National Association of Underwater Instructors

The National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI Worldwide) is a non-profit 501 (c) (6) association of scuba instructors. It is a recreational dive certification and membership organization established to provide international diver standards and education programs. The agency was founded in 1960 by Albert Tillman and Neal Hess.[2] NAUI is headquartered in Tampa, Florida, US) with dive and member instructors, resorts, stores, service and training centers, located in Japan, South Africa, the Middle East, Europe, Brazil and the Pacific Rim.[3]

National Association of Underwater Instructors
AbbreviationNAUI
MottoThe Definition of Diving
Formation1960 (1960)
TypeNGO
Legal status501(c)(6) association
Purposediver training and certification
HeadquartersFlorida, US
Location
  • 9030 Camden Field Parkway Riverview, FL
Region served
International, Global
Main organ
Board Of Directors
AffiliationsUnited States RSTC[1]
Websitewww.naui.org
Formerly called
The National Diving Patrol

It was officially CE and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) certified in May 2007 in all three diver levels and both instructor levels and re-certified for its Scuba Diving Programs as meeting ISO and European Underwater Federation standards on November 24, 2015.[4]

The US Internal Revenue Service determined that NAUI be a tax-exempt, non-profit educational organization in 1971.[5]

Agency standards, policies, and ethics are governed by the Association's Board of Directors, who are members themselves and who are each elected through a democratic election process by the overall instructor membership.

History

After Jacques-Yves Cousteau introduced the Aqua-Lung to the market, there followed a growing interest in scuba diving by the public and a subsequent need to codify the training.[6]

In 1951, Jim Auxie Jr and Chuck Blakeslee started a magazine called The Skin Diver (later renamed Skin Diver Magazine). Two-year dive teacher Neal Earl Hess contributed to its "The Instructors Corner" column to inform readers about scuba.[2] He soon established a column called "The National Diving Patrol" as a section to name new skin and scuba diving "instructors."[6]

Still, no official training and certifying agency existed, except for the training and resources provided by the military (Underwater Demolition Teams) and dive clubs.[6]

In 1952, Al Tillman, the director of sports for the L.A. County Parks and Recreation, said in a letter[7][8] to Parks and Recreation director Paul Gruendyke, “A new sport—skin diving—is becoming popular in the area. Recently while diving in Palos Verdes, I ran into several divers in the water with me who didn’t know what they were doing. One had one of the new underwater breathing units that allows divers to stay under for long periods of time... I propose that my department get involved in this sport and provide training classes. I believe that diving will grow in the future and we have an obligation to make the sport as safe as possible."[6][9]"NAUI History". www.naui.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-07.</ref>[10][8]

In 1955, Tillman and L.A. County lifeguard Bev Morgan created the L.A. County Parks and Recreational Underwater Instructor Certification Course (1UICC) in an effort to respond to the growing number of diver requests.[11] It was the world's first civilian training program to certify recreational divers and soon began granting Provisional Certification to instructors across the country.[6][12][13]

In the 1960 May issue of Skin Diver Magazine, The National Diving Patrol was announced as an official, national organization. Its purpose and function was "to insure competent underwater instruction and to reduce diving accidents through education.”[14] In 1959, its name changed to the National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI).[6]

Hess, Blakeslee, Auxier, and Tillman (NAUI #1) met in August 1960 to discuss and organize NAUI's first Instructor Certification Course (ICC).[13][15] It was held at the Shamrock Hotel in Houston, Texas on August 22–26.[6][9] During the six-day course, 72 candidates attended from the U.S. and Canada, but only 53 graduated. The 53 graduates and their staff instructors became the first instructor members of the National Association of Underwater Instructors.[6] The NAUI ICC became the first course to make diver certification available worldwide and internationally. [15][16]

A year later, the second NAUI ICC was held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada,[17] under the direction of Ben Davis, NAUI #101.[6]

In October 1961, NAUI was incorporated in the State of California as a non-profit educational organization, with Al Tillman as the President and Neal Hess as the Executive Secretary.[6]

NAUI's first elected Board of Directors included Al Tillman (NAUI #1), John C. Jones, Jr. (NAUI #2), Neal Hess (NAUI #3), Garry Howland (NAUI #13), Jim Auxier, (NAUI #A4), and James Cahill, (NAUI #85).[6] A Board of Advisers was appointed and included Captain Albert Behnke, Jr., Commander George Bond, Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau, and Dr. Andy Rechnitzer.[6]

