List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines

The types of sovereign state leaders in the Philippine archipelago have varied throughout the country's history, from heads of ancient chiefdoms, kingdoms and sultanates in the pre-colonial period, to the leaders of Spanish, American, and Japanese colonial governments, until the directly-elected President of the modern sovereign state of the Philippines.

Maginoo, Wangs, Rajahs, Lakans, Datus and Sultans of the Philippines
A couple belonging in the maginoo (noble class)
Details
StyleMaginoo
Kamahalan Kapunuan
First monarchJayadewa (and other various rulers from the archipelago)
Last monarchMohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram (and other various rulers from the archipelago)
Formationc. 900 (according to LCI)
Abolition1986 (after last officially recognized Sultan dies)
ResidenceTorogan (Luzon and Visayas area), Langgal (Mindanao area) and Astanah Putih (in sultanate of Sulu)
AppointerBabaylan, Brahmin or Bhikkhu (in Hindu/Buddhist-influenced polities)
Pretender(s)various

Archaic (pre-hispanic) Era

Before the nation of the Philippines was formed, the area of what was now the Philippines during the pre-colonial times was sets of divided nations ruled by Kings, Chieftains, Datus, Lakans, Rajahs and Sultans in Southeast Asia. It was when the Spaniards arrived that they named the collections of areas they conquered and unite in Southeast Asia as "Las Islas Filipinas" or The Islands of the Philippines.

Legendary rulers

  • Legendary rulers can be found in the oral tradition in Philippine Mythology, which having an uncertain historical/archeological evidence of their reign.
Image Name Title held From Until
Ama-ronLike most of the male Filipino mythological heroes, he is described as an attractive well-built man who exemplifies great strength. Ama-ron is unique among other Filipino legends due to the lack of having a story on how he was born which was common with Filipino epic heroes.Uncertain possibly Iron Age.
Gat PangilGat Pangil was a chieftain in the area now known as Laguna Province, He is mentioned in the origin legends of Bay, Laguna,Pangil, Laguna, Pakil, Laguna and Mauban, Quezon, all of which are thought to have once been under his domain.Uncertain possibly Iron Age.

Archaic rulers

Wang of Ma-i

Name Image Title held From Until
Unnamed"王" (King) according to Chinese records1225??
Unnamed"王" (King)1339??

Huangdom of Pangasinan (Luyag na Kaboloan)

Ruler Image Event From Until
Kamayin (細馬銀)Tribute of silver and horses to China14061408
TaymeyEmbassy to China formally established14081409
Yongle Emperor
(Honorary)
Chinese Emperor holds a banquet in honor of PangasinanDecember 11, 1411?
Warrior-Princess UrdujaThe Huangdom enjoys prosperityc. 1500s?
Chinese Warlord LimahongPangasinan is sacked and a pirate-enclave is established1575

Historical rulers of Tondo

Image Name Title held From Until
UnnamedSenapati (Admiral)
(Known only in the LCI as the ruler who give the pardon to Lord Namwaran and his wife Dayang Agkatan and their daughter named Bukah for their excessive debts in 900 AD.)
900??
Lontok(Gat and later Rajah) Lontok, ruler of Tondo husband of Dayang Kalangitan.1430?1450?
Lakan DulaBanaw Lakandula, Ruler of Tondo1558? 1571
Agustin de LegazpiThe last ruler of Tondo. He was appointed to the position after the death of Lakandula. The monarchy is dissolved by the Spanish authorities after he leads the Tondo conspiracy1575 1589

Recorded rulers of Namayan

Title Name Notes Documented Period of Rule Primary Sources
Lakan[1]Tagkan[1]Named "Lacantagcan" by Huerta and described as the ruler to whom the "original residents" of Namayan trace their origin[1]exact years not documented; three generations prior to CalamayinHuerta
(title not documented by Huerta[1])PalabaNoted by Huerta[1] as the "Principal Son" of Lakan Tagkan.exact years not documented; two generations prior to Calamayin[1]Huerta
(title not documented by Huerta[1])LaboyNoted by Franciscan genealogical records to be the son of Lakan Palaba, and the father of Lakan Kalamayin.[1]exact years not documented; one generation prior to Calamayin[1]Huerta
Rajah[2]KalamayinNamed only "Calamayin" (without title) by Huerta,[1] referred to by Scott (1984) as Rajah Kalamayin.[2]
Described by Scott (1984)[2] as the paramount ruler of Namayan at the time of colonial contact.
immediately prior to and after Spanish colonial contact (ca. 1571–1575)[2] Huerta
(no title documented by Huerta[1])Martin**Huerta[1] does not mention if Kalamayin's son, baptized "Martin", held a government position during the early Spanish colonial periodearly Spanish colonial periodHuerta
Legendary rulers of Namayan
Aside from the records of Huerta, a number of names of rulers are associated with Namayan by folk/oral traditions, as recounted in documents such as the will of Fernando Malang (1589) and documented by academics such as Grace Odal-Devora[3] and writers such as Nick Joaquin.[4]
Title Name Notes Period of Rule Primary Sources
GatLontokIn Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] husband of Kalangitan, serving as "rulers of Pasig" together.[3](p51)Legendary antiquity[3]Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[3])
Dayang or Sultana[3][note 1]Kalangitan[3]Legendary "Lady of the Pasig"[3] in Batangueño Folk Tradition and "Ruler of Sapa" in Kapampangan Folk Tradition (as documented by Odal-Devora[3]).

Either the mother in law (Batangueño Tradition) or grandmother (Kapampangan Tradition) of the ruler known as "Prinsipe Balagtas"[3]
Legendary antiquity[3]Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[3])
"Princess" or "Lady"
(term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[3])
SasabanIn oral Tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, a "lady of Namayan" who went to the Madjapahit court to marry Emperor Soledan, eventually giving birth to Balagtas, who then returned to Namayan/Pasig in 1300.[3](p51)prior to 1300
(according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio)[3]
Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[3]), and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3])
Prince[3]
(term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[3])
Bagtas or BalagtasIn Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] the King of Balayan and Taal who married Panginoan, daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig.(p51)

In Kapampangan[3] Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] the "grandson of Kalangitan" and a "Prince of Madjapahit" who married the "Princess Panginoan of Pampanga"(pp47,51)

Either the son in law (Batangueño Tradition) or grandson (Kapampangan Tradition) of Kalangitan[3]

In oral tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, the Son of Emperor Soledan of Madjapahit who married Sasaban of Sapa/Namayan. Married Princess Panginoan of Pasig at about the year 1300 in order to consolidate his family line and rule of Namayan[3](pp47,51)
ca. 1300 A.D. according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3]Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3])
"Princess" or "Lady"
(term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[3])
PanginoanIn Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] the daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig, who eventually married Balagtas, King of Balayan and Taal.(p51)

In Kapampangan[3] Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] who eventually married Bagtas, the "grandson of Kalangitan."(pp47,51)

In oral tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, "Princess Panginoan of Pasig" who was married by Balagtas, the Son of Emperor Soledan of Madjapahit in 1300 AD in an effort consolidate rule of Namayan[3](pp47,51)
ca. 1300 A.D. according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3]Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3])

The Datus of Madja-as

Commander-In-Chief Image Capital From Until
Datu PutiAklan13th century1212
Datu SumakwelMalandong (today in Antique)1213?
Datu BangkayaAklan??
Datu PaiburongIrong-Irong??
Datu BalengkakaAklan??
Datu KalantiawBatan13651437
Datu ManduyogBatkcan1437?
Datu Padojinog Irong-Irong??
Datu KabnayagKalibo?1565
Datu LubaySan Joaquín??

