Demography of the Netherlands

This article is about the demographic features of the population of the Netherlands, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the population, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Demographics of the Netherlands
Population of Netherlands (1900–2000) in millions.
Population17,474,677 (31 December 2020) (67th)
Density424 per km2 (16th)
Growth rate0.29% (155th)
Birth rate9.8 births/1,000 (161st)
Death rate8.8 deaths/1,000 (77th)
Life expectancy82.1 years (16th)
  male80.4 years
  female83.8 years
Fertility rate1.574 children/woman (2019)
Age structure
0–14 years16.1%
15–64 years64.1%
65 and over19,8%
Sex ratio
Total0.98 male/female
At birth1.05 male/female
Under 151.05 male/female
15–64 years1.02 male/female
65 and over0.83 male/female
Nationality
NationalityDutch
Major ethnicDutch 79.3%
Minor ethnicOther European 6.3%
Indo 4.9%
Turks 2.4%
Moroccans 2.2%
Surinamese 2.1%
Caribbeans 0.9%
Chinese 0.3%
Iraqis 0.3%
Other 3.9%
Language
OfficialDutch, Frisian

Population size

The Netherlands is the 67th most populated country in the world, and as of March 21, 2016, it has a population of 17,000,000. As of December 31, 2020 the Netherlands has population of 17,474,677.[1]

Between 1900 and 1950 the population doubled from 5.1 to 10.0 million people. From 1951 to 2000 the population increased from 10.0 to 15.9 million people, increasing by a smaller proportion.[2]

Population density by municipality as of 2020
Dutch provinces as European countries by population

The Netherlands is the 16th most densely populated country in the world, and the 5th most densely populated country in Europe. The 17.4 million[3] Dutch inhabitants are concentrated on an area of 41,545 km2 (16,041 sq mi) including water surface, the land surface being 33,481 km2 (12,927 sq mi). This means that the country has a population density of 521/km2 (1,350/sq mi). The density of 500 inhabitants/km2 was reached in the first half of 2014.

As a result of these demographic characteristics, the Netherlands has had to plan its land use strictly. Since 1946 the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment has been occupied with the national coordination of land use. Because of its high population density the Netherlands has also reclaimed land from the sea by poldering. Between 1927 and 1968 an entire province, Flevoland was created. It currently (2015) houses more than 400,000 people. Because of these policies, the Dutch have been able to combine high levels of population density with extremely high levels of agricultural production.

Even though the Netherlands is so densely populated, it has no municipalities with a population over one million, although the two largest municipalities of the country do score well over a million if the complete city region is counted, including the neighbouring satellite towns that often are physically connected to the main municipality. Moreover, the "four big cities" (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht) can in many ways be regarded as a single metropolitan area, the Randstad ("rim city" or "edge city") with over 7.5 million inhabitants around an agricultural "green heart" (het Groene Hart).

Births and deaths

Dutch population pyramid
(in % of total population)
% Male Age Female %
0.36
 
85+
 
1.05
0.60
 
80-84
 
1.18
1.14
 
75-79
 
1.74
1.55
 
70-74
 
1.95
1.93
 
65-69
 
2.13
2.30
 
60-64
 
2.33
2.77
 
55-59
 
2.69
3.73
 
50-54
 
3.60
3.65
 
45-49
 
3.54
3.93
 
40-44
 
3.81
4.27
 
35-39
 
4.08
4.25
 
30-34
 
4.05
3.63
 
25-29
 
3.54
3.04
 
20-24
 
2.93
2.96
 
15-19
 
2.83
3.11
 
10-14
 
2.97
3.20
 
05-09
 
3.06
3.11
 
00-04
 
2.98
Data: International Data Base (2000)
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1900 5,104,000    
1910 5,858,000+14.8%
1920 6,754,000+15.3%
1930 7,825,000+15.9%
1940 8,834,000+12.9%
1950 10,026,773+13.5%
1960 11,417,254+13.9%
1970 12,957,621+13.5%
1980 14,091,014+8.7%
1990 14,892,574+5.7%
2000 15,863,950+6.5%
2010 16,574,989+4.5%
2020 17,424,978+5.1%
Source: Statistics Netherlands[5]

The Dutch population is ageing. Furthermore, life expectancy has increased because of developments in medicine, and in addition to this, the Netherlands has seen increasing immigration. Despite these developments combined with the population boom after the Second World War, the low birth rate has caused extremely low population growth: 2005 saw the lowest absolute population growth since 1900.

This demographic development has consequences for health care and social security policy. As the Dutch population ages, the proportion of people of working age, as a percentage of the entire population, decreases. Important policy advisors like the CBS (Statistical Office) and the CPB (Planning Office) have pointed out that this will cause problems with the current system of old age pensions: fewer people will work to pay for old age pensions, while there will be more people receiving those pensions. Furthermore, the costs of health care are also projected to increase. These developments have caused several cabinets, most notably the recent second Balkenende cabinet to reform the system of health care and social security to increase participation in the labour market and make people more conscious of the money they spend on health care.

In 2003, the annual birth rate per thousand was highest in the province of Flevoland (15.9). The overall lifelong Total fertility rate (TFR), was highest in the province of Flevoland (2.0) and lowest in the province of Limburg (1.6). The municipality with the highest TFR was Urk (3.23) followed by Valkenburg (2.83), Graafstroom (2.79) and Staphorst (2.76). The lowest TFRs were recorded in Vaals (1.11) and Thorn (1.21).[6]

The total population at December 31, 2006 was 16,356,914. The population loss due to net emigration was 35,502 (an estimated 40-50% of emigrants were ethnic non-Dutch).