The number of NAUI ICCs grew throughout the 1960s in central locations throughout North America. The association's conduct of business relied on volunteers and the board regional leaders, all administered out of Al Tillman's home.[6] Skin Diver Magazine published the “NAUI Page” as a regular feature to help the organization grow, to accumulate a salary and, later, to provide office space.The first International Conference on Underwater Education[18] (ICUE, IQ) was held in 1969 at Santa Ana College, where it served as a venue for NAUI members from all over could meet and exchange ideas. It was also used as a forum to present information on diving skills and safety, teaching, diving physiology, physics, and other diving and marine sciences.[6]

Soon, NAUI membership began to expand internationally—an ICC was held in Japan in 1970 and NAUI Canada was organized as a separate corporation in 1972.

NAUI instructors certified more than 40,000 entry-level scuba divers in 1970 alone; 1979 was a year with over 5,000 newly certified NAUI scuba instructors. By the time 1989 came around, over 12,000 NAUI instructors were certified. NAUI Worldwide had established a network of 20 service centers in 1998.[6]

From 1981 to 1997, NAUI headquarters facilities remained in Montclair, California. It was during these years (in 1987) that the NAUI Board of Directors elected its first woman president: Nancy Guarascio (NAUI #5008).[6]

In 1997, NAUI Worldwide headquarters was moved to Tampa, Florida[19] and included Board of Directors members from Europe and Asia for the first time.[6]

NAUI hired Jim Bram as its President in June 1995. Bram renamed NAUI to do business as NAUI Worldwide,[6] with the intent to provide business support to members everywhere via licensed service centers.[20] On January 9, 2015, Jim Bram (President and CEO) for NAUI Services Group announced his retirement. His leadership dedicated years of service to NAUI and NAUI Services Group. NSG services was designed to increase the net income of NAUI members through economic, social, marketing, communication, and educational opportunities. The duties of NSG were to represent the interest of the NAUI members, who represent the only shareholder's, and protect the assets and credibility of the Association.

On January 20, 2015, the Ohio Board of Pharmacy amended Code 4729-21-06: Sales of medical oxygen to scuba divers. The code authorized individuals who completed courses from NAUI to purchase and possess medical oxygen for the purpose of emergency care or treatment at the scene of a diving emergency.[21]

In November 2015, NAUI released a series of announcements during the 2015 DEMA Show in Orlando, Florida.[22] Its first podcast series, the "Dive Team Report",[23] released once per week. The podcast was designed to inform the general public and divers on trends and issues affecting the sport of diving. The first full episode aired on November 12, 2015.[24]

A series of other announcements included its new marketing campaign “The Definition of Diving,”[25] its demo version of its new website interface (version 1.0),[26] and its alliance with the Divers Alert Network (DAN) and Performance Freediving International (PFI]).[27][28] For the first time, NAUI and DAN came together to offer DAN's first-aid programs to NAUI divers and members. NAUI established and incorporated the co-branded DAN-NAUI first-aid courses into their curricula.

NAUI Green Diver Initiative

In 2010, NAUI Worldwide formed the NAUI Green Diver Initiative (GDI). GDI was implemented to "empower individuals to preserve and conserve the ocean planet with the common goal of taking action to protect the environment."[29] With stagnant progress, it was not until July 2015 that NAUI renewed its commitment to the Initiative, unveiling its first manager, Sam Richardson, who entered the full-time position with over 10 years of non-profit experience. GDI remained a U.S. registered 501 (c) (3) non-profit that relied on the support of donors to fulfill its mission.[30]

Honorary NAUI members recognitions

In the United States, US Navy SEALs, Coast Guard rescue divers and other special military forces are trained to NAUI standards as part of their overall training with open and closed circuit rebreathers; the National Park Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) divers receive NAUI training and certifications.

Aqualung inventor Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau was on the original Board of Advisers of NAUI, as was Albert R. Behnke, a pioneer of diving medicine.[31]

Actor Lloyd Bridges was the first honorary NAUI instructor member. He played frogman "Mike Nelson" in the American television series Sea Hunt, which popularized scuba diving as a recreational sport. Zale Parry (NAUI A12) played the female role, and she formally instructed Lloyd Bridges on how to dive for the part. She was a research diver starring in the television's first underwater documentary series, Kingdom of the Sea, in 1954.[32] She made a record-setting 209-foot dive that same year, distinguishing women as skilled divers.[33][34]

Olympic swimmer and movie star, Buster Crabbe was a NAUI instructor; along with 1996 Decathlon Olympian winner Dan O'Brien.