The Datus of Katugasan

The Reigning Datu Events From Until
Kihodlast reigning monarch of the Kedatuan of Katugasan[5]?1565

The Datus of Dapitan

The Reigning Datu Events From Until
SumangaDatu Sumanga raids China to win the hand of Dayang-dayang (Princess) Bugbung Humasanum??
DailisanThe Kedatuan was destroyed by the Sultanate of Ternate1563?
PagbuayaThe Kedatuan is re-established in Mindanao?1564
ManoocThe Kedatuan is incorporated to the Spanish Empire??

Rulers of Maynila

Name Image Events From Until
Sultan BolkiahThe 5th Sultan of Brunei attacked Tondo which widened Brunei's influence in the Philippines.c. 15001571
Salalila Rajah Salalila or Rajah Sulayman I
By this time, Manila was already under the influence of Brunei.
1515?1558?
Matanda Rajah Matanda or Rajah Ache1558? 1571
Sulayman Rajah Sulayman, Rajah of Manila1571 1575
Legendary rulers of Maynila
Title Name Specifics Dates Primary source(/s) Academic notes on primary source(/s)
Rajah Avirjirkaya According to Henson (1955),[6] he was a "Majapahit Suzerain" who ruled Maynila[6] before he was defeated in 1258[6] by a Bruneian naval commander named Rajah Ahmad,[6] who then established Manila as a Muslim principality.[6] before 1258[7] Genealogy proposed by Mariano A. Henson in 1955[6] Cited in César Adib Majul's 1973 book "Muslims in the Philippines",[7] published by the UP Asian Center and in turn referenced widely in semitechnical and popular texts.
The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original)[8] genealogical documents remains subject to scholarly peer review.[9][10]
Rajah Ahmad According to Henson (1955),[6] he established Manila as a Muslim[6] principality in 1258[6] by defeating the Majapahit Suzerain Rajah Avirjirkaya.[6] c. 1258[7] Genealogy proposed by Mariano A. Henson in 1955[6] Cited in César Adib Majul's 1973 book "Muslims in the Philippines",[7] published by the UP Asian Center and in turn referenced widely in semi-technical and popular texts.
The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original)[8] genealogical documents remains subject to scholarly peer review.[9][10]

Monarchs of the Butuan Rajahnate

The Royal Title of the Reigning Rajah Image Events From Until
Rajah KilingThe Embassy of I-shu-han (李竾罕)9891009
Sri Bata ShajaMission by Likanhsieh (李于燮)1011?
Rajah SiaguAnnexation by Ferdinand Magellan?1521

Rajahs of Cebu

The Royal Title of the Reigning Rajah Image Events From Until
Sri LumayFounded the rajahnate, he is a minor prince of the Chola dynasty which occupied Sumatra. He was sent by the Maharajah to establish a base for expeditionary forces but he rebelled and established his own independent rajahnate.c. 1200?
Rajah HumabonThe Rajah of Cebu at the time Ferdinand Magellan arrived at Cebu and is the first Filipino chieftain to embrace Christianity.??
Rajah TupasLast Rajah of Cebu, he ceded the Rajahnate to the Spanish Empire when he is defeated by Miguel López de Legazpi's forces in 1565.?1565

Sultans of Maguindanao

Reign Sultan Other name(s)
1520–1543Shariff KabungsuwanA Johore (Singapore) Makdum Prince who fled to Malabang, Lanao del Sur and seated as Sharif Kabungsuwan. Married the daughter of Chieftain Aliwya of the Maguindanao family clan at Dulawan, Cotabato. Took over the father inlaw's political powers establishing the Sultanate of Maguindanao later called by the Spanish as Mindanao. He is the second Makdum known as Karim Ul-Makdum who reinforced Islam and His brother Sulu Sultan Shariful Hashim promulgated Kor'anic studies or Madrassahs.

The said Sharif is buried at Simunul Island Tamppat.

1543–1574Sultan Maka-alang Saripada
1574–1578Sultan Bangkaya
1578–1585Sultan Dimasangcay Adel
1585–1597Sultan Gugu SarikulaDatu Salikala
1597–1619Sultan Laut BuisanDatu Katchil
1619–1671?Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan KudaratDatu Qudratullah Katchil
1671?–1678?Sultan Dundang TidulaySultan Saif ud-Din (Saifud Din)
1678?–1699Sultan BarahamanSultan Muhammad Shah Minulu-sa-Rahmatullah
1699–1702Sultan Kahar ud-Din KudaMaulana Amir ul-Umara Jamal ul-Azam
1702–1736Sultan Bayan ul-Anwar { Maruhom Batua }Dipatuan Jalal ud-Din
Mupat Batua (posthumously)
1710–1736
(in Tamontaka)
Sultan Amir ud-DinPaduka Sri Sultan Muhammad Jafar Sadiq Manamir
Shahid Mupat (posthumously)
1736–1748
(in Sibugay, Buayan, Malabang)
Sultan Muhammad Tahir ud-DinDipatuan Malinug
Muhammad Shah Amir ud-Din
1733–1755
(paramount chief of Maguindanao by 1748)
Sultan Rajah Muda Muhammad Khair ud-DinPakir Maulana Kamsa
Amir ud-Din Itamza
Azim ud-Din Amir ul-M'umimin
1755–1780?Sultan Pahar ud-DinDatu Panglu/Pongloc
Mupat Hidayat (posthumously)
1780?–1805?Sultan Kibad SahriyalMuhammad Azim ud-Din Amir ul-Umara
1805?–1830?Sultan Kawasa Anwar ud-DinMuhammad Amir ul-Umara Iskandar Jukarnain
1830–1854Sultan Qudratullah UntungIskandar Qudratullah Muhammad Jamal ul-Azam
Iskandar Qudarat Pahar ud-Din. Properly place, his name was Ullah Untong and seated as Sultan Ashrf Samalan Farid Quadratullah or better known as Sultan Qudarat. www.royalsultanate.weebly.com
1854–1884Sultan Muhammad Makakwa
1884–1888Sultan WataSultan Muhammad Jalal ud-Din Pablu
1888–1896No sultan
Sultan Anwar ud-Din contested Datu Mamaku (son of Sultan Qudratullah Untung) of Buayan for the throne versus the then sultan Datu Mangigin of Sibugay.
1896–1898Sultan Taha ColoSultan Rabago sa Tiguma
1908–1933Sultan Mastura KudaratSultan Muhammad Hijaban Iskandar Mastura Kudarat, Sultan Mastura

The Sultans of Sulu (1405–present)

Succeeded by kinship Maharaja Adinda Taup upon the loss of the Sultanate, then usurped by Sultan Jamalul Agdam granting the leased treaty to the British in 1878, then later succeeded by Sultan Badar'uddin-II then by the Spanish proclaimed Sultan Harun Ar-Rashid then by the 1884–1915 Amirul Kiram Awal-II (Sultan Jamalul Kiram-II), the latter who surrendered his temporal powers to the Americans in exchanged for a lifetime pension. Succeeded 21 years later by the 1957 Sultan Ismael Kiram to the present Kirams.