In 2007, there were 117,000 immigrants (including 7000 Germans, 6000 Poles, 5000 Bulgarians, 3000 Turks and 2000 Moroccans) and 123,000 emigrants. Nearly half the emigrants were native Dutch, followed at a distance by nearly 5000 Poles and more than 3000 Germans. There was an observable increase in net immigration from the former USSR, Bulgaria and Romania.[7]

The annual death rate was lowest in the municipalities of Valkenburg (2.9 per 1000), Zeewolde (3.2), Renswoude (3.4), Westervoort and Zeevang (both 3.9). The highest annual death rates were recorded in Warmond (22.3 per 1000), Laren (19.9) and Doorn (18.8).[8]

16.4% of the total births in 2003 were to parents of non-European origin, although they account for only 12.4% of the population in the 25-34 age group. For example, 3.8% of the births were ethnic Moroccan, although they were only 2.26% of the 25-34 age group. Respective figures were 3.27% and 3.0% for Turks. The TFR for Moroccans in 2003 was 3.3 while the general TFR was 1.73. TFR was 2.3 for Turks, 1.7 for Surinamese, 1.8 for Arubans, 3.0 for Africans and 1.8 for Americans.[9] (These figures compare with a figure of around 2.1 required to maintain a stable overall population figure.)

According to Statistics Netherlands, for the year 2007, the TFR for those born in Netherlands was 1.72[10] (1.65 in 2000). TFR of Moroccan immigrants was 2.87 (3.22 in 2000) and that of Turkish immigrants was 1.88 (2.18 in 2000).[11]

Total Fertility Rate from 1840 to 1899

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[12]

Years18401841184218431844184518461847184818491850[12]
Total Fertility Rate in the Netherlands5.115.095.065.045.024.994.994.994.994.994.89
Years1851185218531854185518561857185818591860[12]
Total Fertility Rate in the Netherlands4.84.74.64.64.64.64.64.64.684.75
Years1861186218631864186518661867186818691870[12]
Total Fertility Rate in the Netherlands4.834.94.984.995.015.025.045.055.095.12
Years1871187218731874187518761877187818791880[12]
Total Fertility Rate in the Netherlands5.165.195.235.275.315.345.385.425.395.35
Years1881188218831884188518861887188818891890[12]
Total Fertility Rate in the Netherlands5.325.285.255.235.215.185.165.145.115.07
Years189118921893189418951896189718981899[12]
Total Fertility Rate in the Netherlands5.0454.974.934.884.844.794.754.6

Vital statistics

The following table presents the evolution since 1900; click on "show" to display the table:[13]

