2,931,732/female 2,769,021)
15–64 years: 71.7% (male 13,725,939/female 13,863,103)
65 years and over: 13.5% (male 1,971,763/female 3,202,131) (2010 est.)
Median age
total: 41.1 years. Country comparison to the world: 44th
male: 39.4 years
female: 42.8 years (2018 est.)
total: 40.7 years. Country comparison to the world: 47th
male: 39 years
female: 42.4 years (2017 est.)
total: 38.5 years
male: 36.8 years
female: 40.3 years (2011 est.)
Birth rate
9.3 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 202nd
9.5 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)
Death rate
10.5 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 29th
10.4 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)
Total fertility rate
1.36 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 214th
Population growth rate
-0.16% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 206th
-0.13% (2017 est.)
Net migration rate
-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 124th
Mother's mean age at first birth
27.4 years (2014 est.)
Infant mortality rate
total: 4.4 deaths/1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 182nd
male: 4.8 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)
total: 6.42 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.12 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.67 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 43.9 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 21.4 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 22.5 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 4.5 (2015 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 77.9 years
male: 74.1 years
female: 82 years (2018 est.)
total population: 75.85 years
male: 71.88 years
female: 80.06 years (2010 est.)
total population: 76.25 years
male: 72.31 years
female: 80.43 years (2012 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 60.1% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: -0.25% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)

total population: 99.8%
male: 99.9%
female: 99.7% (2015 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 16 years
male: 16 years
female: 17 years (2013)
Unemployment, youth ages 15–24
total: 17.7%. Country comparison to the world: 74th
male: 17.4%
female: 18% (2016 est.)
total: 20.8%
male: 20.7%
female: 20.9% (2015 est.)
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2012 est.)
Population distribution

Population concentrated in the southern area around Krakow and the central area around Warsaw and Lodz, with an extension to the northern coastal city of Gdansk

Ethnic groups

Polish 96.9%, Silesian 1.1%, German 0.2%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 1.7% note: represents ethnicity declared first (2011 est.)

Languages

Polish (official) 98.2%, Silesian 1.4%, other 1.1%, unspecified 1.3% note: data represents the language spoken at home; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Poland ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2009 recognizing Kashub as a regional language, Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Belarusian, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, and Ukrainian as national minority languages, and Karaim, Lemko, Romani (Polska Roma and Bergitka Roma), and Tatar as ethnic minority languages (2011 est.)

Religions

Catholic 87.2% (includes Roman Catholic 86.9% and Greek Catholic, Armenian Catholic, and Byzantine-Slavic Catholic .3%), Orthodox 1.3% (almost all are Polish Autocephalous Orthodox), Protestant 0.4% (mainly Augsburg Evangelical and Pentecostal), other 0.4% (includes Jehovah's Witness, Buddhist, Hare Krishna, Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Muslim, Jewish, Mormon), unspecified 10.8% (2012 est.)

Nationalities
Further information: Ethnic minorities in Poland

97.10% of the people of Poland claim sole or partial Polish nationality, and 98.19% declare that they speak Polish at home (2011). Among minority groups, the largest numbers of respondents claimed Silesian nationality, followed by Kashubian, German, Ukrainian and Belarusian.[26] The statistics on Ukrainians do not include recently arrived migrant workers, which a report by the National Bank of Poland estimated at around 1 million in 2015.[27]

Largest metropolitan and urban areas
Main article: Metropolitan areas in Poland
Population numbers by database
Area ESPON [28] Eurostat LUZ [29] Ministry of Regional Development[30] United Nations [31] Demographia.com[32] Citypopulation.de[33] Scientific study by T. Markowski[34] Scientific study by Swianiewicz, Klimska [35]
Katowice (Katowice urban area) 3,029,000[36](5,294,000) 2,710,397 3,239,200 3,069,000 2,500,000 2,775,000 2,746,000 2,733,000
Warsaw 2,785,000 2,660,406 2,680,600 2,194,000 2,030,000 2,375,000 2,631,900 2,504,000
Kraków 1,236,000 1,264,322 1,227,200 818,000 750,000 Not listed 1,257,500 1,367,000
Łódź 1,165,000 1,163,516 1,061,600 974,000 950,000 1,060,000 1,178,000 1,129,000
Gdańsk 993,000 1,105,203 1,220,800 854,000 775,000 No data 1,098,400 1,210,000
Poznań 919,000 1,018,511 1,227,200 No data 600,000 No data 1,011,200 846,000
Wrocław 861,000 1,031,439 1,136,900 No data 700,000 No data 1,029,800 956,000
Szczecin 721,000 878,314 724,700 No data 500,000 No data No data 755,806