Sultans Image From Until
Sharif ul-Hāshim14801505
Kamal ud-Din15051527
Sultan Amir ul-Umara18931899
Jamal ul-Kiram I18251839, the progeny of the 1752 Kiram Sinsuat, Kiram Misuari and Kiram Sorronga.
Mahakuttah Kiram19741986
Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram1986

Philippines Era

The collection of islands conquered by the Spaniards was named Las islas Filipinas; a name given by Ruy López de Villalobos. It's the exact geographical location on which the modern day Republic of the Philippines based its territory.

Rulers during the Spanish colonization

During the Spanish colonization, Remaining monarchs reign until their kingdoms was absorbed to the new colonial nation of the Philippines through Spanish conquest. Many of these territories are absorbed much later.

  • Rajah Colambu – King of Limasawa in 1521, brother of Rajah Siagu of Butuan. He befriended Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and guided him to Cebu on April 7, 1521.
  • Rajah Humabon – King of Cebu who became an ally of Ferdinand Magellan and the Spaniards. Rival of Datu Lapu-Lapu. In 1521, he and his wife were baptized as Christians and given Christian names Carlos and Juana after the Spanish royalty, King Carlos and Queen Juana.
  • Sultan KudaratSultan of Maguindanao.
  • Lakan Dula or Lakandula – King of Tondo, one of the last princes of Manila.
  • Datu Lapu-Lapu – King of Mactan Island. He defeated the Spaniards on April 27, 1521.
  • Datu Sikatuna – King of Bohol in 1565. He made a blood compact with Spanish explorer, Miguel López de Legazpi.
  • Datu Pagbuaya – King of Bohol. He governed with his brother Datu Dailisan, a settlement along the shorelines between Mansasa, Tagbilaran and Dauis, which was abandoned years before the Spanish colonization due to Portuguese and Ternatean attacks. He founded Dapitan in the northern shore of Mindanao.
  • Datu Dailisan – King of Mansasa, Tagbilaran and Dauis and governed their kingdom along with his brother Datu Pagbuaya. His death during one of the Portuguese raids caused the abandonment of the settlement.
  • Datu Manooc – Christian name – Pedro Manuel Manooc, son of Datu Pagbuaya who converted to Christianity, defeated the Higaonon tribe in Iligan, Mindanao. He established one of the first Christian settlements in the country.
  • Datu Macabulos – King of Pampanga in 1571.
  • Rajah Siagu – King of the Manobo in 1521.
  • Apo Noan – Chieftain of Mandani (present day Mandaue) in 1521.
  • Apo Macarere – Famous Chieftain of the Tagbanwa warrior tribe in Corong Island (Calis).
  • Rajah Sulaiman III – One of the last King of Manila, was defeated by Martín de Goiti, a Spanish soldier commissioned by López de Legazpi to Manila.
  • Rajah Tupas – King of Cebu, conquered by Miguel López de Legazpi.
  • Datu Urduja – Female Leader in Pangasinan.
  • Datu Zula – Chieftain of Mactan, Cebu. Rival of Lapu-lapu
  • Datu Kalun – Ruler of the Island of the Basilan and the Yakans in Mindanao, converted his line to Christianity
  • Datu Sanday – Ruler of Marawi City
  • Datu Saiden Borero – King of Antique
  • unnamed Datu – King of Taytay Palawan. Mentioned by Pigafetta, chronicler of Magellan. The king, together with his wife were kidnapped by the remnant troops from Magellan's fleet after fleeing Cebu to secure provisions for their crossing to the Moluccas.
  • Datu Cabaylo (Cabailo) – The last king of the Kingdom of Taytay

Colonial Governor-Generals Under New Spain (1565–1761)

From 1565 to 1898, the Philippines was under Spanish rule. From 1565–1821, The governor and captain-general was appointed by the Viceroy of New Spain upon recommendation of the Spanish Cortes and governed on behalf of the Monarch of Spain. When there was a vacancy (e.g. death, or during the transitional period between governors), the Real Audiencia in Manila appoints a temporary governor from among its members.

After 1821, the country was no longer under the Viceroyalty of New Spain (present-day Mexico) and administrative affairs formerly handled by New Spain were transferred to Madrid and placed directly under the Spanish Crown.

  Ad interim   Real Audiencia

# Photo Name From Until Monarch
1 Miguel López de Legazpi April 27, 1565 August 20, 1572
Philip II
(25 July 1554 – 13 September 1598)
2 Guido de Lavezaris August 20, 1572 August 25, 1575
3 Francisco de Sande August 25, 1575 April 1580
4 Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa April 1580 March 10, 1583
5 Diego Ronquillo March 10, 1583 May 16, 1584
6 Santiago de Vera May 16, 1584 May 1590
7 Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas June 1, 1590 October 25, 1593
8 Pedro de Rojas October 1593 December 3, 1593
9 Luís Pérez Dasmariñas December 3, 1593 July 14, 1596
10 Francisco de Tello de Guzmán July 14, 1596 May 1602

Philip III
(13 September 1598 – 31 March 1621)
11 Pedro Bravo de Acuña May 1602 June 24, 1606
12 Cristóbal Téllez de Almanza
(Real Audiencia)
June 24, 1606 June 15, 1608
13 Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberrucia June 15, 1608 April 1609
14 Juan de Silva April 1609 April 19, 1616
15 Andrés Alcaraz
(Real Audiencia)
April 19, 1616 July 3, 1618
16 Alonso Fajardo de Entenza July 3, 1618 July 1624

Philip IV
(31 March 1621 – 17 September 1665)
17 Jeronimo de Silva
(Real Audiencia)
July 1624 June 1625
18 Fernándo de Silva July 1624 June 29, 1626
19 Juan Niño de Tabora June 29, 1626 July 22, 1632
20 Lorenzo de Olaza y Lecubarri
(Real Audiencia)
July 22, 1632 1633
21 Juan Cerezo de Salamanca August 29, 1633 June 25, 1635
22 Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera June 25, 1635 August 11, 1644
23 Diego Fajardo Chacón August 11, 1644 July 25, 1653
24 Sabiniano Manrique de Lara July 25, 1653 September 8, 1663
25 Diego de Salcedo September 8, 1663 September 28, 1668

Charles II
(17 September 1665 – November 1, 1700)
26 Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz September 28, 1668 September 24, 1669
27 Manuel de León September 24, 1669 September 21, 1677
28 Francisco Coloma y Maceda
(Real Audiencia)
April 11, 1677 September 25, 1677
29 Francisco Sotomayor y Mansilla
(Real Audiencia)
September 21, 1677 September 28, 1678
30 Juan de Vargas y Hurtado September 28, 1678 August 24, 1684
31 Gabriel de Curuzealegui y Arriola August 24, 1684 April 1689
32 Alonso de Avila Fuertes
(Real Audiencia)
April 1689 July 1690
33 Fausto Cruzat y Gongora July 25, 1690 December 8, 1701

Philip V

November 1700 – January 15, 1724

34 Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri December 8, 1701 August 25, 1709
35 Martín de Urzúa y Arizmendi, count of Lizárraga August 25, 1709 February 4, 1715
36 José Torralba
(Real Audiencia)
February 4, 1715 August 9, 1717
37 Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda August 9, 1717 October 11, 1719
- Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta
(acting)
October 11, 1719 August 6, 1721
38 Toribio José Cosio y Campo August 6, 1721 August 14, 1729

Louis I

(January 15 – August 31, 1724)