Population Live births (total) Deaths (total) Natural change (total) Birth rate
(per mille)
Mortality rate
(per mille)
Natural change
(per mille)
TFR
IMR
(per mille)
Life expectancy males Life expectancy females
1900 5,142,000 162,611 92,043 70,568 31.6 17.9 13.7 4.45 155.2
1901 5,221,000 168,380 89,967 78,413 32.3 17.2 15.0 4.53 149.3
1902 5,305,000 168,728 86,248 82,480 31.8 16.3 15.5 4.46 129.9
1903 5,389,000 170,108 83,933 86,175 31.6 15.6 16.0 4.42 135.1
1904 5,470,000 171,495 87,091 84,404 31.4 15.9 15.4 4.38 136.9
1905 5,551,000 170,767 85,016 85,751 30.8 15.3 15.4 4.29 130.9
1906 5,632,000 170,952 83,259 87,693 30.4 14.8 15.6 4.23 127.1
1907 5,710,000 171,506 82,250 89,256 30.0 14.4 15.6 4.18 111.9
1908 5,786,000 171,861 86,936 84,925 29.7 15.0 14.7 4.13 124.8
1909 5,862,000 170,766 80,283 90,483 29.1 13.7 15.4 4.04 99.1
1910 5,899,000 168,894 79,984 88,910 28.6 13.6 15.1 3.94 107.9
1911 5,976,000 166,527 86,786 79,741 27.9 14.5 13.3 3.81 137.2
1912 6,054,000 170,269 74,647 95,622 28.1 12.3 15.8 3.84 87.0
1913 6,145,000 173,541 75,867 97,674 28.2 12.3 15.9 3.85 91.4
1914 6,251,000 176,831 77,739 99,092 28.3 12.4 15.9 3.86 94.8
1915 6,364,000 167,426 79,613 87,813 26.3 12.5 13.8 3.59 86.8
1916 6,480,000 172,572 84,024 88,548 26.6 13.0 13.7 3.64 84.5
1917 6,612,000 173,112 87,273 85,839 26.2 13.2 13.0 3.59 86.8
1918 6,705,000 167,636 115,440 52,196 25.0 17.2 7.8 3.47 103.9
1919 6,752,000 164,447 89,646 74,801 24.4 13.3 11.1 3.36 94.0
1920 6,820,000 192,987 81,525 111,462 28.3 12.0 16.3 3.89 83.3
1921 6,921,000 189,546 77,002 112,544 27.4 11.1 16.3 3.75 86.1
1922 7,032,000 181,886 80,381 101,505 25.9 11.4 14.4 3.54 77.6
1923 7,150,000 187,512 72,809 114,703 26.2 10.2 16.0 3.55 66.8
1924 7,264,000 182,430 71,167 111,263 25.1 9.8 15.3 3.39 60.6
1925 7,366,000 178,545 72,121 106,424 24.2 9.8 14.4 3.26 58.4
1926 7,472,000 177,498 73,357 104,141 23.8 9.8 13.9 3.18 61.1
1927 7,576,000 175,098 77,614 97,484 23.1 10.2 12.9 3.08 58.7
1928 7,678,000 179,028 73,816 105,212 23.3 9.6 13.7 3.09 52.3
1929 7,781,000 177,216 83,224 93,992 22.8 10.7 12.1 3.00 59.0
1930 7,884,000 182,310 71,682 110,628 23.1 9.1 14.0 3.03 50.9
1931 7,999,000 177,387 77,048 100,339 22.2 9.6 12.5 2.88 49.6
1932 8,122,000 178,525 73,059 105,466 22.0 9.0 13.0 2.83 46.3
1933 8,237,000 171,289 72,096 99,193 20.8 8.8 12.0 2.66 43.9
1934 8,341,000 172,214 70,164 102,050 20.6 8.4 12.2 2.63 42.6
1935 8,433,000 170,425 73,660 96,765 20.2 8.7 11.5 2.57 40.0
1936 8,516,000 171,675 73,923 97,752 20.2 8.7 11.5 2.51 38.9
1937 8,598,000 170,220 75,516 94,704 19.8 8.8 11.0 2.53 38.1
1938 8,684,000 178,422 77,043 101,379 20.5 8.9 11.7 2.63 36.5
1939 8,781,000 180,917 75,841 105,076 20.6 8.6 12.0 2.64 33.7
1940 8,879,000 184,846 87,722 97,124 20.8 9.9 10.9 2.67 39.1
1941 8,965,000 181,959 89,716 92,243 20.3 10.0 10.3 2.61 43.6
1942 9,042,000 189,975 76,040 113,935 21.0 8.4 12.6 2.71 39.5
1943 9,102,000 209,379 91,438 117,941 23.0 10.0 13.0 2.98 40.1
1944 9,174,000 219,946 108,087 111,859 24.0 11.8 12.2 3.13 46.3
1945 9,262,000 209,607 141,398 68,209 22.6 15.3 7.4 2.96 79.7
1946 9,423,000 284,456 80,151 204,305 30.2 8.5 21.7 3.97 38.7
1947 9,629,000 267,348 77,646 189,702 27.8 8.1 19.7 3.70 33.5
1948 9,800,000 247,923 72,459 175,464 25.3 7.4 17.9 3.41 29.3
1949 9,956,000 236,177 81,077 155,100 23.7 8.1 15.6 3.22 26.8
1950 10,114,000 229,718 75,929 153,789 22.7 7.5 15.2 3.10 26.7 70.372.6
1951 10,264,000 228,405 77,560 150,845 22.3 7.6 14.7 3.05 26.7 70.272.8
1952 10,382,000 231,888 76,346 155,542 22.3 7.4 15.0 3.09 24.1 71.073.3
1953 10,493,000 227,964 80,901 147,063 21.7 7.7 14.0 3.03 23.7 70.473.0
1954 10,615,000 228,173 79,623 148,550 21.5 7.5 14.0 3.03 22.6 71.073.8
1955 10,751,000 229,222 81,708 147,514 21.3 7.6 13.7 3.03 21.6 70.971.4
1956 10,889,000 231,492 84,809 146,683 21.3 7.8 13.5 3.05 20.2 71.074.1
1957 11,021,000 233,892 82,961 150,931 21.2 7.5 13.7 3.08 18.4 71.474.6
1958 11,186,000 236,859 84,491 152,368 21.2 7.6 13.6 3.11 18.5 71.574.8
1959 11,346,000 242,518 86,072 156,446 21.4 7.6 13.8 3.17 18.1 71.275.2
1960 11,480,000 239,128 87,825 151,303 20.8 7.7 13.2 3.12 17.9 71.475.3
