Phonetic symbols in Unicode

Unicode supports several phonetic scripts and notations through the existing writing systems and the addition of extra blocks with phonetic characters. These phonetic extras are derived of an existing script, usually Latin, Greek or Cyrillic. In Unicode there is no "IPA script". Apart from IPA, extensions to the IPA and obsolete and nonstandard IPA symbols, these blocks also contain characters from the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet and the Americanist Phonetic Alphabet.

Phonetic scripts

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) makes use of letters from other writing systems as most phonetic scripts do. IPA notably uses Latin, Greek and Cyrillic characters. Combining diacritics also adds meaning to the phonetic text. Finally, these phonetic alphabets make use of modifier letters, that are specially constructed for the phonetic meaning. A "modifier letter" is strictly intended not as an independent grapheme but as a modification of the preceding character[1] resulting in a distinct grapheme, notably in the context of the International Phonetic Alphabet. For example, ʰ should not occur on its own but modifies the preceding or following symbol. Thus, tʰ is a single IPA symbol, distinct from t. In practice, however, several of these "modifier letters" are also used as full graphemes, e.g. ʿ as transliterating Semitic ayin or Hawaiian okina, or ˚ transliterating Abkhaz ә.

From IPA to Unicode

Consonants

The following tables indicates the Unicode code point sequences for phonemes as used in the International Phonetic Alphabet. A bold code point indicates that the Unicode chart provides an application note such as "voiced retroflex lateral" for U+026D ɭ LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH RETROFLEX HOOK (HTML ɭ). An entry in bold italics indicates the character name itself refers to a phoneme such as U+0298 ʘ LATIN LETTER BILABIAL CLICK (HTML ʘ)

	Bilabial		Labiodental		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Labialized palatal		Postalveolar-velar
Plosive	p 0070	b 0062	p̪ 0070 032A	b̪ 0062 032A	t̪ 0074 032A	d̪ 0064 032A	t 0074	d 0064			ʈ 0288	ɖ 0256
Implosive	ɓ̥ 0253 0325	ɓ 0253				ɗ̪ 0257 032A		ɗ 0257				*
Ejective	pʼ 0070 02BC				t̪ʼ 0074 032A 02BC		tʼ 0074 02BC				ʈʼ 0288 02BC
Nasal	m̥ 006D 0325	m 006D	ɱ̊ 0271 030A	ɱ 0271	n̪̊ 006E 032A 030A	n̪ 006E 032A	n̥ 006E 0325	n 006E			ɳ̊ 0273 030A	ɳ 0273
Trill		ʙ 0299					r̥ 0072 0325	r 0072				*
Tap or Flap		ⱱ̟ 2C71 031F		ⱱ 2C71				ɾ 027E				ɽ 027D
Lateral flap								ɺ 027A				*
Fricative	ɸ 0278	β 03B2	f 0066	v 0076	θ 03B8	ð 00F0	s 0073	z 007A	ʃ 0283	ʒ 0292	ʂ 0282	ʐ 0290			ɧ 0267
Lateral fricative							ɬ 026C	ɮ 026E			ꞎ A78E
Ejective fricative							sʼ 0073 02BC		ʃʼ 0283 02BC
Ejective lateral fricative							ɬʼ 026C 02BC
Percussive	ʬ 02AC				ʭ 02AD
Approximant	β̞̊ 03B2 031E 030A	β̞ 03B2 031E	ʋ̥ 028B 0325	ʋ 028B		ð̞ 00F0 031E	ɹ̥ 0279 0325	ɹ 0279			ɻ̊ 027B 030A	ɻ 027B	ɥ̊ 0265 030A	ɥ 0265
Lateral approximant							l̥ 006C 0325	l 006C				ɭ 026D
Click consonant	ʘ 0298				ǀ 01C0		ǃ 01C3		ǃ / ǂ 01C3 / 01C2
Lateral click					*		ǁ 01C1