Philip V

(September 6, 1724 – July 9, 1746)

39 Fernándo Valdés y Tamon August 14, 1729 July 1739
40 Gaspar de la Torre July 1739 September 21, 1745
- Archbishop Juan Arrechederra
(acting)
September 21, 1745 July 20, 1750
Ferdinand VI

(July 9, 1746 – August 10, 1759)

41 Francisco José de Ovando, 1st Marquis of Brindisi July 20, 1750 July 26, 1754
42 Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban July 26, 1754 May 31, 1759
- Bishop Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta
(acting)
June 1759 May 31, 1761

Charles III

(August 10, 1759 – December 14, 1788)

- Archbishop Manuel Rojo del Río y Vieyra
(acting)
July 1761 October 6, 1762

During Revolts against Spain (1660–1661)

Free Pampanga
Name Image From Until Notes
Francisco Maniago 16601661a Filipino revolutionary leader who conspired to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Kapampangan nation in Pampanga, with him as "King of Pampanga."
Free Pangasinan
Name Image From Until Notes
Andres Malong 16601661a Filipino revolutionary leader who conspired to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Pangasinense nation in Pangasinan, with him as "King of Pangasinan."
Free Ilocos
Name Image From Until Notes
Pedro Almazán 16611661a Filipino revolutionary leader who conspired to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Ilocano nation in Ilocos, with him as "King of Ilocos."

British Occupation of Manila (1761–1764)

Great Britain occupied Manila and the naval port of Cavite as part of the Seven Years' War.

# Photo Governor-General From Until Monarch
43 Simón de Anda y Salazar
(Provisional Government in Bacolor, Pampanga)
October 6, 1762 February 10, 1764
Charles III
44 Dawsonne Drake November 2, 1762 May 31, 1764
George III

Independent Ilocos (1762–1763)

Free Ilocos
Name Image From Until Notes
Diego Silang 17621763a Filipino revolutionary leader who conspired with British forces to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Ilocano nation.

Under New Spain (1764–1821)

# Picture Name From Until Monarch
45 Francisco Javier de la Torre March 17, 1764 July 6, 1765
Charles III
46 José Antonio Raón y Gutiérrez July 6, 1765 July 1770
(43) Simón de Anda y Salazar July 1770 October 30, 1776
47 Pedro de Sarrio October 30, 1776 July 1778
48 José Basco y Vargas July 1778 September 22, 1787
(47) Pedro de Sarrio September 22, 1787 July 1, 1788
49 Félix Berenguer de Marquina July 1, 1788 September 1, 1793

Charles IV
50 Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León September 1, 1793 August 7, 1806
51  

 
Mariano Fernández de Folgueras August 7, 1806 March 4, 1810

Ferdinand VII

Joseph Bonaparte
52 | Manuel Gonzalez de Aguilar March 4, 1810 September 4, 1813
53 José Gardoqui Jaraveitia September 4, 1813 December 10, 1816

Ferdinand VII
(51) Mariano Fernández de Folgueras December 10, 1816 September 15, 1821

Emperor

Philippines
Name Image From Until Notes
Andrés Novales18231823His discontentment with the treatment of creole soldiers led him to start a revolt in 1823 that inspired even the ranks of José Rizal. He successfully captured Intramuros and was proclaimed Emperor of the Philippines by his followers. However, he was defeated within the day by Spanish reinforcements from Pampanga.[11]

Direct Spanish control (1821–1898)

After the 1821 Mexican War of Independence, Mexico became independent and was no longer part of the Spanish Empire. The Viceroyalty of New Spain ceased to exist. The Philippines, as a result, was directly governed from Madrid, under the Crown.

# Picture Name From Until Monarch
(51) Mariano Fernández de Folgueras September 16, 1821 October 30, 1822
Ferdinand VII
54 Juan Antonio Martínez October 30, 1822 October 14, 1825
55 Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca October 14, 1825 December 23, 1830
56 Pasqual Enrile y Alcedo December 23, 1830 March 1, 1835

Isabella II
57 Gabriel de Torres March 1, 1835 April 23, 1835
58 Joaquín de Crámer April 23, 1835 September 9, 1835
59 Pedro Antonio Salazar Castillo y Varona September 9, 1835 August 27, 1837
60 Andrés García Camba August 27, 1837 December 29, 1838
61 Luis Lardizábal December 29, 1838 February 14, 1841
62 Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri February 14, 1841 June 17, 1843
63 Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre June 17, 1843 July 16, 1844
64 Narciso Clavería, 1st Count of Manila July 16, 1844 December 26, 1849
65 Antonio María Blanco December 26, 1849 July 29, 1850
66 Antonio de Urbistondo y Eguía July 29, 1850 December 20, 1853
67 Ramón Montero y Blandino December 20, 1853 February 2, 1854
68 Manuel Pavía, 1st Marquis of Novaliches February 2, 1854 October 28, 1854
(67) Ramón Montero y Blandino October 28, 1854 November 20, 1854
69 Manuel Crespo y Cebrían November 20, 1854 December 5, 1856
(67) Ramón Montero y Blandino December 5, 1856 March 9, 1857
70 Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero March 9, 1857 January 12, 1860
71 Ramón María Solano y Llanderal January 12, 1860 August 29, 1860
72 Juan Herrera Dávila August 29, 1860 February 2, 1861
73 José Lemery e Ibarrola Ney y González February 2, 1861 July 7, 1862
74 Salvador Valdés July 7, 1862 July 9, 1862
75 Rafaél de Echagüe y Bermingham July 9, 1862 March 24, 1865
76 Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez March 24, 1865 April 25, 1865
77 Juan de Lara e Irigoyen April 25, 1865 July 13, 1866
78 José Laureano de Sanz y Posse July 13, 1866 September 21, 1866
79 Juan Antonio Osorio September 21, 1866 September 27, 1866
(76) Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez September 27, 1866 October 26, 1866
80 José de la Gándara y Navarro October 26, 1866 June 7, 1869
No Monarch
81 Manuel Maldonado June 7, 1869 June 23, 1869
82 Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada June 23, 1869 April 4, 1871

Amadeo I
(December 16, 1870 – February 11, 1873)
83 Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutíerrez April 4, 1871 January 8, 1873
84 Manuel MacCrohon January 8, 1873 January 24, 1873
85 Juan Alaminos y Vivar January 24, 1873 March 17, 1874
No Monarch
- Manuel Blanco Valderrama
(acting)
March 17, 1874 June 18, 1874
86 José Malcampo y Monje June 18, 1874 February 28, 1877

Alfonso XII
(December 29, 1874 – November 25, 1885)
87 Domingo Moriones y Murillo February 28, 1877 March 20, 1880
88 Rafael Rodríguez Arias March 20, 1880 April 15, 1880
89 Fernando Primo de Rivera, 1st Marquis of Estella April 15, 1880 March 10, 1883
- Emilio Molíns 1st term,
(acting)
March 10, 1883 April 7, 1883
90 Joaquín Jovellar April 7, 1883 April 1, 1885
- Emilio Molíns 2nd term,
(acting)
April 1, 1885 April 4, 1885
91 Emilio Terrero y Perinat April 4, 1885 April 25, 1888

