Haenyeo

Jeju's diving tradition dates back to 434 A.D.[2]^:100 Originally, diving was an exclusively male profession, with the exception of women who worked alongside their husbands.[2]^:101 The first mention of female divers in literature does not come until the 17th century when a monograph of Jeju geography describes them as jamnyeo (literally “diving women").[2]^:101

By the 18th century, female divers, at this point commonly referred to as haenyeo, outnumbered male divers.[3]^:1 Several possible explanations exist for this shift. For instance, in the 17th century, a significant number of men died at sea due to war or deep-sea fishing accidents, meaning that diving became the work of women.[1]^:1[4] Another explanation is that physiologically, women have more subcutaneous fat and a higher shivering threshold than men, making them more equipped to withstand cold waters.[2]^:101 An 18th-century document records that taxes of dried abalone were imposed on ordinary people, forcing many women to dive in cold waters while pregnant.[4]

Whatever the reason, as sea diving became a female-dominated industry, many of the haenyeo subsequently replaced their husbands as the primary laborer.[3]^:[5][6]^: This trend was especially prominent after the Japanese colonized Korea in 1910 and diving became much more lucrative.[7] Up until this point, much of what the haenyeo harvested was given to the Joseon government as tribute.[7] When the Japanese took over, however, they abolished this tradition, allowing haenyeo to sell their catch at market and make a profit.[7] Additionally, Japanese and Korean merchants hired haenyeo to work for them in Japan and on the Korean mainland as wage-laborers, increasing their financial situations greatly. On Yeonpyeong-ri, an island near Incheon where many haenyeo worked, their wages, on average, constituted 40 to 48 percent of a typical family's total income.[7]  The prominent place of haenyeo in Jeju's economy and in their individual family units continued long after Japanese colonization.  In the early 1960s, for example, haenyeo harvests accounted for 60% of Jeju's fisheries revenue and 40% of haenyeo husbands remained unemployed.[2][5]

Because so many families relied on the haenyeo for the majority of their income, a semi-matriarchal society developed on Jeju with the haenyeo at the head of the household.[8][7] On the tiny islets off the coast of Jeju, such as Mara Island, where sea-diving was the sole source of income, this reversal of traditional gender roles was fully realized; men would look after the children and go shopping while the women would bring in money for the family.[8]  Other manifestations of Jeju's unique society include men paying a dowry to the family of the bride (a reversal of the custom on the Korean mainland) and families celebrating the birth of girls over the birth of boys.[4][9]

While certain elements of a matriarchal society surfaced in Jeju, they were not enough to completely overcome the predominance of Confucianism. As a result, beyond the domestic sphere, little else about Jeju society was different from what existed on the Korean mainland. For example, men filled all political leadership roles and were the only ones who could perform ancestor-worship ceremonies and inherit property and the familial line. Furthermore, during the era of colonial rule, haenyeo remained peasants, never moving up the chain to become small-business owners or managers of seafood manufacturing plants.[7] Even in the home, most haenyeo remained the primary caregiver and handled at least half of the domestic chores.[2]^:107

Today, things have changed. The haenyeo are celebrated as one of Jeju's most valued treasures. The Korean government shows its appreciation for the unique contributions of the haenyeo to Jeju's culture by subsidizing their gear and granting them exclusive rights to sell fresh seafood.[8][5] Furthermore, in March 2014, the government requested the UNESCO to add haenyeo to its Intangible Cultural Heritage list.[4]

Inscribed in 2016 (11.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/culture-of-jeju-haenyeo-women-divers-01068

Like many other vestiges of the past, the sea-diving industry has fallen victim to industrialisation. Beginning in the 1960s, the Korean government sought ways to jumpstart the country's economy in every province. Because Jeju was not a practical place to build factories, the Korean government decided to turn it into an exporter of mandarin oranges. By 1969, a majority of rural workers had joined this new industry. Additionally, about 2% of all land in Jeju was dedicated to farming mandarin oranges. In the 1970s, the government launched another program to bolster Jeju's tourism industry.  By 1978, tourism had surpassed agriculture as the island's largest industry.[7]