1961 11,637,000 247,407 88,321 159,086 21.3 7.6 13.7 3.22 17.0 71.575.7
1962 11,890,000 246,150 93,969 152,181 20.7 7.9 12.8 3.18 17.0 71.075.6
1963 12,042,000 249,879 95,734 154,145 20.8 8.0 12.8 3.19 15.8 71.075.8
1964 12,212,000 250,914 93,437 157,477 20.5 7.7 12.9 3.17 14.8 71.376.3
1965 12,377,000 245,216 98,026 147,190 19.8 7.9 11.9 3.04 14.4 71.176.1
1966 12,535,000 239,611 100,516 139,095 19.1 8.0 11.1 2.90 14.7 71.076.1
1967 12,597,000 238,678 99,792 138,886 18.9 7.9 11.0 2.81 13.4 71.276.6
1968 12,725,000 237,112 104,989 132,123 18.6 8.3 10.4 2.72 13.6 70.976.4
1969 12,958,000 247,588 107,615 139,973 19.1 8.3 10.8 2.75 13.2 70.976.3
1970 13,032,000 238,912 109,619 129,293 18.3 8.4 9.9 2.57 12.7 70.876.5
1971 13,266,000 227,180 110,243 116,937 17.1 8.3 8.8 2.36 12.1 71.076.8
1972 13,330,000 214,133 113,576 100,557 16.1 8.5 7.5 2.15 11.7 70.876.5
1973 13,438,000 194,993 110,682 84,311 14.5 8.2 6.3 1.90 11.5 71.377.1
1974 13,541,000 185,982 109,250 76,732 13.7 8.1 5.7 1.77 11.3 71.677.6
1975 13,653,000 177,876 113,737 64,139 13.0 8.3 4.7 1.66 10.6 71.577.7
1976 13,770,000 177,090 114,454 62,636 12.9 8.3 4.5 1.63 10.7 71.577.9
1977 13,853,000 173,296 110,093 63,203 12.5 7.9 4.6 1.58 9.5 72.178.5
1978 13,937,000 175,550 114,415 61,135 12.6 8.2 4.4 1.58 9.6 72.078.5
1979 14,030,000 174,979 112,565 62,414 12.5 8.0 4.4 1.56 8.7 72.578.9
1980 14,144,000 181,294 114,279 67,015 12.8 8.1 4.7 1.60 8.6 72.579.2
1981 14,246,000 178,569115,51563,054 12.58.14.4 1.56 8.3 72.779.3
1982 14,310,000 172,071117,26454,807 12.08.23.8 1.50 8.3 72.879.4
1983 14,362,000 170,246117,76152,485 11.98.23.7 1.47 8.4 72.979.6
1984 14,420,000 174,436119,81254,624 12.18.33.8 1.49 8.3 73.079.7
1985 14,484,000 178,136122,70455,432 12.38.53.8 1.51 8.0 73.179.7
1986 14,564,000 184,513125,30759,206 12.78.64.1 1.55 7.7 73.179.6
1987 14,665,000 186,667122,19964,468 12.78.34.4 1.56 7.6 73.580.1
1988 14,758,000 186,647124,16362,484 12.68.44.2 1.55 6.8 73.780.2
1989 14,849,000 188,979128,90560,086 12.78.74.0 1.55 6.8 73.779.9
1990 14,951,000 197,965128,82469,115 13.28.64.6 1.62 7.1 73.880.1
1991 15,070,000 198,665129,95868,707 13.28.64.6 1.61 6.5 74.180.2
1992 15,184,000 196,734129,88766,847 13.08.64.4 1.59 6.3 74.380.3
1993 15,290,000 195,748137,79557,953 12.89.03.8 1.57 6.3 74.080.0
1994 15,383,000 195,611133,47162,140 12.78.74.0 1.57 5.6 74.680.3
1995 15,459,000 190,513135,67554,838 12.38.83.5 1.531 5.5 74.680.4
1996 15,528,000 189,521137,56151,960 12.28.93.3 1.529 5.7 74.780.4
1997 15,611,000 192,443135,78356,660 12.38.73.6 1.562 5.0 75.280.6
1998 15,706,000 199,412137,96861,444 12.78.83.9 1.628 5.2 75.280.7
1999 15,812,000 200,445140,48759,958 12.78.93.8 1.652 5.2 75.380.5
2000 15,924,000 206,619140,52766,092 13.08.84.2 1.723 5.1 75.580.6
2001 16,044,000 202,603140,37762,226 12.68.73.9 1.710 5.4 75.880.7
2002 16,149,000 202,083142,35559,728 12.58.83.7 1.731 5.0 76.080.7
2003 16,225,000 200,297141,93658,361 12.38.73.6 1.747 4.8 76.280.9
2004 16,282,000 194,007136,55357,454 11.98.43.5 1.726 4.4 76.981.4
2005 16,320,000 187,910136,40251,508 11.58.43.2 1.708 4.9 77.281.6
2006 16,346,000 185,057135,37249,685 11.38.33.0 1.720 4.4 77.681.9
2007 16,382,000 181,336133,02248,314 11.18.12.9 1.718 4.1 78.082.3
2008 16,446,000 184,634135,13649,498 11.28.23.0 1.773 3.8 78.382.3
2009 16,530,000 184,915134,23550,680 11.28.13.1 1.790 3.8 78.582.7
2010 16,615,000 184,397136,05848,339 11.18.22.9 1.796 3.8 78.882.7
2011 16,693,000 180,060135,74144,319 10.88.12.7 1.759 3.6 79.282.8
2012 16,754,000 175,959140,81335,146 10.58.42.1 1.723 3.7 79.182.8
2013 16,803,000 171,341141,24530,096 10.28.41.8 1.679 3.8 79.483.0
2014 16,865,000 175,181139,07335,434 10.38.22.1 1.713 79.983.3
2015 16,900,000 170,510147,13423,376 10.08.71.3 1.658 79.783.1
2016 16,979,000 172,520148,99723,523 10.28.81.3 1.663 79.983.2
2017 17,082,000 169,836150,21419,622 9.98.81.1 1.619 80.183.4
2018 17,181,084 168,525153,36315,162 9.88.90.9 1.586
2019 17,282,163 169,680151,88517,795 9.88.81.0 1.574
2020 (p) 17,407,585 168,066168,537-471 9.69.7-0.1
2021 (p) 17,474,693

