Nasal palatal approximant

The nasal palatal approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some oral languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨j̃⟩, that is, a j with a tilde. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j~, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is ⟨ỹ⟩.

Nasal palatal approximant
j̃

The nasal palatal approximant is sometimes called a nasal yod; [j̃] and [w̃] may be called nasal glides.

Features

Features of the nasal palatal approximant:

  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, in this case in addition to through the mouth.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

Occurrence

[j̃], written ny, is a common realization of /j/ before nasal vowels in many languages of West Africa that do not have a phonemic distinction between voiced nasal and oral stops, such as Ewe and Bini.

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Nheengatu nhe'ng [j̃ẽʕɢ] 'to speak' Influenced Brazilian Portuguese ''nh'' sound. Sometimes written with ''ñ''
Hindustani[1]संयम / sanyama[səj̃jəm]'patience'

Allophone of /ɲ/ before [j]. See Hindustani phonology

Kaingang[2][j̃ũ]'brave'Possible word-initial realization of /j/ before a nasal vowel.[3]
Lombardbisògn de[biˈzɔj̃ d̪e]'need for (sth)'

Allophone of /ɲ/ before a consonant. See Lombard phonology

Polish[4]państwo[ˈpãj̃stfɔ]'state, country'

Allophone of /ɲ/ in coda position or before fricatives. See Polish phonology

PortugueseBrazilian[5]sonho[ˈsõj̃ʊ]'dream'Allophone of /ɲ/ between vowels, nasalizes the preceding vowel. Language's original /ɲ/ sound.[6][7] See Portuguese phonology
Most dialects[8]cães[kɐ̃j̃s]'dogs'Allophone of /j/ after nasal vowels.
Some dialects[6]me ame![ˈmj̃ɐ̃mi]'love me!'Non-syllabic allophone of /i/ between nasal sounds.
Shipibo[9]Allophone of /j/ after nasal vowels.[9]

See also

Notes
  1. Canepari (2005:335)
  2. Jolkesky (2009:676, 681)
  3. Jolkesky (2009:681)
  4. Gussman (2007)
  5. Perini (2002:?)
  6. Portuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels
  7. Mattos e Silva (1991:73)
  8. Vigário (2003:77)
  9. Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:283)

References
  • Canepari, Luciano (2005), "Hindi", A Handbook of Pronunciation, Lincom Europa, p. 335
  • Gussman, Edmund (2007), The Phonology of Polish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-926747-7
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP, 3: 675–685
  • Mattos e Silva, Rosa (1991), O Português arcaico – fonologia, Contexto
  • Perini, Mário Alberto (2002), Modern Portuguese (A Reference Grammar), New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-09155-7
  • Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
  • Vigário, Marina (2003), The Prosodic Word in European Portuguese, De Gruyter Mouton, ISBN 978-3-11-017713-8

Further reading
  • Shosted; Hualde (2010), (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory volume 315) Romance Linguistics 2009: Selected Papers from the 39th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), Tucson, Arizona, March 2009, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 43–61, ISBN 978-90-272-4833-6
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