Soy milk

Soy milk, also known as soya milk or soymilk, is a plant-based drink produced by soaking and grinding soybeans, boiling the mixture, and filtering out remaining particulates. It is a stable emulsion of oil, water, and protein. Its original form is a natural by-product of the manufacture of tofu. Originating in East Asia, it became a common beverage in Europe and North America in the later half of the 20th century, especially as production techniques were developed to give it a taste and consistency more closely resembling that of dairy milk. Along with similar vegetable-based "milks", like almond and rice milk, soy milk may be used as a substitute for dairy milk by individuals who are vegan or lactose intolerant, while others may consume it for environmental or health reasons.[3]

Soy milk
Alternative namesSoya milk
Place of originChina
Inventeda. 1365[1][2]
Food energy
(per 100 g serving)
33 kcal (138 kJ)
Nutritional value
(per 100 g serving)
Protein2.86 g
Fat1.61 g
Carbohydrate1.74 g
Glycemic index 34 (low)
Soy milk
Chinese name
Chinese豆奶
Literal meaningbean milk
Literary Chinese name
Chinese豆乳
Literal meaningbean milk
Archaic Chinese name
Chinese菽乳
Literal meaningbean milk
Korean name
Hangul두유
Hanja豆乳
Japanese name
Kanji豆乳
Kanaとうにゅう

Names

In China, the usual term 豆浆 dòujiāng (lit. "bean broth") is used for the traditional watery and beany beverage produced as a by-product of the production of tofu, whereas store-bought products designed to imitate the flavor and consistency of dairy milk, and which may contain a mixture of dairy and soy, are more often known as 豆奶 dòunǎi ("bean milk").

In other countries, there are sometimes legal impediments to the equivalents of the name "soy milk". In such jurisdictions, the manufacturers of plant milks typically label their products the equivalent of "soy beverage" or "soy drink".

Naming in the European Union

In the European Union, "milk" by law refers exclusively to "the normal mammary secretion obtained from one or more milkings without either addition thereto or extraction therefrom".[4] Only cow's milk is allowed to be named "milk" on packaging, and any other milks must state the name of the respective animal: for example, "goat milk" or "sheep milk". The naming of soy drink as soy milk became subject of a 2017 court case before the Court of Justice of the European Union after a German consumer protection group filed an unfair competition complaint about a company describing its soya and tofu products as 'milk' or 'cheese'. The Court of Justice ruled that such designations cannot be legally used for purely plant-based products and that additions indicating the plant origin of the products (soy milk) does not influence that prohibition.[5]

History

Soybeans originated in "eastern half of north China", or also northeastern China, and appear to have been domesticated around the 11th century BC,[6] but its use in soups and beverages are only attested at much later dates. Soy gruel was first noted in the 3rd century BC,[7][6][lower-alpha 1] soy "wine" in the 4th century,[9][10] and a tofu broth (doufujiang) c. 1365 amid the collapse of the Mongol Yuan.[1][2] As doujiang, this drink remains a common watery form of soy milk in China, usually prepared from fresh soybeans. Its popularity increased during the Qing dynasty, apparently due to the discovery that gently heating doujiang for at least 90 minutes hydrolyzed its raffinose and stachyose, oligosaccharides which can cause flatulence and digestive pain among lactose-intolerant adults.[11][12] By the 18th century, it was popular enough that street vendors were hawking it;[13] in the 19th, it was also common to take a cup to tofu shops to get hot, fresh doujiang for breakfast. It was already often paired with youtiao, which was dipped into it.[14] The process was industrialized in early Republican China. By 1929, two Shanghai factories were selling over 1000 bottles a day and another in Beijing was almost as productive itself.[15] Following disruption from the Second World War and the Chinese Civil War, soy milk began to be marketed in soft drink-like fashion in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Japan in the 1950s.[16]

The first non-dairy milk—almond milk—was created in the Levant around the 13th century[17] and had spread to England by the 14th.[18] Soymilk was mentioned in various European letters from China beginning in the 17th century.[19] "Soy milk" entered the English language (as "soy-bean milk") in an 1897 USDA report.[20][21] Li Yuying established Caséo-Sojaïne, the first soy milk "dairy", in Colombes, France, in 1910; he received the first British and American patents for soy milk manufacturing in 1912 and 1913.[15] J.A. Chard began production of "Soy Lac" in New York City, United States, in 1917.[15] Harry W. Miller—an American businessman forced to relocate his factory from Shanghai owing to World War II—was similarly compelled by the USDA and the US dairy industry to use the term "Soya Lac" rather than "soy milk".[15] John Harvey Kellogg had been working with what he called "soymilk" at his Battle Creek Sanitarium since 1930, but was similarly compelled to market his acidophilus-enriched beverage as "Soygal" when it began commercial production in 1942.[22]