Alfonso XIII (May 17, 1886)
- Antonio Moltó
(acting)
April 25, 1888 June 4, 1888
- Federico Lobatón
(acting)
June 4, 1888 June 5, 1888
92 Valeriano Wéyler June 5, 1888 November 17, 1891
93 Eulogio Despujol November 17, 1891 March 1, 1893
- Federico Ochando
(acting)
March 1, 1893 May 4, 1893
94 Ramón Blanco, 1st Marquis of Peña Plata May 4, 1893 December 13, 1896
- Camilo de Polavieja, 1st Marquis of Polavieja
(acting)
December 13, 1896 April 15, 1897
- José de Lachambre
(acting)
April 15, 1897 April 23, 1897
95 Fernando Primo de Rivera, 1st Marquis of Estella April 23, 1897 April 11, 1898
96 Basilio Augustín[12] April 11, 1898 July 24, 1898
- Fermín Jáudenes[12]
(acting)
July 24, 1898 August 13, 1898
- Francisco Rizzo[12]
(acting)
August 13, 1898 September 1898
- Diego de los Rios[12]
(acting)
September 1898 June 3, 1899

Revolutionary Republics and States

The Ruling Leaders during Philippine Revolution

Tagalog Republic
President Image From Until
Andres Bonifacio18961897
Biak-na-Bato – 1897
President Image From Until
Emilio Aguinaldo1897December 15, 1897
First Philippine Republic – Continuation 1901–1902
President Image From Until
Emilio Aguinaldo18971901
Miguel Malvar19011902
Tagalog Republic – Continuation 1902–1906
President Image From Until
Macario Sakay19021906
Republic of Zamboanga – 1899–1903
President Image From Until
Vicente Alvarez18991899
Isidro Midel18991901
Mariano Arquiza19011903
Negros Republic – 1898–1901
President Image From Until
Aniceto Lacson18981899
Melecio Severino18991901

United States Military Government (1898–1901)

The American military government was established following the defeat of Spain in the Spanish–American War. During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor.

# Picture Name From Until President
1 Wesley Merritt August 14, 1898[13] August 30, 1898[14]
William McKinley
2 Elwell S. Otis August 28, 1898 May 5, 1900
3 Arthur MacArthur, Jr. May 5, 1900 July 4, 1901
4 Adna Chaffee[15] July 4, 1901 July 4, 1902

Insular Government (1901–1935)

On July 4, 1901, executive authority over the islands was transferred to the president of the Second Philippine Commission who had the title of Civil Governor, a position appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate. For the first year, a Military Governor, Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the country still resisting the American rule, concurrent with civil governor, William Howard Taft.[16] Disagreements between the two were not uncommon.[17] The following year, on July 4, 1902, Taft became the sole executive authority.[15] Chaffee remained as commander of Philippine Division until September 30, 1902.[18]

The title was changed to Governor General in 1905 by an act of Congress (Public 43 – February 6, 1905).[15] The term "insular" (from insulam, the Latin word for island)[19] refers to U.S. island territories that are not incorporated into either a state or a federal district. All insular areas was under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs, a division of the US War Department.[20][21]

# Picture Name From Until President
1 William Howard Taft July 4, 1901 February 1, 1904
William McKinley
To September 1901

Theodore Roosevelt
From September 1901
2 Luke Edward Wright February 1, 1904 November 3, 1905

Theodore Roosevelt
3 Henry Clay Ide November 3, 1905 September 19, 1906
4 James Francis Smith September 20, 1906 November 11, 1909
5 William Cameron Forbes November 11, 1909 September 1, 1913
William Howard Taft
Newton W. Gilbert
(Acting Governor-General)
September 1, 1913 October 6, 1913
Woodrow Wilson
6 Francis Burton Harrison October 6, 1913 March 5, 1921
Charles Yeater
(Acting Governor-General)
March 5, 1921 October 14, 1921
Warren G. Harding
To September 1923

Calvin Coolidge
7 Leonard Wood October 14, 1921 August 7, 1927
Eugene Allen Gilmore
(Acting Governor-General)
August 7, 1927 December 27, 1927

Calvin Coolidge
8 Henry L. Stimson December 27, 1927 February 23, 1929
Eugene Allen Gilmore
(Acting Governor-General)
February 23, 1929 July 8, 1929
Herbert Hoover
9 Dwight F. Davis July 8, 1929 January 9, 1932
George C. Butte
(Acting Governor-General)
January 9, 1932 February 29, 1932
10 Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. February 29, 1932 July 15, 1933
11 Frank Murphy July 15, 1933 November 14, 1935
Became High Commissioner to the Philippines

Franklin D. Roosevelt

On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence. The office of President of the Philippine Commonwealth replaced the Governor-General as the country's chief executive. The Governor-General became the High Commissioner of the Philippines with Frank Murphy, the last governor-general, as the first high commissioner. The High Commissioner exercised no executive power but rather represented the colonial power, the United States Government, in the Philippines. The high commissioner moved from Malacañang Palace to the newly built High Commissioner's Residence, now the Embassy of the United States in Manila.

After the Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, the last High Commissioner, Paul McNutt, became the first United States Ambassador to the Philippines.

Philippine Commonwealth (1935–1946)

The Commonwealth was inaugurated on November 15, 1935 at Manila, and ended upon independence on July 4, 1946.

Presidents of the Philippine Commonwealth[22]
No.
overall
[note 2]
No.
in era
Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)
Prior office Took office Left office Party Term
[note 3]
Vice President Refs.
2 1 Manuel L. Quezon
1878–1944
(Lived: 65 years)
Senator from the Fifth Senatorial District
and 1st President of the Senate
(1916–1935)
15 Nov 1935
[note 4]
1 Aug 1944
[note 5]
[note 6]
Nacionalista (1935)
2
(1935)
Sergio Osmeña [27]
[28]
[29]
[26]
(1941)
3
(1941)
(1944)
4
[note 7]
2 Sergio Osmeña
1878–1961
(Lived: 83 years)
1st
Vice President of the Philippines

(1935–1944)
1 Aug 1944 28 May 1946
[note 8]
[note 9]
Nacionalista Vacant
[note 10]
[32]
[33]
[26]
5 3 Manuel Roxas
1892–1948
(Lived: 56 years)
Senator from Capiz
and 2nd President of the Senate
(1945–1946)
28 May 1946 15 Apr 1948 Liberal
[note 11]
(1946)
5
(1946)
[note 7]
Elpidio Quirino [36]
[37]
[34]

Japanese Military Governors (1942–1945)

In December 1941, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was invaded by Japan as part of World War II. The next year, the Empire of Japan sent a military governor to control the country during wartime, followed by the formal establishment of the puppet second republic.[38]

# Picture Name From Until Monarch
1 Masaharu Homma January 3, 1942 June 8, 1942
Emperor Hirohito
2 Shizuichi Tanaka June 8, 1942 May 28, 1943
3 Shigenori Kuroda May 28, 1943 September 26, 1944
4 Tomoyuki Yamashita September 26, 1944 September 2, 1945

Second Philippine Republic (1943–1945)

The Second Republic was inaugurated on October 14, 1943 in Manila, and ended when President Jose P. Laurel dissolved the republic on August 17, 1945, in Tokyo.