(p)= preliminar

Current natural increase

Source: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek[14]

  • Number of births for January–November 2019 = 156,634
  • Number of births for January–November 2020 = 154,839
  • Number of deaths for January–November 2019 = 138,157
  • Number of deaths for January–November 2020 = 151,736
  • Natural growth for January–November 2019 = 18,477
  • Natural growth for January–November 2020 = 3,103

Life expectancy from 1850 to 1950

Sources: Our World In Data

1850–1950

Years 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860[15]
Life expectancy in the Netherlands 39.8 40.0 38.6 38.6 38.6 34.5 38.8 35.5 34.7 30.9 36.9
Years 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870[15]
Life expectancy in the Netherlands 36.4 38.3 38.3 37.5 36.4 33.6 39.2 37.7 40.4 37.3
Years 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880[15]
Life expectancy in the Netherlands 32.9 36.5 39.2 41.3 38.2 40.4 42.0 41.1 41.9 40.3
Years 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890[15]
Life expectancy in the Netherlands 42.8 43.7 42.3 41.3 43.2 41.9 44.9 44.2 44.3 44.4
Years 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900[15]
Life expectancy in the Netherlands 44.2 43.9 45.8 46.9 46.6 48.6 49.4 49.1 49.3 48.4
Years 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910[15]
Life expectancy in the Netherlands 48.7 50.6 51.5 50.9 52.1 52.7 53.5 52.7 54.9 55.1
Years 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920[15]
Life expectancy in the Netherlands 53.1 57.2 57.3 57.2 57.2 56.2 55.6 47.6 55.0 57.8
Years 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930[15]
Life expectancy in the Netherlands 59.7 59.8 62.0 62.9 63.1 63.0 62.6 63.7 62.2 64.7
Years 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940[15]
Life expectancy in the Netherlands 64.3 65.4 66.0 66.6 66.5 66.7 67.0 67.4 67.7 65.4
Years 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950[15]
Life expectancy in the Netherlands 65.3 65.8 64.4 61.3 55.4 67.6 69.5 71.1 70.3 71.4

Migration and ethnicity

Between 1590 and 1800 the estimated share of foreign-born population was consistently above 5%.[16]

According to Eurostat, in 2010 there were 1,800,000 foreign-born residents in the Netherlands, corresponding to 11.1% of the total population. Of these, 1,400,000 (8.5%) were born outside the EU (including those from Dutch colonies) and 428,000 (2.6%) were born in another EU member state. The most common countries of birth being: Belgium, Germany, Poland and the United Kingdom.[17]

As the result of immigration from overseas, the Netherlands have a sizeable minority of non-indigenous peoples. There is also a considerable level of emigration, in majority consisting of former immigrants. In 2005, some 121,000 people left the country, while 94,000 entered it. Out of a total of 101,150 people immigrating into the Netherlands in 2006, 66,658 were from Europe, Oceania, the Americas or Japan, and 34,492 were from other (mostly developing) countries. Out of a total of 132,470 emigrants, 94,834 were going to Europe, Oceania, the Americas or Japan and 37,636 to other countries.[18]

A large number[16] of immigrants come from countries in Western Europe, mostly from the neighbouring countries of Germany and Belgium. There were five subsequent waves of immigration to the Netherlands in recent history.

