Mid back unrounded vowel

The mid back unrounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Although there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back unrounded vowel between close-mid [ɤ] and open-mid [ʌ] because no language is known to distinguish all three, ɤ is normally used. If more precision is desired, diacritics can be used, such as ɤ̞ or ʌ̝.

Mid back unrounded vowel
ɤ̞
ʌ̝
IPA Number315 430
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɤ̞
Unicode (hex)U+0264U+031E

Features

  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Bulgarian[1]път[pɤ̞t̪]'path'Typically transcribed in IPA with ɤ. See Bulgarian phonology
ChineseShanghainese[2][kɤ̞¹]'ditch'Tends to be diphthongized to [ɤ̞ɯ̞] by younger speakers.[2]
DanishStandard[3]læger[ˈleːɤ̞]'doctors'One of possible realizations of the sequences /ər, rə, rər/.[3] Typically transcribed in IPA with ɐ. See Danish phonology
EnglishCardiff[4]plus[pl̥ʌ̝s]'plus'May be [ə], [ɜ], [ɜ̟] or [ë̞] instead.[4] It corresponds to [ʌ] in other dialects. Typically transcribed in IPA with ʌ.
Norfolk[5]Corresponds to [ʌ] in other dialects. Typically transcribed in IPA with ʌ. See English phonology
Philadelphia[6][pɫ̥ʌ̝s]May be either open-mid [ʌ] or a lowered and unrounded /uː/ ([ɯ̽]) instead.[6] It corresponds to [ʌ] in other dialects. Typically transcribed in IPA with ʌ. See English phonology
Gayo[7]kule[kuˈlɤ̞ː]'tiger'One of the possible allophones of /ə/.[7]
GermanChemnitz dialect[8]Schirm[ʃʌ̝ˤːm]'umbrella'Pharyngealized; may be an opening diphthong [ɪːɒ̯] instead.[8]
Ibibio[9][dʌ̝k˦]'enter'Typically transcribed in IPA with ʌ.[9]
VietnameseHanoi[10]t[t̻ɤ̞˧˨]'sheet'Realization of /ɤ/ (also transcribed in IPA with ə) according to Kirby (2011). See Vietnamese phonology

See also

Notes

References

  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
  • Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
  • Eades, Domenyk; Hajek, John (2006), "Gayo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 107–115, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002416
  • Gordon, Matthew J. (2004), "New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 282–299, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
  • Kirby, James P. (2011), "Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41 (3): 381–392, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000181
  • Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
  • Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana (1999), "Bulgarian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–57, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550
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