President of the Second Philippine Republic[22]
No.
overall
[note 2][subnote 4] With Aguinaldo as the first president and Laurel as the third, Quezon and Osmeña are thus listed as the second and the fourth, respectively.[25][22]</ref>
No.
in era
Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)
Prior office Took office Left office Party Term
[note 3]
Vice President Refs.
3 1 José P. Laurel
1891–1959
(Lived: 68 years)
10th & 17th
Minister of the Interior

(1922–1923 &
1942–1943)
14 Oct 1943
[note 12]
17 Aug 1945
[note 13]</ref>
[note 14]
KALIBAPI
[note 15]
(1943)
4
(1943)
None
[note 16]
[47]
[51]

Third Philippine Republic (1946–1972)

The Third Republic started when independence was granted by the Americans on July 4, 1946, and ended upon the imposition of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos on September 21, 1972.

Presidents of the Third Philippine Republic[22][note 17]
No.
overall
[note 2]
No.
in era
Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)
Prior office Took office Left office Party Term
[note 3] Upon the death of the fifth president, Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino became the sixth president even though he simply served out the remainder of Roxas' term and was not elected to the presidency in his own right.</ref>
Vice President Refs.
5 1 Manuel Roxas
1892–1948
(Lived: 56 years)
Senator from Capiz
and 2nd President of the Senate
(1945–1946)
28 May 1946 15 Apr 1948
[note 18]
Liberal
[note 11]
(1946)
5
(1946)
(1948)
Elpidio Quirino [36]
[37]
[34]
Vacant
April 15–17, 1948
[54]
6 2 Elpidio Quirino
1890–1956
(Lived: 65 years)
2nd
Vice President of the Philippines

(1946–1948)
17 Apr 1948 30 Dec 1953
[note 8]
Liberal
[note 19]
Vacant
[note 10]
17 Apr 194830 Dec 1949
[56]
[57]
[34]
[55]
(1949)
6
(1949)
Fernando Lopez
30 Dec 194930 Dec 1953
7 3 Ramon Magsaysay
1907–1957
(Lived: 49 years)
7th
Secretary of National Defense

(1950–1953)
30 Dec 1953 17 Mar 1957
[note 20]
Nacionalista (1953)
7
(1953)
(1957)
Carlos P. Garcia [60]
[61]
[62]
8 4 Carlos P. Garcia
1896–1971
(Lived: 74 years)
4th
Vice President of the Philippines

(1953–1957)
18 Mar 1957 30 Dec 1961
[note 8]
Nacionalista Vacant
[note 10]
Mar 18–
30 Dec 1957
[63]
[64]
[62]
[65]
(1957)
8
(1957)
Diosdado Macapagal
30 Dec 195730 Dec 1961
9 5 Diosdado Macapagal
1910–1997
(Lived: 86 years)
5th
Vice President of the Philippines

(1957–1961)
30 Dec 1961 30 Dec 1965
[note 8]
Liberal (1961)
9
(1961)
Emmanuel Pelaez [66]
[67]
[68]
10 6 Ferdinand Marcos
1917–1989
(Lived: 72 years)
Senator from Ilocos Norte
(1959–1965)
and 11th President of the Senate
(1963–1965)
30 Dec 1965 25 Feb 1986
[note 8]
[note 21]</ref>
Nacionalista (1965)
10
(1965)
Fernando Lopez
30 Dec 196523 Sep 1972
[note 22]
[72]
[73]
[74]
[75]
[76]
(1969)
11
[note 23]
[note 24]</ref>
(1969)
None
[note 25]
23 Sep 197225 Feb 1986
KBL (1981)
12
[note 26]
(1981)

Martial law and the Fourth Philippine Republic (1972–1987)

President Ferdinand Marcos ruled by decree when he declared martial law on September 21, 1972. He inaugurated the "New Society" after a new constitution was ratified on January 17, 1973. He declared the Fourth Republic on January 17, 1981, after martial law was lifted.

Presidents of the Fourth Philippine Republic[22][note 27]
No.
overall
[note 2]
No.
in era
Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)
Prior office Took office Left office Party Term
[note 3]
Vice President Refs.
10 1 Ferdinand Marcos
1917–1989
(Lived: 72 years)
Senator from Ilocos Norte
(1959–1965)
and 11th President of the Senate
(1963–1965)
30 Dec 1965 25 Feb 1986
[note 8]
[note 21]
Nacionalista (1965)
10
(1965)
Fernando Lopez
30 Dec 196523 Sep 1972
[note 22]
[72]
[73]
[74]
[75]
[76]
(1969)
11
[note 23]
[note 24]
(1969)
None
[note 25]
23 Sep 197225 Feb 1986
KBL (1981)
12
[note 26]
(1981)
11 2 Corazon Aquino
1933–2009
(Lived: 76 years)
none
(No prior elected office)
25 Feb 1986
[note 28]
30 Jun 1992 UNIDO (1986)
13
(1986)
Salvador Laurel [79]
[80]
[69]

Fifth Philippine Republic (1987–Present)

President Corazon Aquino inaugurated the Fifth Republic after the present constitution was ratified. The plebiscite took place on February 2, 1987.

Presidents of the Fifth Philippine Republic[22][note 29]
No.
overall
[note 2]
No.
in era
Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)
Prior office Took office Left office Party Term
[note 3]
Vice President Refs.
11 1 Corazon Aquino
1933–2009
(Lived: 76 years)
none
(No prior elected office)
25 Feb 1986
[note 28]
30 Jun 1992 UNIDO (1986)
13
(1986)
Salvador Laurel [79]
[80]
[69]
12 2 Fidel Ramos
Born 1928
(92 years old)
18th
Secretary of National Defense

(1988–1991)
30 Jun 1992 30 Jun 1998 Lakas–NUCD (1992)
14
(1992)
Joseph Estrada [82]
[83]
[84]
13 3 Joseph Estrada
Born 1937
(83 years old)
9th
Vice President of the Philippines

(1992–1998)
30 Jun 1998 20 Jan 2001
[note 30]
[note 14]</ref>
LAMMP (1998)
15
(1998)
(2001)
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo [86]
[87]
[88]
14 4 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Born 1947
(73 years old)
10th
Vice President of the Philippines

(1998–2001)
20 Jan 2001 30 Jun 2010 Lakas–NUCD–UMDP
Lakas–CMD
Vacant
[note 10]
Jan 20
7 Feb 2001
[89]
[90]
[88]
[91]
Teofisto Guingona Jr.
7 Feb 200130 Jun 2004
Lakas–CMD
Lakas Kampi CMD
(2004)
16
(2004)
Noli de Castro
[note 31]
30 Jun 200430 Jun 2010
15 5 Benigno Aquino III
Born 1960
(60 years old)
Senator from Tarlac
(2007–2010)
30 Jun 2010 30 Jun 2016 Liberal (2010)
17
(2010)
Jejomar Binay [92]
[93]
[94]
16 6 Rodrigo Duterte
Born 1945
(75 years old)
Mayor of Davao City
(1988–1998;
2001–2010; &
2013–2016)
30 Jun 2016 Incumbent
(Term ends on June 30, 2022)
PDP–Laban (2016)
18
(2016)
Leni Robredo [95]