Other celebrities who are certified NAUI divers include Kevin Costner, Lou Gossett Jr., and Cameron Diaz; Tiger Woods is a NAUI Divemaster member.

Corporate alliances

NAUI has numerous corporate alliances with organizations, such as Florida’s Walt Disney World Resort, The Florida Aquarium, NASA’s Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory, and the Fire Department of New York (FDNY).[35] NAUI divers include Olympic and professional athletes, leaders in the scientific, academic, technical and military communities, and the Hollywood film industry.[36] Many of the first generation of diving safety officers of the top universities, colleges and institutes of technology in the United States were NAUI members and made significant contributions to NAUI's programs, including: Lee Somers University of Michigan, James Stewart Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Richard Bell University of California, Davis, Henry Viex United States Military Academy, Lloyd Austin University of California, Berkeley, Mark Flahan California State University, San Diego, Phillip Sharkey University of Rhode Island, Ronnie D'Amico California State University, Long Beach, Walt Hendricks, Sr. University of Puerto Rico, Glen Egstrom University of California, Los Angeles, and John Heine Moss Landing Marine Laboratories.[37]

These institutions, and others, belong to the American Academy of Underwater Sciences, and while their training programs greatly exceed minimum NAUI requirements, certifications in their scientific diving training programs are often arranged through NAUI. Many governmental agencies in the United States do the same, including the US Navy, SEALs, Army Special Forces, and NASA.[37]

Courses
NAUI Advanced Diver certification card from 1985

NAUI produced a Scuba Diver Education System in 2000,[38] and it began including its education systems to all mainline certification courses, listed below.

Insurance programs

NAUI is allied with Divers Alert Network, a non-profit organization for diver's assistance and medical research on recreational scuba diving safety, developed by Executive Director Dan Orr (NAUI #81) in 1980.[9] DAN and NAUI allied in 2007 to work together for diver safety. DAN is the official dive accident insurance provider for NAUI. In November 2015, DAN and NAUI renewed their alliance to extend their reach of dive safety programs.[51]

NAUI initiated a worldwide coverage instructor liability insurance policy in 1974.[52] This worldwide policy allowed members of the Bahamas, British Virgin Islands and other islands of the Caribbean, and military personnel stationed in various areas around the world to receive worldwide coverage.

First aid programs

NAUI's rescue certification course was first proposed and made available to members in 1981 to provide an alternative to the Red Cross training, which was previously required for leadership candidates in NAUI courses.[35] It was created by the NAUI Board of Directors to avoid making NAUI programs dependent upon other agency certifications.

NAUI technical diving professional certifications

NAUI sanctioned nitrox training in 1992 and published standards for teaching technical diving in 1997. NAUI was the first training agency to certify all levels of scuba diving ranging from traditional recreational training through all levels of technical training.

Technical diving includes methods that exceed the limits imposed on depth or immersion time for traditional recreational diving. It often involves the use of special gas mixtures (rather than compressed air) for breathing. NAUI standards for technical diving were developed by Tim O’Leary (NAUI #10144) and published by NAUI Worldwide in 1997.[53] NAUI's technical diving program requires special training, equipment, and qualified support teams.[54]

In 1997, the NAUI Technical Diving Division was created.[53][55] NAUI formed a Technical Training Advisory Board and Rebreather Advisory Board,[54] with Tim O'Leary as the Chairman for each,[56][57] to assist in the development of technical diving standards and training.[58]

Rebreathers approved for NAUI training
  • MK 15
  • MK 16 MOD 0: Air Diluent 150fsw / HeO2 200fsw MILITARY
  • MK 16 MOD 1: Air Diluent 190fsw / HeO2 300fsw MILITARY
  • PRISM TOPAZ
  • OXILUNG (MILITARY)
  • LAR V (MILITARY)
  • VOYAGER CCR AND SCR
  • The Evolution
  • The Inspiration
  • Poseidon Mk VI Discovery
  • InnerSpace Systems Megalodon
  • Hollis Prism 2
  • JJ CCR
  • Hollis Explorer
  • Aqua lung FROG

NAUI decompression algorithms and tables

The reduced gradient bubble model (RGBM) is an iterative approach to staging diver ascents.[59] It employs a dual phase approach with separated phase volumes as limit points, along with critical tensions across tissue compartments.[59][60] It was developed by Dr. Bruce Wienke (NAUI #5343L)[61] in 1988 at Los Alamos National Laboratories. He published the model in 1992.[62] The algorithm is now incorporated into many dive computers and advanced dive planning software. Today it enhances the safety of serious deep and technical divers.[63]

