Su patriotu sardu a sos feudatarios
Su patriotu sardu a sos feudatarios ("The Sardinian Patriot to the Lords"),[1] widely known also by its incipit as Procurade 'e moderare ("Endeavor to moderate"), is a protest and antifeudal folk song in the culture of Sardinia.
| English: The Sardinian Patriot to the Lords | |
|---|---|
Official anthem of  Sardinia, Italy | |
| Lyrics | Frantziscu Ignatziu Mannu (Francesco Ignazio Mannu in Italian) |
| Adopted | 2018 |
The anthem was written in Sardinian language by the lawyer Francesco Ignazio Mannu (Frantziscu Ignàtziu Mannu) on the occasion of Sardinian revolution, a series of mass revolts (1793–1796) against the Savoyard feudal system, long since abandoned by Western European powers, that culminated with the execution or expulsion from the island of the officials of the ruling House of Savoy on 28 April 1794 (officially commemorated today as Sa die de sa Sardigna, "Sardinian people's day"[2]).[3][4][5] Because of its temporal coincidence with the French revolution, the song was also nicknamed by J. W. Tyndale and other scholars like Auguste Boullier as "the Sardinian Marseillaise".[6][7]
Long regarded as a national anthem in Sardinian culture, Su patriotu sardu a sos feudatarios has been officially recognized as the island's anthem in 2018.[8][9][10][11]
Text
The anthem is a poetry written in octave with a metrical pattern of a bb cc dd e, and its content resounds with typical Enlightenment themes. The entire text consists of 47 stanzas for a total of 376 verses, and describes the miserable state of Sardinia at the end of the XVIII° century, kept as an overseas dependency of the House of Savoy with an archaic feudal system that would only advantage the feudatories and leave a Sard only with "a rope to hang himself" (stanza 34, verse 272).
The incipit is, in fact, addressed to the Lords' arrogance, regarded as the people being most at fault for the island's decadence: Procurad'e moderare, Barones, sa tirannia… ("Endeavor to moderate, Oh barons! your tyranny...").
The disastrous socio-economic situation plaguing the island is described in detail. The oppressors from the Mainland are also harshly criticized: according to the poet, they did not care about Sardinia, and the only thing that would concern them was to surround themselves with richness and loot through the cheap exploitation of the island's resources, in a manner analogous to what Spain had done on the Indies ("Sardinia to the Piedmonteise Was as a golden land, What Spain found in the Indies They discovered here": stanza 32, verse 249–251).
The chant closes with a vigorous incitement to revolt, sealed with a terse Sardinian saying: Cando si tenet su bentu est prezisu bentulare ("When the wind is in your harbour, Is the proper time to winnow": stanza 47, verse 375–376).
Here, following the original text in Sardinian.
| Procurad'e moderare, barones, sa tirannia, |
Editions, translations and literary critique
The anthem was illegally published in Sassari in 1796 and not in the nearby island of Corsica, as it was believed until recently.[12] After all, Sassari was already taken by the rebels and, in 1796, ruled by the alternos Giovanni Maria Angioy.
The song was first translated into another language from Sardinian by John Warre Tyndale in 1849 (Endeavor to moderate...),[13] while Auguste Boullier would publish a French translation in his own book (Essai sur le dialecte et les chants populaires de la Sardaigne) in June 1864 with the incipit being Songez à modérer....
The anthem, aside from any copy that had been illegally circulating on the island, was published for the first time in Sardinia in 1865 by Giovanni Spano[14][15] and later by Enrico Costa, who also made an Italian translation.[16] Sebastiano Satta would provide another Italian translation on the centenary of Giovanni Maria Angioy's triumphant entrance in the city.[17] In 1979, B. Granzer and B. Schütze would translate the song into German, with the title Die Tyrannei.
Raffa Garzia compared the song to Giuseppe Parini's "Il giorno".[18] The scholar also drew attention to another two poems having a similar subject: one by the Ploaghese poet Maria Baule about the attempted French invasion of the island in 1793, with the title Ancòra semus in gherra[19] ("we are still in war"), that was published by Giovanni Spano; the other one, always addressing the events of 1793, by the Gavoese poet Michele Carboni (1764–1814) titled Animu, patriottas, a sa gherra![20] ("Come on, patriots, to war!").