See also

Notes

  1. The term "Sultana" is used by Odal-Devora in her essay The River Dwellers (2000, page 47), saying "This Prince Bagtas, a grandson of Sultana Kalangitan, the Lady of Pasig, was also said to have ruled the Kingdom of Namayan or Sapa, in the present Sta Ana-Mandaluyong-San Juan- Makati Area. This would explain the Pasig-Sta Ana-Tondo-Bulacan-Pampanga-Batangas interconnections of the Tagalog ruling elites."
  2. In chronological order, the presidents started with Manuel L. Quezon,[39] who was then succeeded by Sergio Osmeña as the second president,[40] until the recognition of Emilio Aguinaldo[41] and José P. Laurel's[42] presidencies in the 1960s.[subnote 3][41]
  3. For the purposes of numbering, a presidency is defined as an uninterrupted period of time in office served by one person. For example, Manuel L. Quezon was elected in two consecutive terms and is counted as the second president (not the second and third).[subnote 1]
  4. Term began with the formal establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth.[23][subnote 1]
  5. Died, in office, of tuberculosis in Saranac Lake, New York.[24]
  6. Term was originally until 15 Nov 1943, due to constitutional limitations as provided by the 1940 amendment of the 1935 Constitution, which shortened the terms of the president and the vice president from six to four years but allowed re-election.[subnote 2] Quezon was not intended to serve the full four years of the second term he won in the 1941 election because a ten-year presidency would have been considered excessive. In 1943, however, due to World War II, he and Vice President Osmeña, who was also re-elected, had to take an emergency oath of office, extending their tenure.[25][26]
  7. See § 1943–45: Second Republic.
  8. Unseated (lost re-election).[subnote 2]
  9. Sought an election for a full term, but was unsuccessful.
  10. Prior to the ratification of the 1987 Constitution, there was no mechanism by which a vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled.[30][31] Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was the first president to fill such a vacancy under the provisions of the Constitution when she appointed Teofisto Guingona Jr.
  11. The Liberal Party was not yet a party in itself at the time, but only a wing of the Nacionalista Party.[34] It split and became a separate party by 1947.[35]
  12. Term began with the establishment of Japan's puppet Second Republic after it occupied the Philippines during World War II.[43][44] The Commonwealth continued its existence as a government in exile in Australia and the United States.[23][45] The Philippines had two concurrent presidents by this time:[25] a de jure (the Commonwealth president) and a de facto (Laurel).[46] Because of his status, he was not considered a legitimate president by the government succeeding the second republic until the 1960s.[42]
  13. Term ended when he dissolved the Second Republic in the wake of Japan's surrender to the Allies two days prior.[42][44][subnote 4] The Commonwealth was re-established in the Philippines,[43] with Sergio Osmeña as the fourth president.[25][subnote 5]
  14. Later sought election or re-election to a non-consecutive term.[subnote 2]
  15. Previously affiliated with the Nacionalista Party,[47] but was elected by the National Assembly under the Japanese-organized KALIBAPI, a "non-political service organization" as it described itself.[48] All pre-war parties were replaced by the KALIBAPI.[43][42]
  16. The 1943 Constitution did not provide for a vice president.[49][50]
  17. The Third Republic began when the Philippine Commonwealth ended on July 4, 1946.[25][52]
  18. Died, in office, of a heart attack in Clark Air Base, Pampanga.[53]
  19. The Liberal Party was split into two opposing wings for the 1949 election: the Avelino wing, led by presidential aspirant José Avelino, and the Quirino wing.[55]
  20. Died, in office, in a plane crash in Mount Manunggal, Cebu.[58][59]
  21. Deposed in the People Power Revolution.[subnote 6][69] The events led to the People Power Revolution on February 22–25, which forced Marcos to leave to exile in Hawaii and installed Aquino to the office.[70][71][69]
  22. Term ended upon Marcos' declaration of martial law.[49][subnote 7][subnote 8]
  23. Imposed martial law, as a self-coup, on September 23, 1972, through Proclamation No. 1081, shortly before the end of his second and final term in 1973.[subnote 7] General Order No. 1, which detailed the transfer of all powers to the president, was also issued, enabling Marcos to rule by decree.[77]
  24. Served concurrently as prime minister from June 12, 1978 to June 30, 1981.[72][subnote 8] the vice presidency was abolished and the presidential succession provision was devolved to the prime minister.[49]
  25. The 1973 Constitution was amended through a plebiscite held on January 27, 1984 to re-establish the vice presidency.[49][78][subnote 8]
  26. The 1973 Constitution, as amended in 1981, did not place restrictions on re-election.[subnote 2]
  27. Martial law was lifted by Ferdinand Marcos on January 17, 1981, through Proclamation No. 2045,[77] marking the beginning of the Fourth Republic.[52]
  28. Assumed presidency by claiming victory in the disputed 1986 snap election.[subnote 6]
  29. Corazon Aquino promulgated a provisional constitution called the 1986 Freedom Constitution on March 25, 1986.[81] It remained in effect until it was supplanted by the current constitution on February 2, 19 87,[81] which ushered the Fifth Republic.[25]
  30. The Supreme Court declared Estrada had resigned and thus vacate the office of the president following the Second EDSA Revolution.[85]
  31. Allied with the Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan (Coalition of Truth and Experience for Tomorrow).[91]

Subnotes

  1. Emilio Aguinaldo would be counted as the second president if he had won the 1935 election because the presidency was abolished and remained defunct until November 15, 1935. During that period, the executive power was exercised by the Governor-General of the US military government and the Insular Government, the precursor of the Philippine Commonwealth.<ref name='Agoncillo281'>Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970, p. 281
  2. Before the ratification of the 1981 amendment of the 1973 Constitution, which removed the limit on re-election to the office for another six-year term, presidents were elected to a four-year term with the possibility of re-election, as the amended 1935 Constitution specified: "No person shall serve as [p]resident for more than eight consecutive years." When the 1987 Constitution was imposed and, in effect, superseded the previous constitutions, the president is no longer eligible for any re-election. It does, however, allow a person who had assumed the presidency to seek for a full six-year term if he or she has not yet "served as such for more than four years".<ref name='1987con'>"The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  3. The Malolos Republic, an independent revolutionary state that is actually the first constitutional republic in Asia, remained unrecognized by any country until the Philippines acknowledged the government as its predecessor, which it also calls the First Philippine Republic. Aguinaldo was consequently counted as the country's first president.<ref name='FOOTNOTETucker20098'>Tucker 2009, p. 8.
  4. The Second Republic was later declared by the Supreme Court of the Philippines as a de facto, illegitimate government on September 17, 1945. Its laws were considered null and void; despite this, Laurel was included in the official roster of Philippine presidents in the 1960s.
  5. The Commonwealth had already been temporarily restored in Tacloban on October 23, 1944, during the Battle of Leyte, before it was proclaimed "reestablished as provided by law" on February 27, 1945.<ref>MacArthur, Douglas (February 27, 1945). "Speech of General Douglas MacArthur upon turning over to President Sergio Osmena the full powers and responsibilities of the Commonwealth Government under the Constitution". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
  6. Ferdinand Marcos and Corazon Aquino both took their oath of office on February 25, 1986. In effect, the Philippines again had two simultaneous presidents, albeit for nine hours only. Marcos was proclaimed on February 15 the winner of the widely denounced February 7 snap election, which he called after opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr., his chief rival and Corazon's husband, was assassinated in 1983. However, in a separate NAMFREL tally dated February 16, Aquino was found the actual duly-elected president.<ref>"1986 Tally Board". National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections. February 16, 1986. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  7. Accounts differ on when martial law was officially established. While sources such as Raymond Bonner have written that Proclamation No. 1081 was signed on September 23, 1972, Primitivo Mijares, a former journalist for Marcos, and the Bangkok Post stated that it was on September 17, only postdated to September 21 because of Marcos' numerological beliefs that were related to the number seven. Marcos claimed to have signed it on September 21, and as of 9 p.m. Philippine Standard Time (UTC+08:00) on September 22, the country was under martial law. He formally announced it in a live television and radio broadcast on September 23. The official date when martial law was set was on September 21 (because it was a date that was divisible by seven), but September 23 is generally considered the correct date because it was when the nation was informed and thus the proclamation was put into full effect.
  8. On January 17, 1973, while martial law was still in effect, the 1973 Constitution was ratified, which suspended the 1935 Constitution and ended the Third Republic. What Marcos called a New Society (Bagong Lipunan) began, introducing a parliamentary form of government;<ref>Sicat, Gerardo P. (September 23, 2015). "Marcos and his failure to provide for an orderly political succession". The Philippine Star. Retrieved July 9, 2016. The transitional nature of the political system according to the 1973 Constitution was left undefined in view of the martial law government. This constitution adopted a British-style parliamentary system.

