List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe

The list below includes all entities falling even partially under any of the various common definitions of Europe, geographical or political. Fifty generally recognised sovereign states, Kosovo with limited, but substantial, international recognition, and five largely unrecognised de facto states with limited to no recognition have territory in Europe and/or membership in international European organisations. There are eight entities that are not integral parts of a European state or have special political arrangements.

Boundaries of Europe

Geographical
Main articles: Europe and Boundaries between the continents of Earth

Under the commonly used geographic definition, the boundary between the continents of Asia and Europe stretches along the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, and the Caspian Sea in the east, the Greater Caucasus range,[1] and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, in the south.[2][3] Based on such a commonly used division of the continents, the transcontinental states of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkey have territory in both Europe and Asia.

The island of Cyprus in Western Asia is close to Anatolia (or Asia Minor) but is often considered to be a part of Europe and is a current member of the European Union. Like Cyprus, Armenia is also entirely in Western Asia but is a member of several European organisations.[4]

Although the Mediterranean Sea provides a clearer divide between Africa and Europe, some traditionally European islands such as Malta, Sicily, and Pantelleria are actually located on the African continental plate.[5] The island of Iceland is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, straddling the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate.[6]

Some territories which are geographically outside of Europe have strong connections with European states. Greenland, for example, has socio-political connections with Europe and is part of the Kingdom of Denmark but is located closer to the continent of North America and is usually grouped with that continent.[7]

Other territories are part of European countries but are geographically located in other continents, such as the French overseas regions,[8] the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the coast of Africa,[9] and the Dutch Caribbean islands of Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius.[10]

Political

The political boundaries of Europe vary with the definition of Europe that is used by different political organizations. For instance, the Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights include 47 countries in their definition of Europe. The European Higher Education Area includes 48 countries, and the European Cultural Convention and the European Olympic Committees include 50 countries in their definitions.

Sovereign states
Political map of Europe and the surrounding region

A sovereign state is a political association with effective sovereignty over a population for whom it makes decisions in the national interest.[11] According to the Montevideo convention, a state must have a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.[12]

UN members and observers

There are 50 sovereign states with territory located within the common definition of Europe and/or membership in international European organisations that are almost universally recognized internationally. All are either member states or observer states of the United Nations,[13] and all except Belarus, Kazakhstan, and the Vatican City are members of the Council of Europe.[14] Forty-four countries have their capital city located within Europe, and (since 2020) 27 of those countries have also been member states of the European Union, which means that they are highly integrated with one another and share their sovereignty through EU institutions.

Each entry in the list below has a map of its location in Europe. Territory in Europe is shown in dark-green; territory not geographically in Europe is shown in a lighter shade of green. The lightest shade of green represents other states in the EU and is shown on the maps of all territories within the EU.

* = Member of the EU[15]
Flag Map English common and formal names
[16][17][18]		 Domestic common and formal names
[16][17]		 Capital
[18][19][20]		 Population
[a][21]		 Area
[a][22]
Albania[j]

Republic of Albania		 Albanian: Shqipëri / Shqipëria – Republika e Shqipërisë Tirana

Albanian: Tiranë		 2,876,276 28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi)
Andorra

Principality of Andorra		 Catalan: Andorra – Principat d'Andorra Andorra la Vella

Catalan: Andorra la Vella		 78,000 468 km2 (181 sq mi)
Armenia[b]

Republic of Armenia		 Armenian: Հայաստան – Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն (Hayastan – Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun) Yerevan

Armenian: Երևան (Yerevan)		 2,925,000 29,743 km2 (11,484 sq mi)
Austria*

Republic of Austria		 German: Österreich – Republik Österreich Vienna

German: Wien		 8,857,960 83,871 km2 (32,383 sq mi)
Azerbaijan[b]

Republic of Azerbaijan		 Azerbaijani: Azǝrbaycan – Azǝrbaycan Respublikası Baku

Azerbaijani: Bakı		 10,184,096 86,600 km2 (33,436 sq mi)
Belarus

Republic of Belarus		 Belarusian: Беларусь – Рэспубліка Беларусь (Bielaruś – Respublika Bielaruś)

Russian: Беларусь – Республика Беларусь (Belarus' — Respublika Belarus')		 Minsk

Belarusian: Мінск (Minsk)		 9,491,800 207,600 km2 (80,155 sq mi)
Belgium*

Kingdom of Belgium		 Dutch: België – Koninkrijk België

French: Belgique – Royaume de Belgique

German: Belgien – Königreich Belgien		 Brussels

Dutch: Brussel

French: Bruxelles

German: Brüssel		 11,614,238 30,528 km2 (11,787 sq mi)
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian (Latin): Bosna i Hercegovina

