Foreign relations of Estonia

The Republic of Estonia gained its independence from the Russian Empire on 24 February 1918 and established diplomatic relations with many countries via membership of the League of Nations. The forcible incorporation of Estonia into the Soviet Union in 1940 was not generally recognised by the international community and the Estonian diplomatic service continued to operate in some countries. Following the restoration of independence from the Soviet Union, Russia was one of the first nations to re-recognize Estonia's independence (the first country to do so was Iceland on 22 August 1991). Estonia's immediate priority after regaining its independence was the withdrawal of Russian (formerly Soviet) forces from Estonian territory. In August 1994, this was completed. However, relations with Moscow have remained strained primarily because Russia decided not to ratify the border treaty it had signed with Estonia in 1999.

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Since regaining independence, Estonia has pursued a foreign policy of close cooperation with Western European nations.

President Toomas Hendrik Ilves and President George W. Bush, in Estonia 2006.

The two most important policy objectives in this regard have been accession into NATO and the European Union, achieved in March and May 2004 respectively. Estonia's international realignment toward the West has been accompanied by a general deterioration in relations with Russia, most recently demonstrated by the controversy surrounding relocation of the Bronze Soldier WWII memorial in Tallinn.[1] Estonia has become an increasingly strong supporter of deepening European integration. The decision to participate in the preparation of a financial transaction tax in 2012 reflects this shift in Estonia's EU policy.[2]

An important element in Estonia's post-independence reorientation has been closer ties with the Nordic countries, especially Finland and Sweden. Indeed, Estonians consider themselves a Nordic people due to being Finno-Ugric people like the Finns rather than Balts,[3][4] based on their historical ties with Denmark and particularly Finland and Sweden. In December 1999 Estonian foreign minister (and since 2006, president of Estonia) Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech entitled "Estonia as a Nordic Country" to the Swedish Institute for International Affairs.[5] In 2003, the foreign ministry also hosted an exhibit called "Estonia: Nordic with a Twist".[6] And in 2005, Estonia joined the European Union's Nordic Battle Group. It has also shown continued interest in becoming a full member in the Nordic Council.

Whereas in 1992 Russia accounted for 92% of Estonia's international trade,[7] today there is extensive economic interdependence between Estonia and its Nordic neighbors: three-quarters of foreign investment in Estonia originates in the Nordic countries (principally Finland and Sweden), to which Estonia sends 42% of its exports (as compared to 6.5% going to Russia, 8.8% to Latvia, and 4.7% to Lithuania). On the other hand, the Estonian political system, its flat rate of income tax, and its non-welfare-state model distinguish it from the other Nordic states, and indeed from many other European countries.[8]

Estonia is a party to 181 international organizations, including the BIS, CBSS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU (member since 1 May 2004), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, International Maritime Organization, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, NATO, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate partner), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO.

International disputes

Territorial issues between Estonia and Russia
Main article: Territorial issues between Estonia and Russia
Estonian President Kersti Kaljulaid with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Moscow on 18 April 2019

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union Estonia had hoped for the return of more than 2,000 square kilometers of territory annexed to Russia after World War II in 1945. The annexed land had been within the borders Estonia approved by Russia in the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty. However, the Boris Yeltsin government disavowed any responsibility for acts committed by the Soviet Union.

After signing the border treaty by the corresponding foreign minister in 2005, it was ratified by the Estonian government and president. The Russian side interpreted the preamble as giving Estonia a possibility for future territorial claim, and Vladimir Putin notified Estonia that Russia will not consider these. Negotiations were reopened in 2012 and the Treaty was signed in February 2014. Ratification is still pending.[9]

Diplomatic relationships
Estonia foreign minister Marina Kaljurand meeting Iranian foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif, 12 April 2016

Estonia established diplomatic relations with Kazakhstan on 27 May 1992. Estonia is represented in Kazakhstan through its embassy in Moscow (Russia). Kazakhstan is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Vilnius (Lithuania).