All of this change had a significant impact on haenyeo numbers. Given alternatives to back-breaking labor in miserable conditions, women abandoned the sea-diving industry in droves.[7] In the five years between 1965 and 1970, numbers dropped from 23,081 to 14,143.[7] Even more damning to the haenyeo way of life, education opportunities and attractive positions in emerging industries has deterred younger girls from becoming haenyeo.[7][10]^:2350 In 1970, 31% of haenyeo were 30 years old or younger, 55% were between 30 and 49 years old and only 14% were 50 or older. As of 2014, however, 98% of haenyeo were over the age of 50.[3]^:2

Traditionally, girls started to train to become haenyeo when they were 11 years old.  Beginning in shallow water, trainees worked their way up to more challenging depths. After about seven years of training, a girl was considered a "full-fledged" haenyeo.[2]^: Today, the oldest haenyeo are over 80 years old and have been diving for more than 66 years.[11]

All together, the tools of a haenyeo consist of a wetsuit, diving mask, fins,[12] gloves, chest weights (to assist diving) an L-shaped weeding hoe, and a net attached to a flotation device.[11] The haenyeo stash their catch in these nets until they are done for the day.[11]

How long the haenyeo spend in the water depends on the season. Before wetsuits were available and all they wore were cotton swimsuits, haenyeo could stay in the water for only up to an hour at a time during the winter months. After an hour, they got out of the water and sat by the fire for 3–4 hours to dry off. After this break, they would jump back into the water for another hour.  During the summer months, however, they stayed in the water for up to 3 hours at a time before a break.[8] With the introduction of wetsuits, haenyeo found they could stay in the water for five to six hours at a time, even during the winter.

With each dive, haenyeo plunge up to 30 meters deep and can hold their breath for over three minutes.[8][11] Their harvests consist of abalone, conch, octopus, sea urchins, sea squirt, brown alga, top shell, a variety of sargassum, oysters, sea slugs etc.[2]^:[8]^:2350[5][7][10][11] The divers must contend with dangers such as jellyfish, poor weather and sharks.[11][13]

• My Mother, the Mermaid- 2004 film about a mother (who used to be a haenyeo) and her daughter.
• Tamra, the Island- 2009 television series set in the 17th century, in which the heroine is a haenyo.
• Swallow the Sun- 2009 television series in which the protagonist's mother is a haenyeo.
• Haenyeo: Women of the Sea- 2013 short film about Chewar Park, a still active 82-year-old Haenyeo diver. Examining her daily routine as well as her past, Park sheds light on this unique matriarchal culture that has changed little since the 19th century.[14][15][16]
• My Neighbor, Charles - 2015, episodes 24, 25, and 26 (documentary TV series); a Japanese immigrant trains to become a haenyo
• Canola- 2016 film starring Youn Yuh-jung as an elderly sanggun haenyo (captain of the seawomen).[17]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haenyeo.

• Episode 1 of South Korea: Earth's Hidden Wilderness, BBC 2018, includes a feature on haenyeo free-diving for conches, and interviews one said to be aged 94.
• White Chrysanthemum, a 2018 novel by Korean-American author Mary Lynn Bracht featuring a haenyeo taken as a comfort woman by the Japanese military in World War II.
• The Island of Sea Women, a 2019 novel by American author Lisa See, is about the friendship and lives of two haenyeo during the Japanese occupation of Korea.
• Soft Sounds from Another Planet - 2017 album by Japanese Breakfast which references Jeju-do and uses haenyeo as a metaphor, specifically the song "Diving Woman." [18]
• Endlings - a 2018/2019 play by Celine Song, which portrays three elderly haenyeos and touches on themes of family, immigration, and theater. The play received its debut at Boston's American Repertory Theater in February 2019,[19] with another production at the off-Broadway New York Theatre Workshop in February 2020.[20]

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  Haenyo carrying baskets toward the sea in Ulsan
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  After emerging from the sea, haenyo selling her gathered seafood to people on the coast of Jeju.
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  The display shows haenyo in the past at a museum in Jeju
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  The display shows Haenyo resting at a fireplace after finishing their work in a day.
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  The traditional outfit and tools for haenyo displayed at a museum in Jeju.

• Ama (diving) – Japanese pearl divers
• Skandalopetra diving – Freediving using a stone weight at the end of a rope to the surface
• Culture of Korea – The shared cultural and historical heritage of Korea and southern Manchuria
• Index of Korea-related articles

• Culture+Travel magazine feature about the haenyo of Jeju-do