Demographics by town
   City  Voivodeship  Inhabitants
May 20, 2002		 Inhabitants
December 31, 2006		 Inhabitants
December 31, 2010		 Inhabitants
December 31, 2019
1WarsawMasovian1,671,6701,702,1391,720,398 1,790,658
2KrakówLesser Poland758,544756,267756,183 779,115
3ŁódźŁódź789,318760,251737,098 679,941
4WrocławLower Silesia640,367634,630632,996 642,869
5PoznańGreater Poland578,886564,951551,627 534,813
6GdańskPomeranian461,334456,658456,967 470,907
7SzczecinWestern Pomeranian415,399409,068405,606 401,907
8BydgoszczKuyavia-Pomeranian373,804363,468356,177 348,190
9LublinLublin357,110353,483348,450 339,784
10BiałystokPodlaskie291,383294,830295,198 297,554
11KatowiceSilesia327,222314,500306,826 292,774
12GdyniaPomerania253,458251,844247,324 246,348
13CzęstochowaSilesian251,436245,030238,042 220,433
14RadomMasovian229,699225,810222,496 211,371
15ToruńKuyavia-Pomerania211,243207,190205,312 201,447
16SosnowiecSilesia232,622225,030217,638 199,974
17RzeszówSubcarpathia160,376165,578178,227 196,208
18KielceŚwiętokrzyskie212,429207,188203,804 194,852
19GliwiceSilesia203,814198,499195,472 178,603
20ZabrzeSilesia195,293190,110186,913 172,360
21OlsztynWarmia-Masuria173,102174,941176,463 171,979
22Bielsko-BiałaSilesia178,028176,453175,008 170,663
23BytomSilesia193,546186,540181,617 165,263
24Zielona GóraLubusz118,293138,512117,699 141,222
25RybnikSilesia142,731141,388141,410 138,098
26Ruda ŚląskaSilesia150,595145,471142,950 137,360
27OpoleOpole129,946127,602125,710 128,035
28TychySilesia132,816130,492129,386 127,590
29Gorzów WielkopolskiLubusz125,914125,504125,394 123,609
30PłockMasovian128,361127,224126,061 119,425
31Dąbrowa GórniczaSilesia132,236129,559127,431 119,373
32ElblągWarmia-Masuria128,134126,985126,049 119,317
33WałbrzychLower Silesia130,268124,988120,197 111,356
34WłocławekKuyavia-Pomerania121,229119,256116,914 109,883
35TarnówLesser Poland119,913116,967114,635 108,470
36ChorzówSilesia117,430113,978112,697 107,807
37KoszalinWestern Pomerania108,709107,693107,948 107,048
38KaliszGreater Poland109,498108,477106,664 100,246
39LegnicaLower Silesia107,100105,186103,892 99,350
40GrudziądzKuyavia-Pomerania99,94399,24498,757 94,368
41 Jaworzno Silesia 96,791 95,771 94,831 91,115
42SłupskPomerania100,37698,09296,665 90,681
43 Jastrzębie-Zdrój Silesia 96,821 94,716 92,622 88,743
44 Nowy Sącz Lesser Poland 84,421 84,487 84,537 83,794
45 Jelenia Góra Lower Silesia 88,866 86,503 84,023 79,061
46 Siedlce Masovian 76,686 77,051 76,303 78,185
47 Mysłowice Silesia 75,642 75,063 75,501 74,618
48 Konin Greater Poland 82,177 80,471 78,670 73,522
49 Piła Greater Poland 75,197 74,720 74,550 73,139
50 Piotrków Trybunalski Łódź 80,923 78,954 77,669 73,090

Demographics by voivodeship
Inhabitants of voivodeships
(2008, according to GUS)
Lower Silesian19 9472 887 059-0,04
Kuyavian-Pomeranian17 9722 067 918+0,07
Lublin25 1222 161 832-0,15
Lubusz13 9981 008 9260,00
Łódź18 2192 548 861-0,20
Lesser Poland15 1833 287 136+0.22
Masovian35 5585 204 495+0,26
Opole94121 033 040-0,31
Subcarpathian17 8462 099 495+0,03
Podlaskie (Demographics)20 1871 191 470-0,07
Pomeranian18 3102 219 512+0,32
Silesian12 3344 645 665-0.12
Świętokrzyskie11 7101 272 784-0,20
Warmian-Masurian24 1731 427 073+0,03
Greater Poland29 8273 397 617+0.26
West Pomeranian22 8921 692 957+0,04
Poland312 67938 135 876+0,05

Immigration

Immigration to Poland has only picked up recently after 2014, when unemployment started falling and more workforce was needed. Most migration is temporary, with workers arriving for 3 to 12 months and then returning home with the earned money. Some of them stay long enough to acquire permanent and long-term stay permits (table below), but the actual amount of migrants in Poland is far higher. On June 4 GUS published an estimate[37] of foreigners residing in Poland as of 31 December 2019, which amounted to 2,106,101 people, the biggest groups being citizens of Ukraine (1,351,418), Belarus (105,404), Germany (77,073), Moldova (37,338), Russia (37,030), India (33,107), Georgia (27,917), Vietnam (27,386), Turkey (25,049), China (23,838) and 360,541 people representing all other nationalities.

Foreign population in Poland in 2019.