A string of 40 court cases against Rich Products between 1949 and 1974 finally established that non-dairy "milks" and imitation dairy products were "a new and distinct food", rather than inferior and illegal knock-offs.[15] Cornell researchers established the enzyme lipoxygenase as responsible for the "beany" flavor of soy milk made in 1966; the same research established a process for reducing or eliminating the bean flavor from commercial products.[23][24] With Tetra Pak cartons extending its shelf-life, Hong Kong-based Vitasoy reintroduced soy milk to the US market in 1980 and brought it to 20 other countries within a few years.[23] Alpro similarly began production in Belgium in 1980, quickly becoming Europe's leading producer.[23] New production technology and techniques began to permit soy beverages with an appreciably more milk-like flavor and consistency in the mid-1980s.[25]

Preparation

Soy milk is made from whole soybeans or full-fat soy flour.[26] The dry beans are soaked in water for a minimum of three hours up to overnight depending on the temperature of the water. The rehydrated beans then undergo wet grinding with enough added water to give the desired solids content to the final product which has a protein content of 1–4%, depending on the method of production.[26] The ratio of water to beans on a weight basis is 10:1 for traditional soy milk.[26] The resulting slurry or purée is brought to a boil in order to improve its taste properties by heat inactivating soybean trypsin inhibitor, improve its flavor, and to sterilize the product.[26][27] Heating at or near the boiling point is continued for a period of time, 15–20 minutes, followed by the removal of insoluble residues (soy pulp fiber) by filtration.[26]

Processing requires the use of an anti-foaming agent or natural defoamer during the boiling step. Bringing filtered soy milk to a boil avoids the problem of foaming. It is generally opaque, white or off-white in color, and approximately the same consistency as cow's milk.[26] Quality attributes during preparation include germination time for the beans used, acidity, total protein and carbohydrates, phytic acid content, and viscosity.[26] Raw soy milk may be sweetened, flavored, and fortified with micronutrients.[27] Once fully processed, soy milk products are typically sold in plastic bottles or plastic-coated cartons, such as tetrapaks.[27]

Commerce

With soybean production increasing worldwide during the early 21st century,[28] and consumer interest in plant milks growing from demand in Asia, Europe, and the United States,[27][28][29] soy milk became the second-most plant milk consumed (after almond milk) by 2019.[3][30] Soy milk sales declined in the United States during 2018–19,[29][30] mainly due to the rising popularity of almond milk and loss of market share to the successful introduction of oat milk.[31]

According to market research in 2019, the worldwide market for soy milk was growing at an annual rate of 6%, and was forecast to reach $11 billion in total commerce by 2025.[32] Growth in consumption was due mainly to expanding the flavors of sweetened soy milks and uses in desserts, whereas unsweetened soy milk was being used particularly in Asia-Pacific countries as an ingredient in snacks and various prepared foods.[32]

Usage

Nutrition
Nutritional content of fortified cow, soy, almond and oat milks
Nutrient value
per 250 mL cup		 Cow milk
(whole)[33]		 Soy milk
(unsweetened)[34]		 Almond milk
(unsweetened)[35]		 Oat milk
(unsweetened)[36]
Energy, kJ (kcal) 620 (149) 330 (80) 160 (39) 500 (120)
Protein (g) 7.69 6.95 1.55 3
Fat (g) 7.93 3.91 2.88 5
Saturated fat (g) 4.55 0.5 0 0.5
Carbohydrate (g) 11.71 4.23 1.52 16
Fiber (g) 0 1.2 0 2
Sugars (g) 12.32 1 0 7
Calcium (mg)[lower-alpha 2] 276 301 516 350
Potassium (mg) 322 292 176 390
Sodium (mg) 105 90 186 140
Vitamin B12 (µg) 1.10 2.70 0 1.2
Vitamin A (IU)[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3] 395 503 372 267
Vitamin D (IU)[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 4] 124 119 110 144
Cholesterol (mg) 24 0 0 0
  1. This is sometimes used to argue for an earlier date for soy milk itself.[8]
  2. Commonly added to plant milks, which do not naturally contain significant levels of the nutrient. Added to all three plant milks presented in this table.
  3. Vitamin A fortification is only required for skimmed milk in the US.
  4. Vitamin D fortification for dairy milk is mandatory in the US.