  1. In the late-1940s and into the 1950s, following the end of the Second World War, people from the newly independent Republic of Indonesia repatriated or emigrated to the Netherlands - mainly Indo-European (people of mixed European and Indonesian ancestry of Dutch nationality) and supporters of the Republic of South Maluku.
  2. Between 1960 and 1974, migrants from Southern Europe (i.e. Italy, Portugal, Spain), Turkey and Morocco came to work in the Netherlands as guest workers. They were expected to return to their own country and many did, but others remained and in the 1970s and 1980s were joined by their families. Until 2004, when marriage immigration was restricted, their children usually married others from their home country.
  3. After 1974, people emigrated from the newly independent Suriname and from the Netherlands Antilles, which remained part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In 1974, about forty thousand Surinamese migrated while still retaining Dutch citizenship; between 1975 and 1980 there was a transitional arrangement allowing migration. Antilleans have the Dutch nationality and behave like typical labour migrants, travelling to and from the country in response to the employment available.
  4. During the 1970s and 1980s, the number of asylum seekers was low, consisting e.g. of Chileans fleeing from political oppression and/or persecution. In the 1990s, asylum migration sharply increased,[19] largely consisting of Yugoslavs, Somalis, Iraqis, Iranians, Ethiopians, Eritreans, Afghans and Vietnamese, fleeing war or famine.[20] Between 2000 and 2014 asylum migration strongly decreased due to the strict "Cohen Law". However, the Syrian Civil War from 2011 resulted in a large influx of Syrian asylum seekers in 2015 and 2016; about ninety thousand Syrians had been granted asylum by 2018.
  5. Since the 2000s, migrant workers and their families from the newly joined EU member states in Central and Eastern Europe, including: Poland, Romania and Bulgaria, and non-EU states Moldova, Ukraine and the former Yugoslavia. In addition, a number of Spaniards, Greeks, Italians, and Portuguese also migrated due to the impact of the Great Recession in those countries. In 2005, non-Western ethnic population comprised 1.7 million individuals, about 10% of the population in the country.[21]

Illegal immigration to the Netherlands results in automatic deportation[22] but this is often not enforced for various reasons such as unknown country of origin, etc. Many Dutch provinces in 2012 had quotas for deporting illegal immigrants.[23][24][25][26]

By 2017, persons with an immigration background, both western and non-western, formed a majority in Amsterdam (2011), Rotterdam (2013) and The Hague, the three largest cities of the Netherlands.[27]

In 2005, the governmental Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau in its annual report, noted recurring integration problems for ethnic minorities. While during the economic boom of the 1990s their unemployment and dependence on welfare had strongly decreased, the economic downturn between 2001 and 2004 disproportionally affected immigrant groups. This would be explained by their functioning as a labour reserve, by their lower educational levels and by lower language skills. The report also noted that per capita social interactions between native Dutch and immigrant populations tended to decline over time, partly explainable by the size growth of immigrant groups. Integration levels strongly varied between groups. Surinamese and Antilleans were well economically integrated, but the latter less so culturally. Cultural integration was limited for Turks, but better for Moroccans. Of the asylum seekers, Somalis were among the least integrated into Dutch society, while Iranians were the best integrated with the highest education levels and modern lifestyles. Though the educational levels of the second generation were a significant improvement over those of the first generation, they still lagged behind the native Dutch who themselves on average had been attending ever higher school types. While half of all native Dutch pupils in 2005 proceeded to higher secondary education (HAVO and VWO), for Turks and Moroccans the share was a fifth and for Somali pupils even lower.[21]

In 2007, non-Western groups were generally socio-economically disadvantaged and of the four largest non-Western groups, Turks and Moroccans were the most disadvantaged. In 2006 38.7% of Moroccans and 43.9% of Turks aged 15–64 were in employment, their unemployment rate was about four times the level of the native Dutch (17.2% for Moroccans and 15.1% for Turks), and 30% received some type of social welfare.[16]

After 2008, the financial crisis and the eurocrisis again hit immigrant groups particularly hard. In 2012, at 12% non-Western migrants were six times more likely than native Dutch to receive social welfare benefits, with 2% for the Dutch.[28]

Western and non-Western fraction of low-income households and source of income. Data sourced from Statistics Netherlands.[29]

According to a 2010 Statisics Netherlands report, the third generation of non-Western immigrants was predominantly young with 80% being younger than 15, while growing with 10% evey year. The third generation have a similar employment rate as the native Dutch and receive a similar amount of social benefits. The third non-Western generation follow adult education more frequently than both the native Dutch and non-Western immigrants. The non-Western immigrant population as a whole has 1.5 to 2 times the benefit dependence compared to the natives. The non-Western third generation had a rate slightly higher than the native Dutch as crime suspects, but lower than for non-Western immigrants as a whole.[30][31]

According to Statistics Netherlands, nearly 53% of refugee households have a low income, six times the Netherlands average (8.2%).[29] For Syrian and Eritrean households the share is about 80%. At 33% the poverty risk is lowest among Iranian refugee households. The group of Syrian households at risk of poverty grew from ten thousand (76% of all Syrian households in 2016) to eighteen thousand (79% of all Syrian households) in 2018. Households of Polish, Romanian or Bulgarian origin have a greater than average risk of poverty even though households from these Eastern European countries generally depend on work for their income. Migrant workers from Eastern Europe generally perform low-skilled work while migrants from Western Europe are often highly educated.[29]