Largest groups of foreign residents[38]
Nationality Population (2020)
 Ukraine 233,828
 Belarus 27,929
 Germany 21,019
 Russia 12,815
 Vietnam 11,699
 India 10,174
 Italy 8,485
 China 8,234
 Georgia 6,860
 United Kingdom 6,336
 Spain 5,889
 France 5,690
 Bulgaria 5,362
 Turkey 4,948
 Romania 4,450
 Armenia 3,366
 Moldova 3,030
 United States 2,593
 Netherlands 2,505
 Sweden 2,477
 Lithuania 2,390
 Czech Republic 2,313
   Nepal 2,257
 Slovakia 2,240
 Hungary 2,196
Work permits issued each year by country of citizenship[39]
Country201420152016201720182019
 Ukraine26,31550,465106,223192,547238,334330,495
 Belarus1,8342,0374,87010,51819,23327,130
   Nepal4025961,2117,07519,9129,175
 Moldova1,0271,4882,8443,7926,0358,341
 India1,2421,4251,7723,9388,3628,063
 Georgia225881423982,7527,438
 Bangladesh2833197212,4128,3416,986
 Philippines2461792497332,0576,317
 Uzbekistan1,0601,4338361,4092,6346,309
 Vietnam2,3697324396581,3133,367
 Azerbaijan1031161931,3363,3023,183
 Turkey6895506721,2281,4812,936
 Russia6545791,0081,4331,9032,862
 Indonesia94751111483522,023
 China2,1331,2881,2051,1791,4731,935
 South Korea3011531502197201,838
 Kazakhstan126741123218031,689
 Tajikistan10359983538681,323
 Kyrgyzstan1334219816541,283
 Pakistan2741841874271,065911
 Serbia613650804878930911
 Sri Lanka16424273302835
 Kosovo402488640522740
 Thailand211212291348376625
 United States505544391405479560
 Ethiopia21017328505
 Mongolia525136139261499
 Brazil97113247354458458
 Armenia363140156181281433
 Egypt155134127172246364
Others1,9961,9932,1502,2142,9915,204
Total43,66365,786127,394235,626328,768444,738

Most immigrants are hired using short-term work registrations, which are an easier way for employers to hire foreigners, than work permits, and only apply to workers from 6 former CIS countries.[40][41] Between 2007 and 2017, they figured as "Declaration of intention to entrust work to a foreigner", though it led to numerous abuses, since after submitting the statement, employers were not obliged to report whether the foreigner had come, and whether he had taken the job. Migrants would sometimes take up different work than previously indicated, use the permit to move to Western Europe, or not arrive at all. On 1 January 2018, it was replaced by "Declaration of entrusting work to a foreigner". Since then, employers are obliged to report the fact that the migrant has taken up employment. The change limits the comparability of the data from the previous periods.[42]

Work registrations by country of citizenship
Country201820192020
 Ukraine1,446,3041,475,9231,329,491
 Belarus62,80566,04578,905
 Moldova36,74239,41445,281
 Georgia28,00845,13744,270
 Russia6,71811,26219,246
 Armenia1,6482,3022,406
Total1,582,2251,640,0831,519,599

Since January 2018, employers may hire foreigners on a seasonal work permit, used specifically for agricultural and tourism-related work.[43] In 2020, 60,8% of hired foreigners were women, 42% were under 35 years old, and most worked in Poland from 31 to 90 days.[44] The vast majority of migrants comes from Ukraine, as well as Belarus, Moldova and Georgia, since the law doesn't require the employer to look for potential Polish workers before hiring a foreigner from said countries.

Seasonal work permits by country of citizenship
Country201820192020
 Ukraine119,926129,683135,482
 Belarus607659625
 Moldova359380342
 Georgia199302291
 Uzbekistan366122
 Mexico01120
 Philippines157878
 Albania1062
 Russia457962
 Indonesia0344
Others3597175
Total121,436131,446137,403

Ethnic groups
Main article: Ethnic minorities in Poland
Map of at least 10% non-Polish areas
Population background % Population[45]
European 98.6 37,962,000
European Union 98.2 37,813,000
     Ethnic Polish (including Silesians and Kashubians) 97.7 37,602,000
     Other EU member states (primarily German) 0.5 211,000
European Other (primarily Ukrainian and Belarusian) 0.4 149,000
Other background (primarily Vietnamese and Chechen) 0.1 29,000
Mixed or unspecified background 1.4 521,000
Total population 100 38,512,000

Religions
See also: Religion in Poland and Catholic Church in Poland

Religion in Poland in 2015 conducted by the Central Statistical Office (GUS)[46]

  Catholicism (92.9%)
  Eastern Orthodoxy (0.7%)
  Jehovah's Witnesses (0.3%)
  Protestant (0.2%)
  No religion (3.1%)
  Unanswered (2.7%)
  Other religion (0.1%)

Languages
Main article: Languages of Poland
Polish 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census)

See also

Notes
  1. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.

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