Foreign relations of Poland

The Republic of Poland is a Central European country and member of the European Union and NATO, among others. Poland wields considerable influence in Central and Eastern Europe and is a middle power in international affairs. The foreign policy of Poland is based on four basic commitments: to Atlantic co-operation, to European integration, to international development and to international law.

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The Polish economy is fairly open and relies strongly on international trade. Since the collapse of communism and its re-establishment as a democratic nation, Poland has extended its responsibilities and position in European and Western affairs, supporting and establishing friendly foreign relations with both the West and with numerous European countries.

Integration with the West and Europe
Donald Trump's speech in Warsaw, Poland, 6 July 2017

After regaining independence in 1989, Poland has forged ahead on its economic reintegration with the Western world.[1] Poland also has been an active nation in advocating European integration.

In 1994, Poland became an associate member of the European Union (EU) and its defensive arm, the Western European Union (WEU). In 1996, Poland achieved full OECD membership and submitted preliminary documentation for full EU membership. In 1997, Poland was invited in the first wave of NATO policy enlargement at the July 1997 NATO Summit in Madrid, Spain. In March 1999, Poland became a full member of NATO. Poland promoted its NATO candidacy through energetic participation in the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program and through intensified individual dialogue with NATO. Poland formally joined the European Union in May 2004, along with the other members of the Visegrád group.

Poland was a part of the multinational force in Iraq.

Establishing relationships with European countries

The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the establishment of seven new sovereign states in Poland's immediate neighborhood (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia), of which Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia (through the Kaliningrad Oblast) border Poland. Poland has actively pursued good relations with all its neighboring countries, signing friendship treaties replacing links severed by the collapse of the Warsaw Pact. The Poles have forged special relationships with Lithuania and particularly Ukraine in an effort to firmly anchor these states to the West.

Due to its tragic historical experience with aggression of powerful neighbors (e.g., Partitions of Poland, Second World War), Polish foreign policy pursues close cooperation with a strong partner, one apt enough to give strong military support in times of critical situations. This creates the background of Poland's tight relations with the USA and their sensitivity in relations towards its partner within the European Union, Germany. At the same time, the equally burdened attitude towards Russia results in very tense diplomatic relations, which have been constantly worsening since Vladimir Putin's rise to power. This is an important factor for the special attention Poland pays to the political emancipation of all its Eastern neighbors: Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine.

Bilateral relations

Africa
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 AlgeriaSee Algeria–Poland relations
  • Algeria has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Algiers.
 Angola
  • Angola has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Luanda.
 Chad
  • Chad is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Poland is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Tunis, Tunisia.
 EgyptSee Egypt–Poland relations
  • Egypt has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Cairo.
 Ethiopia
 Kenya13 December 1963See Kenya–Poland relations
  • Kenya is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
  • Poland has an embassy in Nairobi.
 Libya
  • Libya has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland is accredited to Libya from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
 Madagascar
  • Madagascar is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Poland is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.
 Morocco
  • Morocco has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Rabat.
 NigeriaSee Nigeria–Poland relations
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Abuja.
 Senegal
  • Poland has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Warsaw.
 South AfricaSee Poland–South Africa relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy in Warsaw.
 Tanzania1961See Poland–Tanzania relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Dar es Salaam.
  • Tanzania is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
 Tunisia
  • Poland has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Warsaw.
 Uganda
  • Poland is accredited to Uganda from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya and maintains an honorary consulate in Kampala.
  • Uganda is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.

Americas
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina1920 See Argentina–Poland relations
 Belize2 May 1995

Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 2, 1995.[3]

 Bolivia
  • Bolivia is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Lima, Peru.
 Brazil27 May 1920See Brazil–Poland relations
 Canada1935See Canada–Poland relations
 Chile1920See Chile–Poland relations
  • Chile has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Santiago.
 Colombia1931See Colombia–Poland relations
  • Colombia has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Bogotá.[8]
 Cuba1933See Cuba–Poland relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Havana.
 Ecuador
  • Ecuador is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Ecuador from its embassy in Lima, Peru.
 El Salvador
  • El Salvador is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to El Salvador from its embassy in Panama City, Panama.
 Guyana1972

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1972.[9]

  • Guyana is accredited to Poland from its high commission in London, United Kingdom.
  • Poland is accredited to Guyana from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.
 Haiti
  • Haiti is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Bogotá, Colombia.
 Mexico26 February 1928See Mexico–Poland relations
 Panama
  • Panama has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Panama City.
 Paraguay
  • Paraguay is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Paraguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
 Peru1923See Peru–Poland relations
  • Peru has an embassy in Warsaw.[12]
  • Poland has an embassy in Lima.[13]
 United StatesSee Poland–United States relations

A tighter security alliance with the United States was announced in the middle of the Georgian crisis as an agreement between the two countries was reached to allow the US to install and operate an interceptor missile defense shield, a move which Russia sees explicitly targeting it and which it stated made Poland "a legit military target".[14] A high-ranking Russian military official said: "Poland in deploying [the US system] opens itself to a nuclear strike".[15]

 Uruguay22 July 1920See Poland–Uruguay relations
  • Poland is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Warsaw.
 Venezuela1933See Poland–Venezuela relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Caracas.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Warsaw.