	Alveolo-palatal		Palatal		Labial-velar		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal		Epiglottal		Glottal
Plosive	ȶ 0236	ȡ 0221	c 0063	ɟ 025F	k͡p 006B 0361 0070	ɡ͡b 0261 0361 0062	k 006B	ɡ 0261	q 0071	ɢ 0262			ʡ 02A1		ʔ 0294
Implosive				ʄ 0284				ɠ 0260		ʛ 029B
Ejective			cʼ 0063 02BC				kʼ 006B 02BC		qʼ 0071 02BC
Nasal		ȵ 0235		ɲ 0272		ŋ͡m 014B 0361 006D		ŋ 014B		ɴ 0274
Trill										ʀ 0280				*
Tap or Flap														*
Lateral flap				*				*
Fricative	ɕ 0255	ʑ 0291	ç 0063 0327	ʝ 029D			x 0078	ɣ 0263	χ 03C7	ʁ 0281	ħ 0127	ʕ 0295	ʜ 029C	ʢ 02A2	h 0068	ɦ 0266
Approximant				j 006A	ʍ 028D	w 0077		ɰ 0270
Lateral approximant		ȴ 0234		ʎ 028E				ʟ 029F

Vowels

IPA: Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

IPA help
audio
full chart
template

Vowels beside dots are: unrounded • rounded

The following figures depict the phonetic vowels and their Unicode / UCS code points. Vowels appearing in pairs in the figure to the right indicate rounded and unrounded variations respectively. Again, characters with Unicode names referring to phonemes are indicated by bold text. Those with explicit application notes are indicated by bold italic text. Those from borrowed unchanged from another script (Latin, Greek or Cyrillic) are indicated by italics.

Unicode code points for phonetic vowels
This table represents the phonetic vowel trapezium Before and after a bullet are the unrounded · rounded vowels
Close	i · y 0069 0079		ɨ · ʉ 0268 0289		ɯ · u 026F 0075
Near-close		ɪ · ʏ 026A 028F	ɪ̈ · ʊ̈ 026A 0308 · 028A 0308	· ʊ 028A
Close-mid	e · ø 0065 00F8		ɘ · ɵ 0258 0275		ɤ · o 0264 006F
Mid			ə 0259
Open-mid	ɛ · œ 025B 0153		ɜ · ɞ 025C 025E		ʌ · ɔ 028C 0254
Near-open	æ · 00E6		ɐ 0250
Open	a · ɶ 0061 0276				ɑ · ɒ 0251 0252

Diacritics

Diacritic	Function	Hex		Diacritic	Function	Hex		Diacritic	Function	Hex
Diacritic	Function	Modifier	Combining	Diacritic	Function	Modifier	Combining	Diacritic	Function	Modifier	Combining
˳	Voiceless	0x02F3	0x0325	̤	Breathy Voiced		0x0324	͏̪	Dental		0x032A
ˬ	Voiced	0x02EC	0x032C	˷	Creaky Voiced	0x02F7	0x0330	˽	Apical	0x02FD	0x033A
ʰ	Aspirated	0x02B0		͏̼	Linguolabial		0x033C	͏̻	Laminal		0x033B
̹	More Rounded		0x0339	ʷ	Labialized	0x02B7		̃	Nasalized		0x0303
͏̜	Less Rounded		0x031C	ʲ	Palatalized	0x02B2		ⁿ	Nasal release	0x207F
˖	Advanced	0x02D6	0x031F	ˠ	Velarized	0x02E0		ˡ	Lateral release	0x02E1
ˍ	Retracted	0x02CD	0x0320	ˤ	Pharyngealized	0x02E4		˺	No audible release	0x02FA	0x031A
̈	Centralized		0x0308	̴	Velarized or Pharyngealized		0x0334	ː	Lengthened	0x02D0
˟	Mid-Centralized	0x02DF	0x033D	˔	Raised	0x02D4	0x031D
ˌ	Syllabic	0x02CC	0x0329	˕	Lowered	0x02D5	0x031E
͏̯	Non-syllabic		0x032F	͏̘	Advanced Tongue Root		0x0318
˞	Rhoticity	0x02DE		͏̙	Retracted Tongue Root		0x0319