Uruguay was among the countries that refused to recognize the Soviet occupation of the Baltic countries. Uruguay re-recognised Estonia's independence on 28 August 1991. Estonia and Uruguay established diplomatic relations on 30 September 1992. Estonia is represented in Uruguay through an honorary consulate in Montevideo. Uruguay is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland) and an honorary consulate in Tallinn.[10]

Through diplomatic cooperation with Latvia, Estonia opened an embassy in Cairo, Egypt in March 2010[11] as settled in an agreement signed by Estonian Foreign Ministry Secretary General Marten Kokk and the Ambassador of the Republic of Latvia Kārlis Eihenbaums on 5 January.

Foreign minister Urmas Paet established diplomatic relations with the government in Myanmar in September 2012, following the 2011–2012 Burmese political reforms.[12][13]

As of March 2015, after establishing relations with Tonga, Estonia had still not established diplomatic relations with nine countries: Bhutan, Yemen, Sudan, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, North Korea, Papua New Guinea, Swaziland, and Chad.[14]

In October 2016, Estonian Ambassador to Australia Andres Unga established diplomatic relations with Papua New Guinea.[15]

In January 2018, Foreign Minister Sven Mikser established diplomatic relations with Sudan.[16]

In July 2018, Estonian Ambassador to the UN Sven Jürgenson established diplomatic relations between Estonia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[17]

In September 2018, Mikser established diplomatic relations with Chad.[18]

Relations by country
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Afghanistan1 July 2005[19]
 Albania1 January 1992
 Argentina27 September 1991
  • Argentina is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
  • Estonia does not have an accreditation to Argentina.
 Armenia23 August 1992
 Australia22 September 1921 See Australia–Estonia relations
  • Australia first recognised Estonia on 22 September 1921.
  • Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1991.
  • Australia is represented in Estonia through a part-time (pop-up) embassy since 2018.[21]
  • Estonia is represented in Australia through its embassy in Canberra opened 1 January 2015, succeeding a non-resident embassy based in Tokyo (Japan), and through three honorary consulates (in Claremont, Hobart, and two in Sydney).[22]
  • Australia is host to one of the largest communities of Estonians abroad, with 8,232 people identifying as Estonian in the 2006 Australian Census.[23][24]
 Austria26 June 1921 See Austria–Estonia relations
 Azerbaijan20 April 1992 See Azerbaijan-Estonia relations
 Belarus6 April 1992
  • Belarus has a Consulate General in Tallinn.[26]
  • Estonia opened its Consulate General in Minsk on 21 July 1995.[27]
 Belgium26 January 1921See Foreign relations of Belgium
 Belize5 May 1999
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1999.[28]
  • Estonia has an honorary consulate in Belize.[29]
 Bolivia8 September 1992
 Bosnia and Herzegovina8 February 1993
 BrazilSeptember 1991
  • Brazil has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Estonia does not have an accreditation to Brazil.
 Bulgaria20 May 1921See Bulgaria–Estonia relations
  • Bulgaria recognised Estonia on 20 May 1921 and re-recognised Estonia on 26 August 1991.
  • Bulgaria is represented in Estonia through an honorary consulate in Tallinn.
  • Estonia has an honorary consulate in Sofia.[30]
 Cambodia31 August 2005[31]
 Canada1922See Foreign relations of Canada
  • Canada has an embassy office in Tallinn.[32]
  • Estonia has an embassy in Ottawa.[33]
 Chile22 September 1921See Chile–Estonia relations
  • Chile first recognised Estonia on 22 September 1921.
  • Chile re-recognised Estonia on 28 August 1991 and diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on 27 September 1991. Chile is represented in Estonia through its ambassador who resides in Helsinki (Finland) and through an honorary consulate in Tallinn. Estonia is represented in Chile through an honorary consulate in Santiago. The current Chilean ambassador to Estonia, Carlos Parra Merino, officially presented his credentials to the Estonian President Toomas Hendrik Ilves in June 2007[34] Carlos Parra Merino resides in Helsinki.
  • An agreement on visa-free travel between Estonia and Chile came into force on 2 December 2000.[35][36][37] The two countries also have in force a Memorandum on co-operation between the Ministries of Foreign Affairs.[35] Agreements on cultural, tourism, and IT cooperation are being readied.[35]
  • Chile is among Estonia's most important foreign trade partners in South America.[38]
  • In 2007, trade between Estonia and Chile was valued at 6.3 million EUR. Estonian exports included mainly machinery, mechanical equipment, and mineral fuels; Chilean exports included mainly wine, fish, crustaceans and fruit. In 2004, 83% of Chilean exports to Estonia, then totaling 2.4 million EUR, consisted of wine.[35] In 2008, Chilean wines held the highest share of Estonia's imported wine market, followed by Spanish wines.[39] Due to its climate being unsuitable for large-scale grape production, most wine sold in Estonia is imported.
  • In 2006, Estonia and Chile issued the joint Antarctic themed stamp series, designed by Ülle Marks and Jüri Kass, bearing images of the Emperor penguin and the minke whale.[40] The works of Chilean writers Isabel Allende, Pablo Neruda and José Donoso have been translated into Estonian.[35]
 China11 September 1991
  • China has an embassy in Tallinn
  • Estonia has an embassy in Beijing

