Alvimopan

Alvimopan (trade name Entereg) is a drug which behaves as a peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonist. With the limited ability to cross the blood–brain barrier and reach the μ-opioid receptors of the central nervous system, the clinically undesirable effects of centrally acting opioid antagonists (like reversal of opioid-mediated analgesia) are avoided without affecting the intended blockade of μ-opioid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.[1][2] It is currently only Food and Drug Administration approved for the treatment of postoperative ileus which it received in May 2008.[3][4]

Alvimopan
Clinical data
Trade namesEntereg
Other namesAlvimopan, Entereg
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa608051
License data
Routes of
administration
Oral
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability6%
Protein binding80% (parent drug), 94% (metabolite)
MetabolismGut microflora-mediated hydrolysis to active metabolite
Elimination half-life10-17 hours
ExcretionFaeces, urine (35%)
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC25H32N2O4
Molar mass424.541 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
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Medical uses

Alvimopan is indicated in people to avoid postoperative ileus following partial large or small bowel resection with primary anastomosis. Alvimopan accelerates the gastrointestinal recovery period as defined by time to first bowel movement or flatus.[5]

Adverse effects

The most common side effects associated with alvimopan are:[1]

Adverse Effect Frequency (%) with placebo Frequency (%) with alvimopan
Dyspepsia 4.6 7.0
Hypokalemia 8.5 9.5
Back Pain 1.7 3.3
Delayed Micturition 2.1 3.2

Contraindications

Alvimopan is absolutely contraindicated in patients who have taken therapeutic doses of opioids for more than seven consecutive days immediately prior to when alvimopan would be initiated because individuals with recent exposure to opioids are expected to be more sensitive to the effects of μ-opioid receptor antagonists. The peripheral site of action of alvimopan suggests that such a heightened sensitivity would precipitate gastrointestinal effects beyond dyspepsia.[5]

Interactions

Alvimopan is not a substrate for the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Therefore, no interactions are expected with hepatically metabolized drugs. Alvimopan is substrate for P-glycoprotein. Thus, interactions are to be expected with known P-glycoprotein inhibitors such as amiodarone, bepridil, diltiazem, ciclosporin, itraconazole, quinine, quinidine, spironolactone, and verapamil.[5]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Alvimopan competitively binds to μ-opioid receptor in the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike methylnaltrexone (another peripherally acting μ-receptor antagonist) that bears a quaternary amine, alvimopan owes its selectivity for peripheral receptors to its kinetics. Alvimopan binds to peripheral μ-receptors with a Ki of 0.2 ng/mL and dissociates more slowly than most other ligands.[5]

Absorption

Peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of alvimopan is reached approximately 2 hours after oral dosing, while the Cmax for metabolite occurs 36 hours after an oral dose. Alvimopan's high affinity for the peripheral μ-receptor results in an absolute bioavailability less than 7%. [5]

Distribution

80% to 90% of systemically available alvimopan is bound to plasma protein. At steady state, the volume of distribution is approximately 30 liters.[5]

Metabolism

Alvimopan undergoes no significant hepatic metabolism, but is metabolized by intestinal flora. Gut metabolism produces an active metabolite with no clinically significant contribution to drug effect.[5]

Elimination

Alvimopan undergoes 35% renal excretion and greater than 50% biliary excretion. Drug metabolized by intestinal flora is excreted in the feces. Alvimopan's half-life of elimination is 10 to 17 hours, while that of the gut metabolite is 10 to 18 hours.[5]

Dosing and administration

Alvimopan is required by the FDA to participate in Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) to ensure safe use. Alvimopan is only approved for short term use of no more than 15 doses. It is available on an inpatient basis at institutions approved by and registered with the Entereg Access Support and Education (E.A.S.E.) program. A person should receive no more than 15 doses.[5]

See also

References

  1. Neary P, Delaney CP (April 2005). "Alvimopan". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 14 (4): 479–88. doi:10.1517/13543784.14.4.479. PMID 15882122.
  2. Schmidt WK (November 2001). "Alvimopan* (ADL 8-2698) is a novel peripheral opioid antagonist". American Journal of Surgery. 182 (5A Suppl): 27S–38S. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(01)00784-X. PMID 11755894.
  3. FDA press release - FDA Approves Entereg to Help Restore Bowel Function Following Surgery
  4. Sharma A, Jamal MM (July 2013). "Opioid induced bowel disease: a twenty-first century physicians' dilemma. Considering pathophysiology and treatment strategies". Current Gastroenterology Reports. 15 (7): 334. doi:10.1007/s11894-013-0334-4. PMID 23836088.
  5. Alvimopan Product Label as approved by the FDA on May 20, 2008.
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