Asia
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 AfghanistanSee Afghanistan–Poland relations
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in New Delhi, India.
 Armenia1992-2-26[18] See Armenia–Poland relations
 Azerbaijan1992-02-21[20] See Azerbaijan–Poland relations
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Baku.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
 China1919 See China–Poland relations
Poland's President Andrzej Duda and Chinese President Xi Jinping exchanging signed declarations on strategic partnership, 2016.
  • Relations between Poland and the People's Republic of China began on 5 October 1949.
  • China has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Chengdu, Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shanghai.
 Georgia1992-04-28See Georgia–Poland relations
  • Georgia has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Tbilisi.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
 IndiaSee India–Poland relations

Historically, relations have generally been close and friendly, characterized by understanding and cooperation on international front.[21]

 IndonesiaSee Indonesia–Poland relations
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Jakarta.
 IranSee Iran–Poland relations
  • Iran has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Tehran.
 IraqSee Iraq–Poland relations
  • Iraq has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Baghdad.
 Israel27 February 1990See Israel–Poland relations

Poland broke off relations with Israel after the Six-Day War of 1967, following most other countries of the Soviet Union controlled Eastern Bloc. Poland was the first Eastern bloc country to recognize Israel again in 1986. Full diplomatic relations have been reestablished in 1990, after the communist People's Republic of Poland was transformed into modern, democratic Poland. Government relations between Poland and Israel are steadily improving, resulting in the mutual visits of presidents and the ministers of foreign affairs.[24][25]

 JapanSee Japan–Poland relations
  • Japan has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Tokyo.
 Kazakhstan6 April 1992 See Kazakhstan–Poland relations

Poland opened its embassy in Nur-Sultan in March 1994. Kazakhstan’s embassy to Poland was opened in October 2000.[26]

  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Nur-Sultan.
 Kuwait
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Kuwait City.
 Lebanon
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Beirut.
 MalaysiaSee Malaysia–Poland relations

Malaysia has an embassy in Warsaw,[27] and Poland has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur and a consulate in Kuching.[28][29]

 North Korea1948 October[30]See Poland–North Korea relations
  • North Korea has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Pyongyang.
 Pakistan17 December 1962 See Pakistan–Poland relations
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Islamabad.
 Palestine1988 See Palestine–Poland relations
  • Palestine has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has a representative office in Ramallah.
 Qatar
  • Poland has an embassy in Doha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Warsaw.
 Saudi ArabiaSee Poland–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Warsaw.
 South Korea1 November 1989[31]See Poland–South Korea relations
 TaiwanSee Poland–Taiwan relations
 Thailand
  • Poland has an embassy in Bangkok.
  • Thailand has an embassy in Warsaw.
 TurkeySee Poland–Turkey relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
 United Arab Emirates
  • Poland has an embassy in Abu Dhabi.
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Warsaw.
 Uzbekistan
  • Poland has an embassy in Tashkent.
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in Warsaw.
 VietnamSee Poland–Vietnam relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Warsaw.

Europe
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 AlbaniaSee Albania–Poland relations
 Andorra1996-5-15
  • Andorra is accredited to Poland from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Andorra la Vella, Andorra.
  • Poland is accredited to Andorra from its embassy in Madrid, Spain.
 Austria1921 See Austria–Poland relations
 Belarus1992-03-02[36] See Belarus–Poland relations
  • Poland was one of the first countries to recognise Belarusian independence.[36]
  • Belarus has an embassy in Warsaw and a consulate-general in Gdańsk and Białystok, and a consulate in Biała Podlaska.[37]
  • Poland has an embassy in Minsk and consulates-general in Brest and Hrodna.[38]
  • The authoritarian and anti-Western political course taken by the country of neighboring Belarus presents a huge problem for Polish foreign policy.
 Belgium1919-3[39]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Bulgaria1920sSee Bulgaria–Poland relations
 Croatia1992-04-11 See Croatia–Poland relations
 Cyprus1960sSee Cyprus–Poland relations
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Warsaw and 2 honorary consulates (in Gdynia and Szczecin).
  • Poland has an embassy in Nicosia and an honorary consulate general in Limassol.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.