Interpreters
- Maria Teresa Cau
- Maria Carta
- Peppino Marotto
- Gruppo Rubanu (Orgosolo)
- Tazenda and Andrea Parodi
- Piero Marras, Maria Giovanna Cherchi
- Kenze Neke
- Elena Ledda
- Cordas et Cannas, in Cantos e musicas de sa Sardigna (1983)
- Coro Supramonte
- Pino Masi
- Savina Yannatou
- Stefano Saletti, Piccola Banda Ikona, with Ambrogio Sparagna
See also
References
- Su patriotu sardu a sos feudatarios – Uniss
- Sa die de sa Sardigna, Sardegna Cultura
- Alberto Loni and Giuliano Carta. Sa die de sa Sardigna – Storia di una giornata gloriosa. Sassari, Isola editrice, 2003.
- Massimo Pistis, Rivoluzionari in sottana. Ales sotto il vescovado di mons. Michele Aymerich, Roma, Albatros Il Filo, 2009.
- Adriano Bomboi, L'indipendentismo sardo. Le ragioni, la storia, i protagonisti, Cagliari, Condaghes, 2014.
- J. W. Tyndale, The Island of Sardinia including pictures of the manners and customs of the Sardinians, and notes on the antiquities and modern abjects of interest in the Island, in three volumes, T. Bentley, London 1849, vol. III, p. 279.
- Boullier, L’île de Sardaigne, cit., pp. 94–95
- La Sardegna ha il suo inno: sì del consiglio a "Procurad'e moderare", L'Unione Sarda
- "Procurade 'e moderare" inno ufficiale della Sardegna: ecco il testo con la traduzione, YouTG.net
- "Procurade 'e moderare" inno della Regione, Ansa.it
- “Procurade ‘e Moderare” è l'inno ufficiale della Sardegna, Consiglio Regionale della Sardegna
- L. Carta (a cura di), Francesco Ignazio Mannu, Su patriotu sardu a sos feudatarios, Cagliari, 2002, p. LII
- W. Tyndale, The Island of Sardinia: Including Pictures of the Manners and Customs of the Sardinians, and Notes on the Antiquities..., Bentley, London, 1849
- Giovanni Spano, Canzoni popolari inedite in dialetto sardo centrale ossia logudorese., Cagliari, 1865
- P. A. Bianco – F. Cheratzu, Su patriotu sardu a sos feudatarios, Sassari, 1991, p. 70
- P. A. Bianco – F. Cheratzu, cit, p. 70. Ora F. I. Mannu, Su patriotu sardu a sos feudatarios, (a cura di Tullio Masala), con versione a fronte in italiano di Enrico Costa, Ozieri, 1995
- P. A. Bianco – F. Cheratzu, cit, p. 70. La Nuova Sardegna, n. 59 del 1º marzo 1896
- R. Garzia, Il canto d'una rivoluzione , Cagliari, 1899
- G. Spano, Canzoni popolari della Sardegna, 1863–1872, ora edizioni Ilisso, Nuoro, 1999 pp. 124–127
- L. Carta, cit., pp. XIV–XV
Bibliography
- A. Bouiller, Essai sur le dialecte et les chants populaires de la Sardaigne, Paris 1864
- A. Bouiller, L'île de Sardaigne. Dialecte et chants populaires, Paris 1865 (in Italian: I canti popolari della Sardegna. a cura di Raffa Garzia, Bologna 1916.)
- Raffa Garzia, Il canto d'una rivoluzione , Cagliari, 1899.
- Pier Ausonio Bianco – Francesco Cheratzu, Su patriotu sardu a sos feudatarios, Sassari, Condaghes, 1998, ISBN 978-88-86229-33-3
- Luciano Carta, (a cura di), Francesco Ignazio Mannu, Su patriotu sardu a sos feudatarios, Cagliari, 2002
External links
- The English version by Tyndale compared to the original one
- Su patriotu Sardu a sos feudatarios (Procurad' e moderare), Antiwarsong.org (provides also translations into English and other languages)