References

  1. Huerta, Felix, de (1865). Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia.
  2. Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
  3. Odal-Devora, Grace P. (2000). "The River Dwellers". In Alejandro, Reynaldo Gamboa (ed.). Pasig: River of Life. Water Series Trilogy. Unilever Philippines. ISBN 978-9719227205.
  4. Joaquin, Nick (1990). Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young. City of Manila: Anvil Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-971-569-313-4.
  5. http://www.luzpalma.com/Information%20gather%20from%20the%20island%20of%20Siquijor.html
  6. Henson, Mariano A (1955). The Province of Pampanga and its towns (A.D. 1300–1955) with the genealogy of the rulers of central Luzon. Manila: Villanueva Books.
  7. Majul, César Adib (1973). Muslims in the Philippines. Diliman: University of the Philippines Asian Center.
  8. Scott, William Henry (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 978-9711002268.
  9. Dery, Luis Camara (2001). A History of the Inarticulate. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 978-971-10-1069-0.
  10. Junker, Laura Lee (1998). "Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms". International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 2 (4): 291–320. doi:10.1023/A:1022611908759.
  11. Joaquin, Nick (1990). Manila,My Manila. Vera-Reyes, Inc.
  12. Don Peterson (2007-2nd Qtr), 1898: Five Philippine Governors-General Serve Rapid Fire Terms, Philippine Philatelic Journal, pp. 4–11.
  13. Halstead, Murat (1898). The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico. p. 116.
  14. Tucker 2009, p. 457.
  15. Elliott (1917), p. 509
  16. Elliott (1917), p. 4
  17. Tanner (1901), p. 383
  18. Philippine Academy of Social Sciences (1967). Philippine social sciences and humanities review. pp. 40.
  19. "Island – from English to Latin". Google Translate. Retrieved on August 7, 2013.
  20. "Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations" Archived September 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Department of the Interior.
  21. "Insular". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved on August 7, 2013.
  22. "Philippine Presidents". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  23. "The Commonwealth of the Philippines". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  24. Tejero, Constantino C. (November 8, 2015). "The real Manuel Luis Quezon, beyond the posture and bravura". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  25. "The Executive Branch". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  26. PCDSPO 2015, pp. 62–64
  27. "Manuel L. Quezon". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  28. PCDSPO 2015, p. 204
  29. PCDSPO 2015, pp. 54–56
  30. "The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  31. The 1935 Constitution:
  32. "Sergio Osmeña". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  33. PCDSPO 2015, p. 206
  34. PCDSPO 2015, pp. 74–76
  35. PCDSPO 2015, p. 78
  36. "Manuel Roxas". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  37. PCDSPO 2015, p. 207
  38. Cahoon (2000)
  39. Quezon, Manuel Luis M. (December 30, 1941). "Second Inaugural Address of President Quezon". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  40. "Sergio Osmena, Second President of the Philippines". Toledo Blade. Manila: Block Communications. October 19, 1961. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  41. Pascual, Federico D., Jr. (September 26, 2010). "Macapagal legacy casts shadow on today's issues". The Philippine Star. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  42. "Second Philippine Republic". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. October 14, 2015. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
  43. Jose, Ricardo T. (1997). Afterword. His Excellency Jose P. Laurel, President of the Second Philippine Republic: Speeches, Messages and Statements, October 14, 1943 to December 19, 1944. By Laurel, José P. Manila: Lyceum of the Philippines in cooperation with the José P. Laurel Memorial Foundation. ISBN 971-91847-2-8. Retrieved June 18, 2016 via Presidential Museum and Library.
  44. PCDSPO 2015, p. 72
  45. Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970, p. 415
  46. "Today is the birth anniversary of President Jose P. Laurel". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  47. "Jose P. Laurel". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  48. PCDSPO 2015, pp. 66–67
  49. "Office of the Vice President". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
  50. "The 1943 Constitution". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
  51. PCDSPO 2015, p. 205
  52. "Third Republic". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  53. "Heart Attack Fatal to Philippine Pres. Roxas". Schenectady Gazette. Manila. April 16, 1948. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  54. "The ritual climbing of the main stairs of..." Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. November 16, 2012. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved July 21, 2016 via Tumblr. On the morning of April 17, 1948, Vice President Elpidio Quirino–fresh off a coast guard cutter from the Visayas–ascended the staircase to pay his respects to the departed President Manuel Roxas, and to take his oath of office as [p]resident of the Philippines. The country had been without a [p]resident for two days.
  55. PCDSPO 2015, pp. 80–82
  56. "Elpidio Quirino". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  57. PCDSPO 2015, p. 208
  58. "Death Anniversary of President Ramon Magsaysay". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. March 17, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  59. "Magsaysay Dead in Plane Crash". St. Petersburg Times. Manila: Times Publishing Company. March 18, 1957. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  60. "Ramon Magsaysay". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  61. PCDSPO 2015, p. 209
  62. PCDSPO 2015, pp. 85–88
  63. "Carlos P. Garcia". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  64. PCDSPO 2015, p. 210
  65. PCDSPO 2015, pp. 91–93
  66. "Diosdado Macapagal". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  67. PCDSPO 2015, p. 211
  68. PCDSPO 2015, pp. 96–98
  69. PCDSPO 2015, pp. 132–134
  70. "Ferdinand E. Marcos". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  71. PCDSPO 2015, p. 212
  72. PCDSPO 2015, pp. 101–104
  73. PCDSPO 2015, pp. 108–110
  74. PCDSPO 2015, pp. 125–126
  75. "Declaration of Martial Law". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  76. PCDSPO 2015, p. 130
  77. "Corazon C. Aquino". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  78. PCDSPO 2015, p. 213
  79. "Philippine Constitutions". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
  80. "Fidel V. Ramos". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  81. PCDSPO 2015, p. 214
  82. PCDSPO 2015, pp. 142–143
  83. Calica, Aurea (January 21, 2001). "SC: People's welfare is the supreme law". The Philippine Star. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  84. "Joseph Ejercito Estrada". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  85. PCDSPO 2015, p. 215
  86. PCDSPO 2015, pp. 147–149
  87. "Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  88. PCDSPO 2015, p. 216
  89. PCDSPO 2015, pp. 153–155
  90. "Benigno S. Aquino III". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  91. PCDSPO 2015, p. 217
  92. PCDSPO 2015, pp. 159–161
  93. "Presidency and Vice Presidency by the Numbers: Rodrigo Roa Duterte and Leni Robredo". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved July 13, 2016.

Works cited

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.