A cup (243 ml) serving of a generic unsweetened commercial nutrient-fortified brand of soy milk provides 80 calories from 4 g of carbohydrates (including 1 g of sugar), 4 g of fat and 7 g of protein.[37] This processed soy milk contains appreciable levels of vitamin A, B vitamins, and vitamin D in a range of 10 to 45% of the Daily Value, with calcium and magnesium also in significant content.[37] It has a glycemic index of 34±4.[38]

Taste
Doujiang
A youtiao with a bowl of doujiang
Traditional Chinese豆漿
Simplified Chinese豆浆
Literal meaningsoybean broth
Historic name
Traditional Chinese豆腐漿
Simplified Chinese豆腐浆
Literal meaningtofu broth

Soy milk flavor quality differs according to the cultivar of soybean used in its production.[39] Even in China, the desirable sensory qualities are a mouthfeel (smooth but thick), color (off-white), and appearance (creamy) resembling milk.[40] These traits—along with a pleasing aroma—are positively correlated with a soy milk's content of proteins, soluble solids, and oil.[40] In the United States, testing suggests consumers prefer viscous soy milk with sweet aromatic flavors like vanilla and actively dislike the "beany" or "brothy" flavors resembling traditional doujiang.[41]

In acidic hot drinks such as coffee, curdling can sometimes occur (essentially forming tofu in the cup). To help prevent this manufacturers sometimes add acidity regulators.[42]

Regional
Soy milk soup with salt and vinegar, along with vegetables and wontons.

Soy milk is a common beverage in East Asian cuisines. In Chinese cuisine, "sweet" soy milk is made by adding cane sugar or simple syrup. "Salty" or "savory" soy milk is often combined with chopped pickled mustard greens, dried shrimp, youtiao croutons, chopped spring onions, cilantro, pork floss, and/or shallots, along with vinegar, sesame oil, soy sauce, and/or chili oil. Both are traditional breakfast foods, served hot or cold depending on the season or personal preference. At breakfast, it is often accompanied by starchy carbohydrate-rich foods like mantou (a thick, fluffy kind of roll or bun), youtiao (deep-fried dough sticks), and shaobing (sesame flatbread). Japanese cuisine uses soy milk to make yuba and as an occasional base for nabemono. In Korean cuisine, soy milk is used as the broth for making kongguksu, a cold noodle soup eaten mostly in summer. In many countries, soy milk is used in vegan and vegetarian food products and as a replacement for cow's milk in many recipes.[3][28] Soy milk is also used in making imitation dairy products such as soy yogurt, soy cream, soy kefir and soy-based cheese analogues.[28][29] It is also used as an ingredient for making milkshakes, pancakes, smoothies, bread, mayonnaise, and baked goods.[27]

Ecological impact
Mean greenhouse gas emissions for one glass (200g) of different milks[3]
Milk Types Greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2-Ceq per 200g)
Cow milk
0.62
Rice milk
0.23
Soy milk
0.21
Oat milk
0.19
Almond milk
0.16

Using soybeans to make milk instead of raising cows is ecologically advantageous.[43] Cows require much more energy in order to produce milk, since the farmer must feed the animal, which can consume up to 24 kilograms (53 lb) of food in dry matter basis and 90 to 180 litres (24 to 48 US gal) of water a day, producing an average of 40 kilograms (88 lb) of milk a day. Legumes, including the soybean plant, also replenish the nitrogen content of the soil in which they are grown.

The cultivation of soybeans in South America is a cause of deforestation[44] (specifically in the Amazon rainforest) and a range of other large-scale environmental harm.[45] However, the majority of soybean cultivation worldwide, especially in South America where cattle farming is widespread, is intended for livestock fodder rather than soy milk production.[44]

Concerns

The phytic acid in soy products may inhibit the absorption of the nutrient iron.[46]

Soybeans contain a complex carbohydrate, oligosaccharides, which may cause gas, bloating and intestinal distress, and to rid of these complex sugars, soy products are often genetically modified. [47]

Estrogenic Isoflavones in soy products are a cause for concern in infants, but more research is needed.[48]

In culture

Although observations of soy consumption having a feminization effect on men[49] are not conclusive,[50] a pejorative term "soy boy" has emerged to describe emasculated young men with asexual traits.[51]