In June 2020, Estonia openly opposed the Hong Kong national security law[41]

 Colombia22 September 1921
  • Colombia first recognised Estonia on 22 September 1921 and re-recognised the restored Republic of Estonia on 23 March 1994.
  • Colombia is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Warsaw (Poland).
  • Estonia does not have an accreditation to Colombia.
  • Colombia defines Estonia as a major ally and key player on Colombia's accession into the OECD and ratification of the Colombia-European Union Trade Agreement.[42]
 Costa Rica4 October 1993[43]
 Croatia2 March 1992See Croatia–Estonia relations
 Cuba12 November 1991[46]
 Cyprus22 January 1992See Cyprus–Estonia relations
 Czech Republic9 September 1991See Foreign relations of the Czech Republic
 Denmark1921See Denmark–Estonia relations
 Egypt1937
 Ethiopia23 August 2005[48]
 Finland20 June 1920See Estonia–Finland relations
 France26 January 1921
 Georgia17 June 1992
 Germany28 August 1991[52] See Estonia–Germany relations
  • Estonia has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Greece19 May 1922 See Estonia–Greece relations
 Guyana19 April 1997

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 April 1997.[53]

  Holy See10 October 1921
 Hungary24 February 1921
 Iceland30 January 1922
 India22 September 1921See Estonia–India relations
  • India first recognised Estonia on 22 September 1921.
  • India re-recognised Estonia on 9 September 1991.
  • Estonia is represented in India by two honorary consulates (in Mumbai and New Delhi).
  • India is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland) and through an honorary consulate in Tallinn.
 Indonesia5 July 1993[59]
 Iran22 September 1921[60]
  • Iran recognised Estonia on 22 September 1921, Iran has never recognised the occupation of Estonia by the Soviet Union.
  • Iran re-recognised Estonia on 10 September 1991.
  • Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 18 August 1992.
  • Iran's embassy in Helsinki is accredited to Estonia.
 Iraq22 April 2005[61]
 Ireland27 August 1991
 Israel9 January 1992
 Italy26 January 1921
 Japan26 January 1921
 Kazakhstan27 May 1992[68]
 Kosovo24 April 2008 See Estonia–Kosovo relations
 Kuwait28 October 1994[69]
 Kyrgyzstan1996
 Latvia3 December 1918See Estonia–Latvia relations
  • Estonia has an embassy in Riga.
  • Latvia has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • The two states share 343 km of common borders.
  • They enjoy close relations sharing a common history of relations in the USSR and being neighbours.[71]
 Lesotho2012