NAUI's RGBM decompression tables were developed in 1997 exclusively for NAUI by Dr. Bruce Wienke (NAUI #5343L) and Tim O’Leary (NAUI #10144L).[64] NAUI began publishing the only decompression manual with a full set of RGBM tables in 2000 for air, nitrox and trimix for both open and closed-circuit diving. Recreational RGBM no-calculation tables were published in 2001 exclusively for NAUI for sea level through 10,000 feet, no-stop diving.[65]

Accreditation and affiliations

The Chinese Underwater Association (CUA), in conjunction with the China Water Sports Administration (CWSA), officially legitimized NAUI to provide translated diver training materials and diver training in the People's Republic of China.[66][67]

The Malaysian Sport Diving Association (MSDA)] officially adopted NAUI standards for use in their diver training in Malaysia.[68]

NAUI is the diver training organization of choice of NASA's Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas (USA).[67] NAUI's alliance with the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory provides training materials, certification cards and collateral materials for their scuba program.

NAUI is the official dive training and certification organization of the Florida Aquarium, and official sponsor of their Guest Dive Experience programs,[69] "Dive with the Sharks"[70] and "Swim with the Fishes".[67]

NAUI is a member of the Universal Referral Program (URP),[71] a worldwide customer service program that allows instructors to refer their students for certification dives with either NAUI or other diver training agencies.[72] The URP was developed in 1998 through the cooperative efforts of IDEA, NASDS, NAUI, PDIC, SSI, and YMCA.[73] PADI Instructors and facilities can also receive students and be registered as referral instructors and locations under the URP.