Immigrants from foreign countries are divided into several ethnic groups. For example, there are both Russians and Chechens from Russia, Turks and Kurds from Turkey, Serbs and Albanians from Serbia and immigrants from Iran are divided into Persians, Azeris and Kurds.[32]

Ethnic groups

As of 1 January 2020, about 4.22 million citizens are of non-Dutch/Frisian origin. A majority of these (51%) are from six backgrounds alone: Turks (inc. Kurds), Moroccans (inc. Berbers), Indonesians (inc. Moluccans), Surinamese, Germans and Poles.[33]

With the huge expansion of the European Union during the 2000s, the Netherlands has seen a rise in the number of immigrants coming from new member states. Migrant workers from these countries are estimated to be about 100,000 as of 2007.[34] Legal migrants from new EU-member states doubled between 2007–11 to 200,000,[35] with estimates totaling up to 300,000. Of the Poles who initially moved to the Netherlands in 2004, about a quarter had returned to Poland by 2006.[36] In addition, a large number of Syrians moved to the Netherlands in the 2010s mostly as refugees, with the population increasing seven-fold between 2014 and 2019. Both Poles and Syrians have overtaken the population of Antilleans during the decade.[33]

Population of the Netherlands by country of birth

As of 1 January 2019:[33]

National origins or ethnic group 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2010 2009
Dutch (& Frisians) 13 196 025 (76.36%) 13 209 225 (76.88%) 13 218 754 (77.39%) 13 226 829 (77.90%) 13 235 405 (78.31%) 13 234 545 (78.64%) 13 236 494 (78.89%) 13 236 618 (79.12%) 13 215 458 (79.72%) 13 196 916 (80.05%)
Turks (& Kurds) 409 877 (2.37%) 404 459 (2.35%) 400 367 (2.34%) 397 471 (2.34%) 396 555 (2.35%) 396 414 (2.36%) 392 923 (2.34%) 392 923 (2.35%) 384 164 (2.32%) 378 400 (2.30%)
Moroccans (& Berbers) 402 492 (2.33%) 396 539 (2.31%) 391 088 (2.29%) 385 761 (2.27%) 380 755 (2.25%) 374 996 (2.23%) 368 838 (2.20%) 362 954 (2.17%) 349 270 (2.11%) 341 640 (2.07%)
Indos (& Moluccans) 358 773 (2.08%) 361 594 (2.10%) 364 328 (2.13%) 366 849 (2.16%) 369 661 (2.19%) 372 233 (2.21%) 374 847 (2.23%) 377 618 (2.26%) 382 319 (2.31%) 384 553 (2.33%)
Surinamese 353 909 (2.05%) 351 681 (2.05%) 349 978 (2.05%) 349 022 (2.06%) 348 662 (2.06%) 348 291 (2.07%) 344 734 (2.05%) 344 734 (2.06%) 342 016 (2.06%) 338 519 (2.05%)
Germans 351 552 (2.03%) 354 136 (2.06%) 356 875 (2.09%) 360 116 (2.12%) 364 125 (2.15%) 368 512 (2.19%) ? ? 379 017 (2.29%) 379 518 (2.30%)
Poles 185 497 (1.07%) 173 050 (1.01%) 161 158 (0.94%) 149 831 (0.88%) 137 794 (0.82%) 123 003 (0.73%) 111 121 (0.66%) 100 775 (0.60%) 77 178 (0.47%) 68 844 (0.42%)
Dutch Caribbean people ("Antilleans") 155 492 (0.90%) 153 469 (0.90%) 150 981 (0.89%) 148 926 (0.88%) 146 855 (0.87%) 145 499 (0.87%) 143 992 (0.86%) 138 113 (0.83%) 134 486 (0.82%)
Belgians 119 769 (0.69%) 118 725 (0.69%) 117 495 (0.69%) 116 389 (0.69%) 115 687 (0.68%) ? ? ? ? 112 529 (0.68%)
Syrians 98 090 (0.57%) 90 771 (0.53%) 72 903 (0.43%) 43 838 (0.26%) 22 568 (0.13%) 13 744 (0.08%) 11 665 (0.07%) 11 025 (0.07%)y 10 263 (0.06%) 9 976 (0.06%)
Former Soviets[lower-alpha 1] 92 128 (0.53%) 84 498 (0.49%) 80 013 (0.47%) 76 102 (0.45%) ? ? ? ? 52 563 (0.32%)
British 91 154 (0.53%) 88 390 (0.51%) 86 293 (0.51%) 84 466 (0.50%) 82 879 (0.49%) ? ? ? ? 77 733 (0.47%)
Former Yugoslavs[lower-alpha 2] 87 536 (0.51%) 85 504 (0.50%) 84 243 (0.50%) 83 261 (0.49%) ? ? ? ? 77 995 (0.47%)
Chinese 77 648 (0.45%) 74 234 (0.43%) 71 229 (0.42%) 68 697 (0.40%) 66 088 (0.39%) ? ? ? ? 50 681 (0.31%)
Iraqis 63 008 (0.36%) 61 255 (0.36%) 59 497 (0.35%) 56 269 (0.33%) ? ? ? ? ? 49 234 (0.30%)
Italians 56 645 (0.33%) 53 703 (0.31%) 50 925 (0.30%) 48 366 (0.28%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Afghans 49 122 (0.28%) 47 776 (0.28%) 46 701 (0.27%) 44 339 (0.26%) ? ? ? ? ? 37 739 (0.23%)
Indians 48 724 (0.28%) 36 818 (0.22%) 32 682 (0.19%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
French 47 009 (0.27%) 45 558 (0.27%) 43 836 (0.26%) 42 070 (0.25%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Spaniards 46 741 (0.27%) 42 926 (0.25%) 41 572 (0.24%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Americans 44 399 (0.26%) 40 022 (0.23%) 38 494 (0.23%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Iranians (Persians, Azeris and Kurds) 44 379 (0.26%) 42 464 (0.25%) 40 893 (0.24%) 38 458 (0.23%) ? ? ? ? ? 30 617 (0.19%)
Somalis 39 947 (0.23%) 39 737 (0.23%) 39 457 (0.23%) 39 465 (0.23%) ? ? ? ? ? 21 753 (0.13%)
Bulgarians 34 809 (0.20%) 27 729 (0.16%) 25 520 (0.15%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Romanians 34 185 (0.20%) 25 551 (0.15%) 23 020 (0.14%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Brazilians 30 104 (0.17%) 24 725 (0.14%) 23 675 (0.14%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Portuguese 27 450 (0.16%) 25 637 (0.15%) 24 930 (0.15%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Egyptians 26 152 (0.15%) 23 956 (0.14%) 23 198 (0.14%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Greeks 25 709 (0.15%) 22 141 (0.13%) 20 769 (0.12%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Hungarians 24 898 (0.14%) 22 870 (0.13%) 22 080 (0.13%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Ghanaians 24 460 (0.14%) 23 430 (0.14%) 23 168 (0.14%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Pakistanis 23 855 (0.14%) 22 897 (0.13%) 22 137 (0.13%) 21 447 (0.13%) ? ? ? ? ? 18 636 (0.11%)
Ethiopians 23 777 (0.14%) 19 528 (0.11%) 16 347 (0.10%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
South Africans (Afrikaners) 23 738 (0.14%) 20 859 (0.12%) 19 877 (0.12%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Vietnamese (Kinh) 23 488 (0.14%) 22 023 (0.13%) 21 435 (0.13%) ? ? ? ? ? 18 913 (0.11%)
Filipinos 23 128 (0.13%) 22 000 (0.13%) 20 937 (0.12%) 20 073 (0.12%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Cape Verdeans 22 632 (0.13%) 22 285 (0.13%) 22 157 (0.13%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Thai 21 364 (0.12%) 20 106 (0.12%) 19 513 (0.11%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Hong Kongers 18 367 (0.11%) 18 357 (0.11%) 18 300 (0.11%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Colombians 18 351 (0.11%) 16 607 (0.10%) 15 892 (0.09%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Australians 17 349 (0.10%) 16 597 (0.10%) 16 127 (0.09%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Canadians 16 614 (0.10%) 16 240 (0.09%) 15 944 (0.09%) 15 625 (0.09%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Austrians 16 055 (0.09%) 15 777 (0.09%) 15 674 (0.09%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Rest of Sub-Saharan Africa 108 621 (0.63%) 97 026 (0.57%) 91 797 (0.54%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Rest of Europe 77 245 (0.45%) 68 592 (0.40%) 65 849 (0.39%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Rest of Americas (except Caribbean) 52 425 (0.30) 47 048 (0.28%) 45 256 (0.27%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Rest of North Africa and Middle East 55 180 (0.32%) 46 231 (0.27%) 44 059 (0.26%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Rest of East and Southeast Asia 38 279 (0.22%) 34 562 (0.20%) 33 473 (0.20%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Rest of Caribbean 28 861 (0.17%) 21 514 (0.13%) 20 956 (0.12%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Rest of South Asia 18 672 (0.11%) 17 448 (0.10%) 16 762 (0.10%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Rest of Oceania 6 479 (0.04%) 6 062 (0.04%) 5 916 (0.03%) ? ? ? ? ? ?
Others 1 094 826 (6,48%) 1 587 433 (9,43%) 1 437 462 (8,57%) 1 437 462 (8,59%) 1 387 255 (8,37%) 715 055 (4,34%)
Total 17 282 163 17 181 084 17 081 507 16 979 120 16 900 726 16 829 289 16 779 575 16 730 348 16 577 612 16 486 587
Region of the World 2019 2018 2017 2016
Netherlands 13 196 025 (76.36%) 13 209 225 (76.88%) 13 218 754 (77.39%) 13 226 829 (77.90%)
Europe (Except Netherlands) 1 318 382 (7.63%) 1 237 807 (7.25%) 1 204 908 (7.10%)
North Africa and Middle East 1 148 300 (6.64%) 1 081 636 (6.33%) 1 033 393 (6.09%)
East and South East Asia 561 047 (3.25%) 551 542 (3.23%) 548 340 (3.23%)
Caribbean and Suriname 538 262 (3.11%) 524 961 (3.07%) 520 959 (3.07%)
Sub-Saharan Africa 243 175 (1.41%) 222 585 (1.30%) 212 811 (1.25%)
Americas (Except Caribbean and Suriname) 161 893 (0.94%) 144 346 (0.85%) 138 942 (0.82%)
South Asia 91 251 (0.53%) 76 403 (0.45%) 70 891 (0.42%)
Oceania 22 828 (0.14%) 22 659 (0.13%) 22 043 (0.13%)
Immigrants and people of migrant backgrounds
Nationality Population (2020)[37]
 Turkey 416,864
 Morocco 408,864
 Suriname 356,402
 Indonesia 356,029
 Germany 349,284
 Poland 198,024
 Belgium 121,019
 Syria 105,440
 United Kingdom 94,915
 China 81,534
 Iraq 64,653
 Italy 60,013
 India 56,462
 Afghanistan 50,403
 Spain 49,116
 France 48,926
 Iran 47,797
 United States 46,807
 Somalia 40,251
 Bulgaria 40,216
 Romania 39,340
 Brazil 33,348
 Portugal 28,802
 Greece 28,100
 Egypt 27,504
 South Africa 26,354
 Hungary 26,172
 Ethiopia 25,642
 Ghana 25,453
 Pakistan 25,050

Sources of immigration

Net immigrants in the Netherlands 2019[38]
RankCountryNumberPercentage
1 Poland10,3529.6
2 India7,0416.5
3 Syria5,2444.9
4 Turkey4,9204.6
5 Bulgaria4,8854.5
6 Romania4,8004.4
7 United Kingdom3,5063.2
8 China3,3083.1
9 Italy3,1872.9
10 Iran2,9352.7
Top 10 total50,17846.4
Other57,85753.6
Total108,035100

Emigration

The Netherlands has seen considerable emigration. In the 1950s 560,000 people migrated to the United States, South Africa, Australia, Canada and New Zealand, leaving their war-torn and overpopulated home country behind. At least 60,000 of these migrants were Indo-European (mixed Dutch-Indonesian) repatriates that moved on, mostly to the United States, after being repatriated to the Netherlands from the former Dutch East Indies during and after the Indonesian revolution.