Unicode blocks

Basic Latin (0020–007E), IPA example: Open front unrounded vowel (0061)
Latin-1 Supplement (00A0–00FF), IPA example: Near-open front unrounded vowel (00E6)
Latin Extended-A (0100–017F), IPA example: Voiceless pharyngeal fricative (0127)
Latin Extended-B (0180–024F), IPA example: Tenuis dental click (01C0 0287)
IPA Extensions (0250–02AF), IPA example: Near-open central vowel (0250)
Spacing Modifier Letters (02B0–02FF), IPA example: Palatal ejective (0063 02BC)
Combining Diacritical Marks (0300–036F), IPA example: Near-close central unrounded vowel (026A 0308)
Greek and Coptic (0370–03FF), IPA example: Voiced bilabial fricative (03B2)
Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement (1DC0–1DFF), IPA example: Rising-falling contour tone (1DC8)
General Punctuation (2000–206F), IPA example: Linking (absence of a break) (203F)
Superscripts and Subscripts (2070–209F), IPA example: Nasal release (207F)
Arrows (2190–21FF), IPA example: Global rise (2197)
Latin Extended-C (2C60–2C7F), IPA example: Labiodental flap (2C71)
Modifier Tone Letters (A700–A71F), IPA example: Upstep (A71B)
Phonetic Extensions (1D00–1D7F)
Phonetic Extensions Supplement (1D80–1DBF)

Unicode blocks with many phonetic symbols

Six Unicode blocks contain many phonetic symbols:

IPA Extensions (U+0250–02AF)

IPA Extensions^[1] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+025x	ɐ	ɑ	ɒ	ɓ	ɔ	ɕ	ɖ	ɗ	ɘ	ə	ɚ	ɛ	ɜ	ɝ	ɞ	ɟ
U+026x	ɠ	ɡ	ɢ	ɣ	ɤ	ɥ	ɦ	ɧ	ɨ	ɩ	ɪ	ɫ	ɬ	ɭ	ɮ	ɯ
U+027x	ɰ	ɱ	ɲ	ɳ	ɴ	ɵ	ɶ	ɷ	ɸ	ɹ	ɺ	ɻ	ɼ	ɽ	ɾ	ɿ
U+028x	ʀ	ʁ	ʂ	ʃ	ʄ	ʅ	ʆ	ʇ	ʈ	ʉ	ʊ	ʋ	ʌ	ʍ	ʎ	ʏ
U+029x	ʐ	ʑ	ʒ	ʓ	ʔ	ʕ	ʖ	ʗ	ʘ	ʙ	ʚ	ʛ	ʜ	ʝ	ʞ	ʟ
U+02Ax	ʠ	ʡ	ʢ	ʣ	ʤ	ʥ	ʦ	ʧ	ʨ	ʩ	ʪ	ʫ	ʬ	ʭ	ʮ	ʯ
Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 13.0

Spacing Modifier Letters (U+02B0–02FF)

The characters in the "Spacing Modifier Letters" block are intended as forming a unity with the preceding letter (which they "modify"). E.g. the character U+02B0 ʰ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H isn't intended simply as a superscript h (^h), but as the mark of aspiration placed after the letter being aspirated, as in pʰ "aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive". The block contains:

Latin superscript modifier letters: (U+02B0–U+02B8): ʰ aspiration; ʱ breathy voice, murmured; ʲ palatalization; ʳ, ʴ, ʵ, ʶ r-coloring or r-offglides; ʷ labialization; ʸ palatalization, Americanist usage for U+02B2
Miscellaneous phonetic modifiers: (U+02B9–U+02D7): ʹ ʺ ʻ ʼ ʽ ʾ ʿ ˀ ˁ ˂ ˃ ˄ ˅ ˆ ˇ ˈ ˉ ˊ ˋ ˌ ˍ ˎ ˏ ː ˑ ˒ ˓ ˔ ˕ ˖ ˗
Spacing clones of diacritics: (U+02D8–U+02DD): ˘ breve; ˙ dot above; ˚ ring above; ˛ ogonek; ˜ small tilde; ˝ double acute accent
Additions based on 1989 IPA: (U+02DE–U+02E4): ˞ ˟ ˠ ˡ ˢ ˣ ˤ
Tone letters: (U+02E5–U+02E9): ˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩
Extended Bopomofo tone marks: U+02EA ˪ MODIFIER LETTER YIN DEPARTING TONE MARK; U+02EB ˫ MODIFIER LETTER YANG DEPARTING TONE MARK
IPA modifiers: U+02EC ˬ MODIFIER LETTER VOICING, unaspirated
Other modifier letters: U+02EE ˮ MODIFIER LETTER DOUBLE APOSTROPHE for Nenets
Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA) modifiers: (U+02EF–U+02FF): ˯ ˰ ˱ ˲ ˳ ˴ ˵ ˶ ˷ ˸ ˹ ˺ ˻ ˼ ˽ ˾ ˿