[43]

 Czech Republic1991-10-6[44]See Czech Republic–Poland relations
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Warsaw and a consulate-general in Katowice.
  • Poland has an embassy in Prague and a consulate-general in Ostrava.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 DenmarkSee Denmark–Poland relations

Denmark and Poland have still not agreed on the formal establishment of the maritime border between the two countries. Denmark supports a border halfway between the two countries, but Poland wants to be awarded an even greater share of the Baltic Sea, since Poland has a much longer coastline than the Danish island of Bornholm. The issue has gained significance alongside Russia's plans to build the controversial Nord Stream natural gas pipeline through the disputed area.

 Estonia1991-09See Estonia–Poland relations
 Finland1919-03-08See Finland–Poland relations
 France1919-2-24[48]See France–Poland relations

Polish-French relations date several centuries, although they became really relevant only with times of French Revolution and reign of Napoleon I. Poles have been allies of Napoleon; large Polish community settled in France in the 19th century, and Poles and French were also allies during the interwar period. The official relations, having cooled down during the Cold War, have improved since the fall of communism. Currently both countries are part of the European Union and NATO.

  • France has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Lyon.
 GermanySee Germany–Poland relations

During the Cold War, communist Poland had good relations with East Germany, but had strained relations with West Germany. After the fall of communism, Poland and the reunited Germany have had a mostly positive but occasionally strained relationship due to some political issues. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Germany has been a proponent of Poland's participation in NATO and the European Union. The Polish-German border is 467 kilometres (290 miles) long.[49]

  • Germany has an embassy in Warsaw and consulates-general in Gdańsk, Kraków, Opole and Wrocław.
  • Poland has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Cologne, Hamburg and Munich.
 GreeceSee Greece–Poland relations
  • Greece has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Athens.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
  Holy See1919See Holy See–Poland relations
  • Holy see has an apostolic nunciature in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy to the Holy See based in Rome.
 HungarySee Hungary–Poland relations

Relations between the two states date back from the Middle Ages. For a long time, they enjoy traditional close friendship.

  • Hungary has an embassy in Warsaw, a consulate-general in Kraków and a vice-consulate in Wrocław.
  • Poland has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 IcelandJanuary 1946See Iceland–Poland relations
 Ireland1976-9-30[52]See Ireland–Poland relations
 Italy1919-2-27[55]See Italy–Poland relations
  • Northern Italy and parts of Poland were part of the Holy Roman Empire and the Austrian Empire.
  • Italy has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Rome.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Latvia1991-08-30See Latvia–Poland relations
 Lithuania1991-9-5[58]See Lithuania–Poland relations

The fall of communism in the years of 1989-1991 led to a formal reestablishment of relations by the Polish and Lithuanian states. Poland was highly supportive of the Lithuanian independence, and became one of the first countries to recognize independent Lithuania.[59] Despite that, there was a relative crisis in the early 1990s,[60] due to Lithuanian mistreatment of Polish minority, and Lithuanian suspicious that Poland would want to put Lithuania under its sphere of influence.[59] After a few years, as the situation normalized, Polish-Lithuanian relations have been steadily improving over the past two decades, with both countries joining the NATO and European Union.

 Luxembourg1945-7-14[61]
 Moldova1991-8-27[62]See Moldova–Poland relations
  • Moldova has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Chișinău.
 Monaco1990[63]
  • Monaco is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany and maintains an honorary consulate in Warsaw.
  • Poland is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France.
 NetherlandsSee Netherlands–Poland relations
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 North Macedonia
  • North Macedonia has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Skopje.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
 NorwaySee Norway–Poland relations
  • Norway has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Oslo.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
 Portugal
  • Poland has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Romania1919-02-09See Poland–Romania relations
 RussiaSee Poland–Russia relations

In recent years, relations with Russia have worsened considerably. Poland responded with strong disapproval towards the 2008 Georgian Crisis, in which a military invasion of Georgia was led by Russia. Georgia is a former USSR republic, Poland was a member of the Eastern Bloc, and Poland stated its support for Georgia and condemned Russia's actions. The Polish believed the invasion was carried out by the Russians in an attempt to reestablish and reassert its dominance over its former republics. Since 2009, however, relations with Russia somewhat improved - despite the plane accident where the former Polish president died on what is still considered a controversial event. After the 2014 Crimean crisis the relations deteriorated again, as Poland strongly condemned Russian actions against Ukraine.

 Serbia1919See Poland–Serbia relations
 Slovakia1993See Poland–Slovakia relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Bratislava.[66]
  • Slovakia has an embassy in Warsaw and a consulate-general in Kraków.[67]
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
  • Both countries share 539 kilometres (335 miles) of common borders.[49]
 Slovenia1992-4-10[68]
 Spain1919-5-19[69]See Poland–Spain relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.
  • Spain has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Sweden1919-6-3[69]See Poland–Sweden relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
  Switzerland
 Ukraine1992-1-4[70]See Poland–Ukraine relations

Both countries share a border of about 529 kilometres (329 miles).[49] Poland's acceptance of the Schengen Agreement created problems with the Ukrainian border traffic. On July 1, 2009 an agreement on local border traffic between the two country's came into effect. This agreement enables Ukrainian citizens living in border regions to cross the Polish frontier according to a liberalized procedure.[71] The Orange Revolution in Ukraine evoked a wide and authentic support within the Polish society.