See also

Notes

    References
    1. Shurtleff & al. (2013), pp. 5 & 23–4.
    2. Shurtleff & al. (2014), pp. 9 & 127.
    3. Clara Guibourg and Helen Briggs (22 February 2019). "Climate change: Which vegan milk is best?". BBC News: Science and Environment. Retrieved 25 October 2019.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
    4. "Document 32013R1308: Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 Establishing a Common Organisation of the Markets in Agricultural Products...", EUR-Lex, Brussels: European Union, 20 December 2013.
    5. "Dairy names for soya and tofu face new ban". 2017-06-14. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
    6. Shurtleff & al. (2014), p. 5.
    7. Xun Kuang, Xunzi. (in Chinese)
    8. Huang (2008), p. 51–2.
    9. Wang Xizhi, Shijiu. (in Chinese)
    10. Shurtleff & al. (2014), p. 7.
    11. Shurtleff & al. (2013), pp. 23–4.
    12. Huang (2008), p. 52.
    13. Shurtleff & al. (2013), p. 29.
    14. Shurtleff & al. (2013), pp. 5 & 33.
    15. Shurtleff & al. (2013), p. 6.
    16. Shurtleff & al. (2013), pp. 7–8.
    17. Muhammad bin Hasan al-Baghdadi (1226), The Book of Dishes [كتاب الطبيخ, Kitab al-Ṭabīḫ], Baghdad. (in Arabic)
    18. The Forme of Cury, London, 1390.
    19. Shurtleff & al. (2013), p. 5.
    20. Langworthy (1897).
    21. Shurtleff & al. (2009), p. 174.
    22. Shurtleff & al. (2004).
    23. Shurtleff & al. (2013), p. 8.
    24. Raj Gupta (2014). "Soy milk: terrible or terrific" (PDF). ProSoya. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
    25. Shurtleff & al. (2013), pp. 8–9.
    26. Jiang, S.; Cai, W.; Xu, B. (2013). "Food quality improvement of soy milk made from short-time germinated soybeans". Foods. 2 (2): 198–212. doi:10.3390/foods2020198. PMC 5302266. PMID 28239109.
    27. Achla Bharti (25 August 2019). "The Growth Of Soy-Milk As A Dairy Alternative". Industry Europe, Focus Media Group Ltd. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
    28. "Top 4 Trends Impacting the Global Soy Milk and Cream Market Through 2020: Technavio". BusinessWire. 7 November 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
    29. "2019 State of the Beverage Industry: Dairy category benefits from flexible consumers: New forms of alternative milks emerge". Beverage Industry Magazine. 15 July 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
    30. Amelia Lucas (13 November 2019). "5 charts that show how milk sales changed and made it tough for Dean Foods to avert bankruptcy". CNBC. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
    31. Emily Saladino (17 January 2019). "Got Milk Decision Fatigue? The Pain and Politics of Soy, Almond, Oat, and Cow's Milks". VinePair Inc. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
    32. "Soy Milk Market Size Worth $11.08 Billion By 2025; CAGR: 6.1%". Grandview Research. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
    33. "Milk, whole, 3.25% milkfat, with added vitamin D (FDC #171265)". Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture.
    34. "Soymilk (all flavors), unsweetened, with added calcium, vitamins A and D (FDC #175215)". Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture.
    35. "Beverages, almond milk, unsweetened, shelf stable (FDC #174832)". Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture.
    36. Oat Milk Nutrition Facts (Report). Batavia, IL: Aldi.
    37. "Basic Report: 16222, Soymilk (All Flavors), Unsweetened, with Added Calcium, Vitamins A and D", USDA Food Composition Database, Washington: US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2016.
    38. Atkinson & al. (2008).
    39. Shi & al. (2015).
    40. Ma & al. (2015).
    41. Lawrence & al. (2016).
    42. Brown, Mairi; Laitano, Francesca; Williams, Calum; Gibson, Bruce; Haw, Mark; Sefcik, Jan; Johnston, Karen (1 October 2019). "'Curdling' of soymilk in coffee: A study of the phase behaviour of soymilk coffee mixtures" (PDF). Food Hydrocolloids. 95: 462–467. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.04.032.
    43. "Livestock's long shadow – Environmental issues and options; Chapter 2, Livestock in geographic transition" (PDF). United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. 2006.
    44. "Soy is Everywhere". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
    45. "Environmental & social impacts of soy". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
    46. "Soy protein, phytate, and iron absorption in humans". Am J Clin Nutr.
    47. "Reduction of non-digestible oligosaccharides in soymilk: application of engineered lactic acid bacteria that produce alpha-galactosidase". Genet Mol Res. 2004.
    48. "A Longitudinal Study of Estrogen-Responsive Tissues and Hormone Concentrations in Infants Fed Soy Formula". J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2018.
    49. Jorge Martinez 1 , Jack E Lewi (2008). "An unusual case of gynecomastia associated with soy product consumption". Endocrine Practice.
    50. Glenn D. Braunstein, James R. Klinenberg (1 May 2008). "Environmental Gynecomastia". AACE Endocrine Practice. 14 (4): 409–411. doi:10.4158/EP.14.4.409.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
    51. Hosie, Rachel. "Soy Boy: What is this new online insult used by the far right?". The Independent.

    Bibliography


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