Both countries established diplomatic relations in September 2012.[72]

 Lithuania1919 See Estonia–Lithuania relations
  • Estonia has an embassy in Vilnius.[73]
  • Lithuania has an embassy in Tallinn.[74]
  • Until 31 July 2016 the Estonian ambassador to Lithuania was Toomas Kukk.
  • Both countries are situated in the Baltic region and are the full members of NATO and EU.
 Luxembourg22 February 1923
  • Luxembourg recognised Estonia on 22 February 1923 and re-recognised Estonia on 27 August 1991.[75] Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 29 August 1991.[75] Estonia is represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in Brussels (Belgium) and an honorary consulate in Luxembourg.[75] Luxembourg is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Prague (Czech Republic).[75] As of 31 December 2007 foreign investments made in Estonia originating from Luxembourg totaled 225 million EUR accounting for 2% of the total volume of foreign direct investments. Luxembourg took 10th place in the general ranking of the countries. Investments from Luxembourg were made primarily in real estate rental and business activity (46%), wholesale and retail trade (34%), and financial intermediation (15%). The rest were made in the transportation and communication sector and the manufacturing industry. As of the same date, Estonian direct investments in Luxembourg totaled 1.1 million EUR, and were mostly made in the financial and real estate sectors.[75] There are about 300 Estonians living in Luxembourg.[75]
  • Trade agreement between Estonia and Belgium and Luxembourg (1935)[76]
  • Agreement on Road Transport between Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (came into force 1 December 1994)[77]
  • Agreement Between Estonia and the Belgo-Luxembourg Economic Union on the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments (came into force 23 September 1999)[78]
  • Agreement Between Estonia and the States of Benelux on Readmission of Persons (came into force 1 February 2005)
  • Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Income and Capital Tax evasion (signed 23 May 2006)[79][80]
 Malaysia4 November 1993See Estonia–Malaysia relations
  • Estonia has an honorary consul in Kuala Lumpur,[81][82][83]
  • Malaysia's embassy in Helsinki is accredited to Estonia.[84]
  • Malaysia recognised the independence of Estonia on 11 September 1991 shortly after the dissolution of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic on 20 August 1991.[84] Relations between the two countries have been established since 4 November 1993.[84]
 Malta1 January 1992
 Mexico28 January 1937 See Estonia–Mexico relations
  • Estonia and Mexico signed a friendship treaty on 28 January 1937.
  • Mexico was among those countries that never recognized Estonia's annexation by the Soviet Union. Mexico recognized the restored Republic of Estonia on 5 September 1991, while diplomatic relations were re-established on 5 December 1991.[87]
  • Estonia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains honorary consulates in Mexico City and in Tampico.[88]
  • Mexico is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland and maintains an honorary consulate in Tallinn.[89]
 Moldova10 November 1992
 Mongolia20 October 1991
 Montenegro13 June 2006[91]
 Morocco22 June 1992[92]
 Netherlands5 March 1921
 New Zealand6 January 1992[95]
 North Macedonia2 March 1995

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 March 1995.[96]

 Norway5 February 1921
 North KoreaN/ASee Foreign relations of North Korea
  • Estonia does not recognize North Korea as a sovereign state.
 Oman23 September 1992[99]
 Pakistan20 September 1993[100]
 Poland31 December 1920 See Estonia–Poland relations
 Portugal6 February 1921
  • Portugal recognised Estonia de facto in 1918 and de jure on 6 February 1921. Portugal never recognised the occupation of Estonia by the Soviet Union.
  • Portugal re-recognised the Republic of Estonia on 27 August 1991.
  • Estonia has an embassy in Lisbon and two honorary consualtes (in Porto and Tavira).[103][104]
  • Portugal has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
  • Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Portugal
 Romania26 February 1921
 Russia2 February 1920See Estonia–Russia relations and Chechen–Estonia relations

Russia recognised Estonia via the Tartu Peace Treaty on 2 February 1920. Russian-Estonian relations were re-established in January 1991, when presidents Boris Yeltsin of RSFSR and Arnold Rüütel of the Republic of Estonia met in Tallinn and signed a treaty governing the relations of the two countries after the anticipated independence of Estonia from the Soviet Union.[106][107] The treaty guaranteed the right to freely choose their citizenship for all residents of the former Estonian SSR.

