Herkinorin

Herkinorin is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of the natural product Salvinorin A. It was discovered in 2005 during structure-activity relationship studies into neoclerodane diterpenes, the family of chemical compounds of which Salvinorin A is a member.[1]

Herkinorin
Clinical data
ATC code
  • none
Legal status
Legal status
  • Legal/Uncontrolled
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC28H30O8
Molar mass494.540 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
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Unlike Salvinorin A which is a selective κ-opioid agonist with no significant μ-opioid receptor affinity, herkinorin is a μ-opioid agonist with more than 100x higher μ-opioid affinity and 50x lower κ-opioid affinity compared to Salvinorin A.[2][3] Herkinorin is a semi-synthetic compound, made from Salvinorin B, which is most conveniently made from Salvinorin A by deacetylation, as while both Salvinorin A and Salvinorin B are found in the plant Salvia divinorum, Salvinorin A is present in larger quantities.[4]

A study in primates showed it to act as both a peripherally active μ and κ agonist with a fast onset of action. The study did not find any evidence of central activity in primates and questions whether herkinorin's effects are due entirely to peripheral binding.[5] Unlike most μ-opioid agonists, herkinorin does not promote the recruitment of β-arrestin-2 to the intracellular domain of the μ-opioid receptor, or induce receptor internalization.[6] This means that herkinorin may not produce tolerance and dependence in the same way as other opioids, although some development of tolerance through other mechanisms has been observed,[7] and some other analogues related to herkinorin can recruit β-arrestins.[8]

See also

References
  1. Harding WW, Tidgewell K, Byrd N, Cobb H, Dersch CM, Butelman ER, et al. (July 2005). "Neoclerodane diterpenes as a novel scaffold for mu opioid receptor ligands". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 48 (15): 4765–71. doi:10.1021/jm048963m. PMID 16033256.
  2. Tidgewell K, Harding WW, Lozama A, Cobb H, Shah K, Kannan P, et al. (June 2006). "Synthesis of salvinorin A analogues as opioid receptor probes". Journal of Natural Products. 69 (6): 914–8. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.6345. doi:10.1021/np060094b. PMID 16792410.
  3. Holden KG, Tidgewell K, Marquam A, Rothman RB, Navarro H, Prisinzano TE (November 2007). "Synthetic studies of neoclerodane diterpenes from Salvia divinorum: exploration of the 1-position". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 17 (22): 6111–5. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.050. PMC 2111044. PMID 17904842.
  4. Tidgewell K, Harding WW, Schmidt M, Holden KG, Murry DJ, Prisinzano TE (October 2004). "A facile method for the preparation of deuterium labeled salvinorin A: synthesis of [2,2,2-2H3]-salvinorin A". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 14 (20): 5099–102. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.081. PMID 15380207.
  5. Butelman ER, Rus S, Simpson DS, Wolf A, Prisinzano TE, Kreek MJ (October 2008). "The effects of herkinorin, the first mu-selective ligand from a salvinorin A-derived scaffold, in a neuroendocrine biomarker assay in nonhuman primates". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 327 (1): 154–60. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.140079. PMC 2614932. PMID 18593955.
  6. Groer CE, Tidgewell K, Moyer RA, Harding WW, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE, Bohn LM (February 2007). "An opioid agonist that does not induce mu-opioid receptor--arrestin interactions or receptor internalization". Molecular Pharmacology. 71 (2): 549–57. doi:10.1124/mol.106.028258. PMC 3926195. PMID 17090705.
  7. Xu H, Partilla JS, Wang X, Rutherford JM, Tidgewell K, Prisinzano TE, et al. (March 2007). "A comparison of noninternalizing (herkinorin) and internalizing (DAMGO) mu-opioid agonists on cellular markers related to opioid tolerance and dependence". Synapse (Submitted manuscript). 61 (3): 166–75. doi:10.1002/syn.20356. PMID 17152090.
  8. Tidgewell K, Groer CE, Harding WW, Lozama A, Schmidt M, Marquam A, et al. (April 2008). "Herkinorin analogues with differential beta-arrestin-2 interactions". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 51 (8): 2421–31. doi:10.1021/jm701162g. PMC 2494883. PMID 18380425.
  9. Crowley RS, Riley AP, Sherwood AM, Groer CE, Shivaperumal N, Biscaia M, et al. (December 2016). "Synthetic Studies of Neoclerodane Diterpenes from Salvia divinorum: Identification of a Potent and Centrally Acting μ Opioid Analgesic with Reduced Abuse Liability". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 59 (24): 11027–11038. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01235. PMC 5189922. PMID 27958743.
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