Bosnian, Serbian (Cyrillic): Босна и Херцеговина		 Sarajevo

Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian (Latin): Sarajevo

Bosnian, Serbian (Cyrillic): Сарајево		 3,511,372 51,197 km2 (19,767 sq mi)
Bulgaria*

Republic of Bulgaria		 Bulgarian: България – Република България (Bǎlgarija – Republika Bǎlgarija) Sofia

Bulgarian: София (Sofia)		 6,923,374 110,879 km2 (42,811 sq mi)
Croatia*

Republic of Croatia		 Croatian: Hrvatska – Republika Hrvatska Zagreb

Croatian: Zagreb		 4,093,108 56,594 km2 (21,851 sq mi)
Cyprus*[c]

Republic of Cyprus		 Greek: Κύπρος – Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία (Kýpros – Kypriakí Dimokratía)

Turkish: Kıbrıs – Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti		 Nicosia

Greek: Λευκωσία (Lefkosía)

Turkish: Lefkoşa		 1,172,458 9,251 km2 (3,572 sq mi)
Czech Republic*[k] Czech: Česko – Česká republika Prague

Czech: Praha		 10,625,449 78,867 km2 (30,451 sq mi)
Denmark*[g]

Kingdom of Denmark		 Danish: Danmark – Kongeriget Danmark Copenhagen

Danish: København		 5,806,015 2,210,000 km2 (853,286 sq mi)
Estonia*

Republic of Estonia		 Estonian: Eesti – Eesti Vabariik Tallinn

Estonian: Tallinn		 1,326,968 45,228 km2 (17,463 sq mi)
Finland*

Republic of Finland		 Finnish: Suomi – Suomen tasavalta

Swedish: Finland – Republiken Finland		 Helsinki

Finnish: Helsinki

Swedish: Helsingfors		 5,544,903 338,145 km2 (130,559 sq mi)
France*

French Republic		 French: France – République française Paris

French: Paris		 65,343,775 643,427 km2 (248,429 sq mi)
Georgia[b] Georgian: საქართველო (Sak'art'velo) Tbilisi / T'bilisi

Georgian: თბილისი (T'bilisi)		 4,085,565 69,700 km2 (26,911 sq mi)
Germany*

Federal Republic of Germany		 German: Deutschland – Bundesrepublik Deutschland Berlin

German: Berlin		 83,914,472 357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi)
Greece*

Hellenic Republic		 Greek: Ελλάς – Ελληνική Δημοκρατία (Ellás – Ellinikí Dimokratía) Athens

Greek: Αθήνα (Athína)		 10,398,551 131,957 km2 (50,949 sq mi)
Hungary* Hungarian: Magyarország Budapest

Hungarian: Budapest		 9,648,503 93,028 km2 (35,918 sq mi)
Iceland Icelandic: Ísland Reykjavík

Icelandic: Reykjavík		 350,710 103,000 km2 (39,769 sq mi)
Ireland*[d][23] Irish: Éire

English: Ireland		 Dublin

Irish: Baile Átha Cliath		 4,857,000 70,273 km2 (27,133 sq mi)
Italy*

Italian Republic		 Italian: Italia – Repubblica Italiana Rome

Italian: Roma		 60,494,118 301,340 km2 (116,348 sq mi)
Kazakhstan[e]

Republic of Kazakhstan		 Kazakh: Қазақстан – Қазақстан Республикасы (Qazaqstan – Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy)

Russian: Казахстан – Республика Казахстан (Kazahstan – Respublika Kazahstan)		 Nur-Sultan

Kazakh: Нұр-Сұлтан

Russian: Нур-Султан (Nur-Sultan)		 18,311,700 2,724,900 km2 (1,052,090 sq mi)
Latvia*

Republic of Latvia		 Latvian: Latvija – Latvijas Republika Riga

Latvian: Rīga		 1,934,379 64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi)
Liechtenstein

Principality of Liechtenstein		 German: Liechtenstein – Fürstentum Liechtenstein Vaduz

German: Vaduz		 38,111 160 km2 (62 sq mi)
Lithuania*

Republic of Lithuania		 Lithuanian: Lietuva – Lietuvos Respublika Vilnius

Lithuanian: Vilnius		 2,797,000 65,300 km2 (25,212 sq mi)
Luxembourg*

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg		 Luxembourgish: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg

French: Luxembourg – Grand-Duché de Luxembourg

German: Luxemburg – Großherzogtum Luxemburg		 Luxembourg

Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg

French: Luxembourg

German: Luxemburg		 602,000 2,586 km2 (998 sq mi)
Malta*

Republic of Malta		 English: Malta – Republic of Malta

Maltese: Malta – Repubblika ta' Malta		 Valletta

Maltese: Valletta		 475,700 316 km2 (122 sq mi)
Moldova

Republic of Moldova		 Romanian: Moldova – Republica Moldova Chișinău

Romanian: Chișinău		 3,350,900 33,851 km2 (13,070 sq mi)
Monaco

Principality of Monaco		 French: Monaco – Principauté de Monaco Monaco

French: Monaco		 37,000 2 km2 (0.8 sq mi)
Montenegro[j] Montenegrin: Црна Гора, Crna Gora Podgorica

Montenegrin: Подгорица, Podgorica		 642,550 13,812 km2 (5,333 sq mi)
Netherlands*[g][h][10]

Kingdom of the Netherlands		 Dutch: Nederland – Koninkrijk der Nederlanden

West Frisian: Nederlân – Keninkryk fan de Nederlannen

Papiamento: Hulandu – Reino di Hulanda		 Amsterdam (capital)

Dutch: Amsterdam

West Frisian: Amsterdam

Papiamento: Amsterdam

The Hague (seat of government)

Dutch: 's-Gravenhage / Den Haag

West Frisian: De Haach

Papiamento: Den Haag		 17,272,990 41,543 km2 (16,040 sq mi)
North Macedonia[j]

Republic of North Macedonia		 Macedonian: Северна Македонија – Република Северна Македонија (Severna Makedonija – Republika Severna Makedonija)

Albanian: Maqedonia e Veriut – Republika e Maqedonisë së Veriut		 Skopje

Macedonian: Скопје (Skopje)

Albanian: Shkup		 2,075,301 25,713 km2 (9,928 sq mi)
Norway

Kingdom of Norway		 Bokmål: Norge – Kongeriket Norge

Nynorsk: Noreg – Kongeriket Noreg

Northern Sami: Norga – Norgga gonagasriika		 Oslo

Norwegian: Oslo		 5,323,933 323,802 km2 (125,021 sq mi)
Poland*

Republic of Poland		 Polish: Polska – Rzeczpospolita Polska Warsaw

Polish: Warszawa		 38,433,600 312,685 km2 (120,728 sq mi)
Portugal*

Portuguese Republic		 Portuguese: Portugal – República Portuguesa Lisbon

Portuguese: Lisboa		 10,291,196 92,090 km2 (35,556 sq mi)
Romania* Romanian: România Bucharest

Romanian: București		 19,622,000 238,391 km2 (92,043 sq mi)
Russia[f]

Russian Federation		 Russian: Россия – Российская Федерация (Rossija – Rossijskaja Federacija) Moscow

Russian: Москва (Moskva)		 144,526,636 17,098,242 km2 (6,601,668 sq mi)
San Marino

Republic of San Marino		 Italian: San Marino – Repubblica di San Marino San Marino

Italian: San Marino		 32,742 61 km2 (24 sq mi)
Serbia[j]

Republic of Serbia		 Serbian: Србија – Република Србија, Srbija – Republika Srbija Belgrade

Serbian: Београд, Beograd		 8,720,394 88,361 km2 (34,116 sq mi)
Slovakia*

Slovak Republic		 Slovak: Slovensko – Slovenská republika Bratislava

Slovak: Bratislava		 5,445,087 49,035 km2 (18,933 sq mi)
Slovenia*

Republic of Slovenia		 Slovene: Slovenija – Republika Slovenija Ljubljana

Slovene: Ljubljana		 2,070,050 20,273 km2 (7,827 sq mi)
Spain*

Kingdom of Spain		 Spanish: España – Reino de España Madrid

Spanish: Madrid		 47,720,291 505,370 km2 (195,124 sq mi)
Sweden*

Kingdom of Sweden		 Swedish: Sverige – Konungariket Sverige Stockholm

Swedish: Stockholm		 10,221,988 450,295 km2 (173,860 sq mi)
Switzerland

Swiss Confederation		 German: Schweiz – Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft

French: Suisse – Confédération suisse

Italian: Svizzera – Confederazione Svizzera

Romansh: Svizra – Confederaziun svizra		 Bern / Berne

German: Bern

French: Berne

Italian and Romansh: Berna		 8,685,688 41,277 km2 (15,937 sq mi)
Turkey[e][j]