In 2005 some 121,000 people migrated from the Netherlands. There is considerable migration towards neighbouring states, Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom and to the Netherlands Antilles. Furthermore, almost half of the current emigration consists of people returning to their country of birth, including rejected asylum seekers, after the more stringent migration laws were implemented.

Education by background

According to a 2016 study by Statistics Netherlands, students with a non-western background generally study at a lower level of secondary education. 48 percent of those with a Dutch background were at HAVO or VWO level at third year, compared to 23 percent for Dutch Turks, 28 percent for Dutch Moroccans, 35 percent for Dutch Surinamese and 31 percent for Dutch Antilleans. Some backgrounds fared better: over 40 percent of Dutch Afghans studied at HAVO/VWO level, and for Dutch Iranians the rate was 50 percent, which was above native Dutch students.[39]

Demographic statistics

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.[40]

  • One birth every 3 minutes
  • One death every 4 minutes
  • One net migrant every 31 minutes
  • Net gain of one person every 11 minutes
Animated population pyramid of the Netherlands: 1950-2010

The following demographic statistics are from Cia World Factbook.[41]

Population
17,337,403 (February 2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 70th
Age structure
Population pyramid of Netherlands in 2017
0-14 years: 16.11 (male 1,425,547 /female 1,358,894)
15-24 years: 11.91% (male 1,049.000 /female 1,008,763)
25-54 years: 38.47% (male 3,334,064 /female 3,313,238)
55-64 years: 13.69% (male 1,177,657/female 1,188,613)
65 years and over: 19.82% (male 1,558,241/female 1,866,380) (2020 est.)
Birth rate
11.0 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 178st
Death rate
9.22 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 60th
Total fertility rate
1.78 children born/woman (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 157th
Net migration rate
1.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 53th
Median age
total: 42.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 32th
male: 41.6 years
female: 44.0 years (2020 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
29.8 years (2017 est.)
Ethnic groups
Dutch 76.9%, EU 6.4%, Turkish 2.4%, Moroccan 2.3%, Indonesian 2.1%, German 2.1%, Surinamese 2%, Polish 1%, other 4.8% (2018 est.)
Population growth rate
0.37% (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 168th
Languages
Dutch (official)
note: Frisian is an official language in the province of Friesland; Frisian, Low Saxon, Limburgish, Romani, and Yiddish have protected status under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages; Dutch is the official language of the three special municipalities of the Caribbean Netherlands; English is a recognized regional language on Sint Eustatius and Saba; Papiamento is a recognized regional language on Bonaire
Religions
Roman Catholic 23.6%, Protestant 14.9% (includes Dutch Reformed 6.4%, Protestant Church of The Netherlands 5.6%, Calvinist 2.9%), Islam 5.1%, other 5.6% (includes Hindu, Buddhist, Jewish), none 50.7% (2017 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 81.9 years (2020 est.) Country comparison to the world: 30th
male: 79.7 years (2020 est.)
female: 84.3 years (2020 est.)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 55.6 (2020 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 24.4 (2020 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 31.2 (2020 est.)
potential support ratio: 3.2 (2020 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 19 years
male: 18 years
female: 19 years (2018)
Unemployment, youth ages 15–24
total: 7.2%. Country comparison to the world: 130th
male: 7.7%
female: 6.6% (2018 est.)

Religion

In 2013, Statistics Netherlands found that 26% of the population identified as Roman Catholic, 16% as Protestant, 5% as Muslim, and 6% as "other" (the last includes other Christian denominations, Hindus 0.6%, Jews 0.1%, and Buddhists 0.4%). The agency interviewed 355,237 people in the period 2010–2013. [42] In 2019 the Central Bureau of Statistics reported that for the first time non-religious people were in the majority in The Netherlands. Only 49% of people older than 15 years reported to be religious; in 2012 that was still 54%. The largest religion was still Catholicism (24%), while 5% identified with Islam.[43]

Religious identification of the adult population in the Netherlands (2015)[44]

  Irreligious (50.1%)
  Roman Catholic (23.7%)
  Muslim (4.9%)
  Other religions (5.7%)

Language

The main language is Dutch, while Frisian (known as West Frisian outside of the Netherlands) is also a recognized language in the province of Friesland and is used by the government and schools there. Several dialects of Low Saxon (Nedersaksisch in Dutch) are spoken in much of the north and east and are recognized by the Netherlands as regional languages according to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. This includes the Tweants dialect. Another Dutch dialect granted the status of regional language is Limburgish, which is spoken in the south-eastern province of Limburg. Major immigrant languages are Indonesian, Turkish, Arabic, Berber, Papiamento, German and Polish.

See also

Notes

  1. Primarily Estonians, Lithuanians, Latvians, Russians and Ukrainians
  2. Bosniaks & Bosnians, Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs, Slovenes, and other Yugoslavs collectively
  3. In 2004, the Dutch Reformed Church (NHK) and the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (GKN) merged to form the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (PKN) and officially no longer exist. However, many people still tend to give their older affiliation even after the merger. People who declared themselves simply as belonging to the Protestant Church in the Netherlands did not give an information about belonging to an older affiliation.[45]

References

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  42. https://www.scientias.nl/niet-religieuze-nederlander-is-nu-officieel-in-de-meerderheid/
  43. CBS religion Table 3.1.1
  44. Schmeets, Hans; Mensvoort, Carly van (2011). Religieuze betrokkenheid van bevolkingsgroepen, 2010–2014 (PDF). Centraal Bureau voor der Statistiek. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
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