Spacing Modifier Letters^[1] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+02Bx	ʰ	ʱ	ʲ	ʳ	ʴ	ʵ	ʶ	ʷ	ʸ	ʹ	ʺ	ʻ	ʼ	ʽ	ʾ	ʿ
U+02Cx	ˀ	ˁ	˂	˃	˄	˅	ˆ	ˇ	ˈ	ˉ	ˊ	ˋ	ˌ	ˍ	ˎ	ˏ
U+02Dx	ː	ˑ	˒	˓	˔	˕	˖	˗	˘	˙	˚	˛	˜	˝	˞	˟
U+02Ex	ˠ	ˡ	ˢ	ˣ	ˤ	˥	˦	˧	˨	˩	˪	˫	ˬ	˭	ˮ	˯
U+02Fx	˰	˱	˲	˳	˴	˵	˶	˷	˸	˹	˺	˻	˼	˽	˾	˿
Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 13.0

Phonetic Extensions (U+1D00–1D7F)

This block, together with Phonetic Extensions Supplement below, contains:

Small capitals "ɢ ɪ ɴ ɶ ʀ ʏ ʙ ʜ ʟ"
Turned small letters "ɐ ɥ ɯ ɹ ɺ ɻ ʇ ʌ ʍ ʎ ʞ ʮ ʯ"
Extra small capitals "ʁ ʛ ᴀ ᴁ ᴃ ᴄ ᴅ ᴆ ᴇ ᴊ ᴋ ᴌ ᴍ ᴎ ᴏ ᴐ ᴘ ᴙ ᴚ ᴛ ᴜ ᴠ ᴡ ᴢ ᴣ ᴦ ᴧ ᴨ ᴩ ᴪ"
Letters with palatal hooks "ƫ ᶀ ᶁ ᶂ ᶃ ᶄ ᶅ ᶆ ᶇ ᶈ ᶉ ᶊ ᶋ ᶌ ᶍ ᶎ ᶪ ᶵ"
Letters with retroflex hooks "ᶏ ᶐ ᶒ ᶓ ᶔ ᶕ ᶖ ᶗ ᶘ ᶙ ᶚ ᶩ ᶯ ᶼ"

Phonetic Extensions^[1] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+1D0x	ᴀ	ᴁ	ᴂ	ᴃ	ᴄ	ᴅ	ᴆ	ᴇ	ᴈ	ᴉ	ᴊ	ᴋ	ᴌ	ᴍ	ᴎ	ᴏ
U+1D1x	ᴐ	ᴑ	ᴒ	ᴓ	ᴔ	ᴕ	ᴖ	ᴗ	ᴘ	ᴙ	ᴚ	ᴛ	ᴜ	ᴝ	ᴞ	ᴟ
U+1D2x	ᴠ	ᴡ	ᴢ	ᴣ	ᴤ	ᴥ	ᴦ	ᴧ	ᴨ	ᴩ	ᴪ	ᴫ	ᴬ	ᴭ	ᴮ	ᴯ
U+1D3x	ᴰ	ᴱ	ᴲ	ᴳ	ᴴ	ᴵ	ᴶ	ᴷ	ᴸ	ᴹ	ᴺ	ᴻ	ᴼ	ᴽ	ᴾ	ᴿ
U+1D4x	ᵀ	ᵁ	ᵂ	ᵃ	ᵄ	ᵅ	ᵆ	ᵇ	ᵈ	ᵉ	ᵊ	ᵋ	ᵌ	ᵍ	ᵎ	ᵏ
U+1D5x	ᵐ	ᵑ	ᵒ	ᵓ	ᵔ	ᵕ	ᵖ	ᵗ	ᵘ	ᵙ	ᵚ	ᵛ	ᵜ	ᵝ	ᵞ	ᵟ
U+1D6x	ᵠ	ᵡ	ᵢ	ᵣ	ᵤ	ᵥ	ᵦ	ᵧ	ᵨ	ᵩ	ᵪ	ᵫ	ᵬ	ᵭ	ᵮ	ᵯ
U+1D7x	ᵰ	ᵱ	ᵲ	ᵳ	ᵴ	ᵵ	ᵶ	ᵷ	ᵸ	ᵹ	ᵺ	ᵻ	ᵼ	ᵽ	ᵾ	ᵿ
Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 13.0