Republic of Turkey		 Turkish: Türkiye – Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ankara

Turkish: Ankara		 84,786,000 783,562 km2 (302,535 sq mi)
Ukraine Ukrainian: Украïна (Ukraina)
 Kyiv

Ukrainian: Київ (Kyiv)
 44,291,413 603,550 km2 (233,032 sq mi)
United Kingdom[i]

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland		 English: United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Welsh: Deyrnas Unedig – Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon		 London 68,060,502 243,610 km2 (94,058 sq mi)
Vatican City

Vatican City State		 Italian: Città del Vaticano – Stato della Città del Vaticano

Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanae[24]		 Vatican City

Italian: Città del Vaticano		 842 0.44 km2 (0.17 sq mi)

Other states

The following six entities in Europe have partial diplomatic recognition by one or more UN member states (and therefore are defined as states by the constitutive theory of statehood) or have no diplomatic recognition by any UN member state but are defined as states by the declarative theory of statehood. None are members of the UN, Council of Europe or EU.

Flag Map English common and formal names Status Domestic common and formal names Capital Population[a] Area[a]
Abkhazia[b]

Republic of Abkhazia		 Claimed as an autonomous republic of Georgia. Recognised by five UN member states.[25] Abkhazian: Аҧсны (Apsny)

Russian: Абхазия (Abhaziya)		 Sukhumi

Abkhazian: Аҟəа (Akwa)

Russian: Сухум		 250,000[26] 8,660 km2 (3,344 sq mi)[27]
Artsakh[b]

Republic of Artsakh		 Claimed as part of Azerbaijan. De facto independent state,[28] recognised by 3 non-UN states. Armenian: Արցախի Հանրապետություն (Arts'akhi Hanrapetut'yun)[29] Stepanakert

Armenian: Ստեփանակերտ (Khankendi)		 141,400[30] 7,000 km2 (2,703 sq mi)[31]
Kosovo

Republic of Kosovo[16]		 Claimed by Serbia. Has been recognized as sovereign by 113 UN member states (including states that subsequently withdrew recognition).[32] Albanian: Kosova / Kosovë – Republika e Kosovës

Serbian: Косово – Република Косово, Kosovo – Republika Kosovo		 Pristina[19]

Albanian: Prishtina, Prishtinë

Serbian: Приштина, Priština		 1,836,529[21] 10,887 km2 (4,203 sq mi)[22]
Northern Cyprus[c]

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus		 Claimed as part of the Republic of Cyprus. Recognised by Turkey.[33] Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs – Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti North Nicosia

Turkish: Lefkoşa		 294,906[34] 3,355 km2 (1,295 sq mi)[22]
South Ossetia[b]

Republic of South Ossetia		 Claimed as part of Georgia. Recognised by five UN member states.[25] Ossetian: Хуссар Ирыстон – Республикӕ Хуссар Ирыстон (Khussar Iryston – Respublikæ Khussar Iryston)

Russian: Южная Осетия – Республика Южная Осетия (Yuzhnaya Osetiya – Respublika Yuzhnaya Osetiya)		 Tskhinvali

Ossetian: Цхинвал or Чъреба (Chreba)		 70,000[35] 3,900 km2 (1,506 sq mi)[36]
Transnistria / Trans-Dniester

Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic		 Claimed as a territorial unit of Moldova. De facto independent state,[28] recognised by 3 non-UN states. Romanian: Transnistria – Republica Moldovenească Nistreană

Russian: Приднестровье – Приднестровская Молдавская Республика (Pridnestrov'ye – Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Respublika)

Ukrainian: Придністров'я – Придністровська Молдавська Республіка (Prydnistrovia – Pridnistrovska Moldavska Respublika)		 Tiraspol

Romanian: Tiraspol

Russian: Тираcполь – Tiraspol'

Ukrainian: Тирасполь – Tyraspol		 475,373[37] 3,500 km2 (1,351 sq mi)[38]

Dependent territories

The following six European entities are dependent territories.[39]

* = Part of the EU, although there may be special arrangements
Flag Map English common and formal names[16][18] Legal status Domestic common and formal names Capital[19] Population[21] Area[22]
Akrotiri and Dhekelia[c]

Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia		 British Overseas Territory English: Akrotiri and Dhekelia – Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Episkopi Cantonment

English: Episkopi Cantonment		 15,700 254 km2 (98 sq mi)
Faroe Islands / Faeroe Islands Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark Faroese: Føroyar