Russia re-recognised the Republic of Estonia on 24 August 1991 after the failed Soviet coup attempt, as one of the first countries to do so. The Soviet Union recognised the independence of Estonia on 6 September. Estonia's ties with Boris Yeltsin weakened since the Russian leader's initial show of solidarity with the Baltic states in January 1991. Issues surrounding the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Baltic republics and Estonia's denial of automatic citizenship to persons who settled in Estonia in 1941-1991 and offspring[108] ranked high on the list of points of contention.

 Saint Kitts and Nevis2009

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 2009.[109]

 Samoa2009

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 2009.[110]

 Serbia9 February 2001
 Slovakia30 March 1993
 South Korea17 September 1991
 Spain25 March 1921 See Estonia–Spain relations
 Sri Lanka31 January 1996See Estonia – Sri Lanka relations
  • Sri Lanka recognised Estonia on 10 October 1991.
  • Sri Lanka has an embassy in Stockholm which serves Estonia.
  • Estonia has no embassy for Sri Lanka.
  • Economic relations between Sri Lanka and Estonia are at a moderate level.
 SwedenSee Estonia–Sweden relations
  • Estonia was under Swedish rule between 1561 and 1721.
  • Sweden re-recognised Estonia on 27 August 1991.
  • Estonia has an embassy in Stockholm and five honorary consulates (in Eskilstuna, Gothenburg, Karlskrona, Malmö and Visby).
  • Sweden has an embassy in Tallinn and two honorary consulates (in Narva and Tartu).
  Switzerland4 September 1991[116]
 Tajikistan2006
 Thailand22 October 1921 See Foreign relations of Thailand
  • Thailand (then Siam) first recognised Estonia on 22 October 1921.[118]
  • Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1992.
  • Thailand is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Stockholm (Sweden).
  • Estonia is represented in Thailand through its consulates in Bangkok and Phuket.[119]
 Tonga13 March 2015
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 March 2015.[120]
 Turkey23 October 1991[121] See Estonia–Turkey relations
  • Turkey recognised Estonia on 23 October 1991.
  • Estonia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Both countries are full members of the NATO.
 Turkmenistan26 August 1994[122]
 Ukraine4 January 1992

The contractual and legal framework of relations between Ukraine and Estonia covers a wide range of branches of bilateral cooperation, including political, trade and economic, scientific and technical, humanitarian, law enforcement and other spheres. This base is ramified and efficient enough and includes 53 bilateral documents, among which are 3 interstate agreements, 15 intergovernmental and 35 interdepartmental.

Ukraine and Estonia bring together common aspirations in the political, economic, social and other spheres. Recognizing Ukraine as its foreign policy priority, Estonia is one of the most consistent supporters of Ukraine's European choice, supported the signing of the Agreement on the Association of Ukraine with the EU.

Intensive bilateral contacts between state and non-governmental institutions are developing, and interaction within the framework of international organizations is active. At the state level, the important role played by Ukraine in ensuring stability and security in Europe is constantly stressed. Estonia supports political and socio-economic reforms in Ukraine, provides substantial humanitarian, financial and advisory and technical assistance.

 United Arab Emirates28 March 2006[125]
 United Kingdom5 February 1921 See Estonia–United Kingdom relations
 United States22 July 1922See Estonia–United States relations
 Uzbekistan10 October 1994[131]
 VietnamSee Estonia–Vietnam relations

See also

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