  • Poland has an embassy in Kyiv and consulates-genera in Kharkiv, Lviv, Lutsk, Odessa and Vinnytsia
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Warsaw and consulates-general in Gdańsk, Kraków, Lublin and Opole.
 United Kingdom1919-2-25[72]See Poland–United Kingdom relations

During the Cold War Poland retained a largely negative view of Britain as a sluggish ally of Poland during World War II, later acceptance of neglecting Poland in the international arena and placing it in communist influences. In communist times the UK was a part of the NATO block, so consequently it was considered by the communists as natural enemy of the communist bloc. British efforts meanwhile were focussed at trying to break Poland off from the Warsaw Pact and encouraging reforms in the country. In the 1990s and 2000s democratic Poland has maintained close relations with Britain; both in defence matters and within the EU; Britain being one of only a few countries allowing equal rights to Polish workers upon their accession in 2004.[73]

  • Poland has an embassy in London and consulates-general in Belfast, Edinburgh and Manchester.[74]
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • According to official estimates there were around 900,000 Poles living in the UK in December 2019.[75]
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.

Oceania
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 AustraliaFebruary 1972See Australia–Poland relations
  • Australia has an embassy in Warsaw.[76]
  • Poland has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.[77]
 Micronesia12 February 2019

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 2019.[78]

  • Poland is accredited to Micronesia from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • Micronesia currently does not have an accredited ambassador to Poland.
 New Zealand1 March 1973 See New Zealand–Poland relations
 Solomon Islands6 March 2012

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 2012.[81]

  • Poland is accredited to the Solomon Islands from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • Solomon Islands are accredited to Poland from its embassy Brussels, Belgium.

See also

References
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 This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/.

Further reading
  • Biskupski, M. B. The History of Poland. Greenwood, 2000. 264 pp. online edition
  • The Cambridge History of Poland, 2 vols., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941 (1697–1935), 1950 (to 1696). New York: Octagon Books, 1971 online edition vol 1 to 1696, old fashioned but highly detailed
  • Davies, Norman. God's Playground. A History of Poland. Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982 / ISBN 0-19-925340-4.
  • Davies, Norman. Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland. Oxford University Press, 1984. 511 pp. excerpt and text search
  • Fedorowicz, Krzysztof (July 2007). "National Identity and National Interest in Polish Eastern Policy, 1989-2004". Nationalities Papers. 35 (3): 537–553. doi:10.1080/00905990701368761. S2CID 154831664.
  • Frucht, Richard. Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism Garland Pub., 2000 online edition
  • Gerson Louis L. Woodrow Wilson and the Rebirth of Poland 1914-1920 (1972)
  • Hetherington, Peter. Unvanquished: Joseph Pilsudski, Resurrected Poland, and the Struggle for Eastern Europe (2012) 752pp excerpt and text search
  • Kenney, Padraic. "After the Blank Spots Are Filled: Recent Perspectives on Modern Poland," Journal of Modern History (2007) 79#1 pp 134–61, in JSTOR historiography
  • Klatt, Malgorzata. "Poland and its Eastern neighbours: Foreign policy principles." Journal of Contemporary European Research 7.1 (2011): 61-76. online
  • Kuźniar, R. ed. Poland’s Security Policy 1989-2000 (Warsaw: Scholar Publishing House, 2001).
  • Lerski, George J. Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Greenwood, 1996. 750 pp. online edition
  • Leslie, R. F. et al. The History of Poland since 1863. Cambridge U. Press, 1980. 494 pp. excerpt
  • Lukowski, Jerzy and Zawadzki, Hubert. A Concise History of Poland. (2nd ed. Cambridge U. Press, 2006). 408pp. excerpts and search
  • Magocsi, Paul Robert t al. A History of East Central Europe (1974).
  • Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. Poland: A Historical Atlas. Hippocrene, 1987. 321 pp.
  • Prazmowska, Anita J.. A History of Poland (2004\)
  • Sanford, George. Historical Dictionary of Poland. Scarecrow Press, 2003. 291 pp.
  • Snyder, Timothy. The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999 (2003).
  • Wróbel, Piotr. Historical Dictionary of Poland, 1945-1996. Greenwood, 1998. 397 pp.
  • Zięba, Ryszard. Poland’s Foreign and Security Policy Springer, 2020) online
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