Danish: Færøerne		 Tórshavn

Faroese: Tórshavn

Danish: Thorshavn		 49,947 1,393 km2 (538 sq mi)
Gibraltar[40] British Overseas Territory English: Gibraltar Gibraltar

English: Gibraltar		 29,185 6.5 km2 (2.5 sq mi)
Guernsey[i]

Bailiwick of Guernsey		 Crown dependency in right of Guernsey[41][42][43] English: Guernsey – Bailiwick of Guernsey

French: Guernesey – Bailliage de Guernesey

Guernésiais: Guernési – Bailliage de Guernési		 Saint Peter Port

English: Saint Peter Port

French: Saint Pierre Port

Guernésiais: Saint Pierre Port		 65,849 78 km2 (30 sq mi)
Isle of Man[i] Crown dependency in right of Man[43][44][45] English: Isle of Man

Manx: Mannin – Ellan Vannin		 Douglas

English: Douglas

Manx: Doolish		 86,866 572 km2 (221 sq mi)
Jersey[i]

Bailiwick of Jersey		 Crown dependency in right of Jersey[41][42][43] English: Jersey – Bailiwick of Jersey

French: Jersey – Bailliage de Jersey

Jèrriais: Jèrri – Bailliage de Jèrri		 Saint Helier

English: Saint Helier

French: Saint-Hélier

Jèrriais: Saint Hélyi		 96,513 118 km2 (46 sq mi)

Special areas of internal sovereignty

The following places are considered integral parts of their controlling state, but have a political arrangement which was decided through an international agreement.

* = Part of the EU, although there may be special arrangements
Flag Map English common and formal names Legal status Domestic common and formal names Capital Population Area
Åland*[46]

Åland Islands[18]		 Self-governing area of Finland, significant autonomy as the result of the Åland crisis[47] Swedish: Åland – Landskapet Åland Mariehamn[18]

Swedish: Mariehamn		 27,500[48] 6,787 km2 (2,620 sq mi)[48]
Northern Ireland* Part of the United Kingdom, devolved government determined by the Good Friday Agreement[49] English: Northern Ireland

Irish: Tuaisceart Éireann

Scots: Norlin Airlann		 Belfast[50] 1,810,863[51] 14,130 km2 (5,456 sq mi)[50]
Svalbard[16] Special territory of Norway, determined by the Svalbard Treaty[52] Norwegian: Svalbard Longyearbyen[18][19]

Norwegian: Longyearbyen		 2,019[21] 62,045 km2 (23,956 sq mi)[22]

See also

Notes
  1. ^ a b c d e f
    Area and population numbers include integral areas located outside of Europe. The area and population of states with separatist regions includes that of the separatist regions.
  2. ^ a b c d e f
    Part of the Transcaucasian Region, at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. Physiographically, Armenia falls entirely in Western Asia, while Georgia and Azerbaijan are mostly in Asia with small portions north of the Caucasus Mountains divide in Europe.
  3. ^ a b c
    The island of Cyprus is located on the Cyprian arc on the edge of the Anatolian Plate and is physiographically associated with Asia, but it is part of European organisations such as the EU.
  4. ^
    The terms Republic of Ireland and Poblacht na hÉireann are official descriptions but are not official names.
  5. ^ a b
    Kazakhstan and Turkey both have territory in both Europe (dark green) and Asia (light green).
  6. ^
    Russia is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, but is often considered European, with the vast majority of its population (78%) living in the European part of the country.
  7. ^ a b
    Denmark and the Netherlands are constituent countries of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of the Netherlands respectively. Both are members of the EU; however, the other constituent countries of their kingdoms are not. In international organisations, the terms Denmark and the Netherlands are often used as short names for their respective kingdoms as a whole.
  8. ^
    The Netherlands is also known as "Holland", but this name properly refers only to a region of the country. See Netherlands (terminology).
  9. ^ a b c d
    The United Kingdom consists of the countries of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The UK is responsible for the foreign relations and ultimate good governance of the Crown dependencies of Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey, which are otherwise separate. England, Scotland and Wales make up the island of Great Britain (or simply Britain), which is sometimes used synonymously with the United Kingdom.
  10. ^ a b c d e
    EU candidate country.
  11. ^
    A simpler official short name has been encouraged by the Czech government, "Czechia". By 2017, this variant remains uncommon. Nevertheless, this term has been adopted by several companies and organisations, including Google Maps, instead of the term "Czech Republic". See Name of the Czech Republic.

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