See also

References
  1. "United States Council". World Recreational Scuba Training Council. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  2. "FLAMAR - WELCOME THE COMPANY". www.flamarmergulho.com. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  3. "NAUI Worldwide Offices". www.naui.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  4. "EUF Certified Training Systems/Training Organisations". certificates.austrian-standards.at. Retrieved 2015-12-12.
  5. "National Association Of Underwater Instructors in Riverview, Florida (FL) - faqs.org". www.faqs.org. Retrieved 2015-12-12.
  6. Staff (Spring 2008). "NAUI 50 years of diving history and still growing" (PDF). Midwest Scuba Diving. Riverdale, Johnsburg, Illinois.: Derrick Lorenzen, Maximum publications (Spring 2008): 16 to 19.
  7. "Los Angeles County Underwater Program". www.divinghistory.com. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  8. Tillman, Albert A.; Tillman, Thomas T. Oakes, John; Kinney-McNulty, Linda; Williams, Mike (eds.). "The History of NAUI - The National Association of Underwater Instructors" (PDF). www.divinghistory.com. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
  9. "NAUI History". www.naui.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  10. "Club History". www.laups.org. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  11. Our L.A. County Lifeguard Family. LACoFD, Lifeguard Operations. ISBN 9780615604763.
  12. Hollows, Joanne; Bell, Mr David (2012-12-28). Historicizing Lifestyle: Mediating Taste, Consumption and Identity from the 1900s to 1970s. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 9781409490630.
  13. Means-end Analysis and Values: The Recreational Scuba Consumer. 2007-01-01. ISBN 9780549442462.
  14. "Nick Icorn - International Legends of Diving - Scuba Sponsored by Portage Quarry". www.internationallegendsofdiving.com. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  15. Musa, Ghazali; Dimmock, Kay (2013-06-26). Scuba Diving Tourism. Routledge. ISBN 9781136324949.
  16. "NAUI Certification". Deep Six Specialists, Inc. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  17. "The History of - Hitpages". www.hitpages.com. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  18. Abstracts from the First International Conference on Underwater Education: Sept. 26, 27, 28, 1969, Santa Ana College, Santa Ana, Calif. : Sponsored by the National Association of Underwater Instructors. National Association of Underwater Instructors. 1969-01-01.
  19. "NAUI Worldwide Offices". www.naui.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  20. "NAUI 50th Anniversary Celebration - by Dr. Sam Miller - History of SCUBA Diving". www.internationallegendsofdiving.com. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  21. "State of Ohio Board of Pharmacy" (PDF). www.pharmacy.ohio.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  22. "DEMA Show 2015". Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  23. "NAUI Dive Team Report". www.naui.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-17. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  24. "NAUI News". www.naui.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  25. "NAUI News". www.naui.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  26. "NAUI News". www.naui.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  27. "NAUI News". www.naui.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  28. "Performance Freediving International and NAUI Announce Freediving Training Alliance – DeeperBlue.com". DeeperBlue.com. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  29. "NAUI Green Diver Initiative". www.naui.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-12.
  30. "NAUI Green Diver Initiative". www.naui.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  31. Tillman, Tom. "The history of NAUI". Scuba America Historical Foundation. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
  32. Macdonald, Jessica. "Famous Female Divers: Zale Parry". Scuba Diver Life. Retrieved 2015-12-12.
  33. "Zale Parry | International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame". www.caymanislands.ky. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  34. Hanauer, Eric (1994-01-01). Diving Pioneers: An Oral History of Diving in America. Aqua Quest Publications, Inc. ISBN 9780922769438.
  35. "Login - Fire Engineering". www.fireengineering.com. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  36. "naui-cz.com » Organizace NAUI". naui-cz.com. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  37. "NAUI Corporate Alliances". www.naui.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  38. "NAUI Certification". Deep Six Specialists, Inc. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  39. "NAUI Junior Skindiver Course". Archived from the original on 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
  40. "NAUI Junior Scuba Diver Course". Archived from the original on 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
  41. "NAUI Junior Advanced Scuba Diver Course". Archived from the original on 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
  42. "NAUI Skindiver Course". Archived from the original on 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
  43. "NAUI Scuba Diver Course". Archived from the original on 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
  44. "NAUI Experienced Diver Course". Archived from the original on 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
  45. "NAUI Advanced Scuba Diver Course". Archived from the original on 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
  46. "NAUI Master Scuba Diver Course". Archived from the original on 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
  47. "NAUI Specialty Courses". NAUI Worldwide. 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-03-28. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
  48. "NAUI Leadership Courses". NAUI Worldwide. 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
  49. "NAUI Instructor Courses". NAUI Worldwide. 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
  50. "NAUI Technical Courses". NAUI Worldwide. 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
  51. "NAUI News". www.naui.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  52. "Northwest Diving History Association". www.divinghistory.com. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  53. Wienke, Bruce R; O’Leary, Timothy R. "Alp-Maritimes Sports - Updates". technicaldivingops.com. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  54. "NAUI's New Technical Diving Program". www.skin-diver.com. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  55. "ANDI, PSAI, IANTD, NACD, NAUI, BSAC, or CMAS? Technical Training: Who Do I Turn To?". California Diver Magazine. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  56. "Alp-Maritimes Sports - NAUI". technicaldivingops.com. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  57. "NAUI Tec Online ~ Information for Serious Technical Divers". www.nauitec.com. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  58. "NAUI Comp Overview". www.naui.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  59. "RGBM • REDUCED GRADIENT BUBBLE MODEL • ADVANCED DIVER MAGAZINE • BY Tim O'Leary & Bruce Wienke". www.advanceddivermagazine.com. Retrieved 2015-12-12.
  60. Wienke, B. R. (1990-11-01). "Reduced gradient bubble model". International Journal of Bio-Medical Computing. 26 (4): 237–256. doi:10.1016/0020-7101(90)90048-y. ISSN 0020-7101. PMID 2276850.
  61. "Scubadoc's Diving Medicine". www.scuba-doc.com. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  62. "One Minute to Safer Diving". Scuba Diving. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  63. "Pagina niet gevonden" (PDF). www.galicia.be. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  64. "Deep RGBM • ADVANCED DIVER MAGAZINE • By B.R. Wienke and T.R. O'Leary". www.advanceddivermagazine.com. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  65. "Reduced Gradient Bubble Model". scuba-doc.com. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  66. "NAUI Signs Agreement with Chinese Underwater Association – DeeperBlue.com". DeeperBlue.com. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  67. "NAUI Corporate Alliances". www.naui.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  68. "Malaysia Scuba Diving Association". Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  69. "Aquarium Shark Diving | Shark Diving in Tampa | Shark Dive at The Florida Aquarium | The Florida Aquarium". www.flaquarium.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-18. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  70. "Swim with the Fishes | Aquarium Scuba Diving | Aquarium Diving at The Florida Aquarium | The Florida Aquarium". www.flaquarium.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-18. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  71. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-07.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  72. "Learn to Dive Online". About.com Sports. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  73. "International Scuba Center - Basic Open Water Course Information". iscubacenter.com. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.