Phonetic Extensions Supplement (U+1D80–1DBF)

Phonetic Extensions Supplement^[1] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+1D8x	ᶀ	ᶁ	ᶂ	ᶃ	ᶄ	ᶅ	ᶆ	ᶇ	ᶈ	ᶉ	ᶊ	ᶋ	ᶌ	ᶍ	ᶎ	ᶏ
U+1D9x	ᶐ	ᶑ	ᶒ	ᶓ	ᶔ	ᶕ	ᶖ	ᶗ	ᶘ	ᶙ	ᶚ	ᶛ	ᶜ	ᶝ	ᶞ	ᶟ
U+1DAx	ᶠ	ᶡ	ᶢ	ᶣ	ᶤ	ᶥ	ᶦ	ᶧ	ᶨ	ᶩ	ᶪ	ᶫ	ᶬ	ᶭ	ᶮ	ᶯ
U+1DBx	ᶰ	ᶱ	ᶲ	ᶳ	ᶴ	ᶵ	ᶶ	ᶷ	ᶸ	ᶹ	ᶺ	ᶻ	ᶼ	ᶽ	ᶾ	ᶿ
Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 13.0

Modifier Tone Letters (U+A700–A71F)

Modifier Tone Letters^[1] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+A70x	꜀	꜁	꜂	꜃	꜄	꜅	꜆	꜇	꜈	꜉	꜊	꜋	꜌	꜍	꜎	꜏
U+A71x	꜐	꜑	꜒	꜓	꜔	꜕	꜖	ꜗ	ꜘ	ꜙ	ꜚ	ꜛ	ꜜ	ꜝ	ꜞ	ꜟ
Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 13.0

Superscripts and Subscripts (U+2070–209F)

Superscripts and Subscripts^[1]^[2]^[3] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+207x	⁰	ⁱ			⁴	⁵	⁶	⁷	⁸	⁹	⁺	⁻	⁼	⁽	⁾	ⁿ
U+208x	₀	₁	₂	₃	₄	₅	₆	₇	₈	₉	₊	₋	₌	₍	₎
U+209x	ₐ	ₑ	ₒ	ₓ	ₔ	ₕ	ₖ	ₗ	ₘ	ₙ	ₚ	ₛ	ₜ
Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 13.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points 3.^ Refer to the Latin-1 Supplement Unicode block for characters ¹ (U+00B9), ² (U+00B2) and ³ (U+00B3)

Font support for IPA

IPA font support is increasing, and is now included in several fonts such as the Times New Roman versions that come with various recent computer operating systems. Diacritics are not always properly rendered, however. IPA fonts that are freely available online include Gentium, several from the SIL (such as Charis SIL, and Doulos SIL), DejaVu Sans, and TITUS Cyberbit, which are all freely available; as well as commercial typefaces such as Brill, available from Brill Publishers, and Lucida Sans Unicode and Arial Unicode MS, shipping with various Microsoft products. These all include several ranges of characters in addition to the IPA. Modern Web browsers generally do not need any configuration to display these symbols, provided that a font capable of doing so is available to the operating system.

Input by selection from a screen

Further Information: Unicode input#Selection from a screen

Applet for character selection

Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method.

Microsoft Windows has provided a Unicode version of the Character Map program (find it by hitting ⊞ Win+R then type charmap then hit ↵ Enter) since version NT 4.0 – appearing in the consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block. More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable freeware example is BabelMap).

macOS provides a "character palette" with much the same functionality, along with searching by related characters, glyph tables in a font, etc. It can be enabled in the input menu in the menu bar under System Preferences → International → Input Menu (or System Preferences → Language and Text → Input Sources) or can be viewed under Edit → Emoji & Symbols in many programs.

Equivalent tools – such as gucharmap (GNOME) or kcharselect (KDE) – exist on most Linux desktop environments.

References

"Spacing modifier letters". Everything2.com. 2002-08-29. Retrieved 2016-01-23.

External links

Links to PDFs of Unicode codes for several phonetic symbol sets

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] "Spacing modifier letters". Everything2.com. 2002-08-29. Retrieved 2016-01-23.

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