Mid back rounded vowel

The mid back rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. While there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back rounded vowel between close-mid [o] and open-mid [ɔ], it is normally written ⟨o⟩. If precision is desired, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨o̞⟩ or ⟨ɔ̝⟩, the former being more common. A non-IPA letter ⟨ⱺ⟩ is also found.

Mid back rounded vowel
o̞
ɔ̝
IPA Number307 430
Encoding
Entity (decimal)o​̞
Unicode (hex)U+006F U+031E
Braille
Audio sample
source · help

Just because a language has only one non-close non-open back vowel, it still may not be a true-mid vowel. There is a language in Sulawesi, Indonesia, with a close-mid [o], Tukang Besi. Another language in Indonesia, in the Maluku Islands, has an open-mid [ɔ], Taba. In both languages, there is no contrast with another mid (true-mid or close-mid) vowel.

Kensiu, in Malaysia and Thailand, is highly unusual in that it contrasts true-mid vowels with close-mid and open-mid vowels without any difference in other parameters, such as backness or roundedness.

Features
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Occurrence
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AfrikaansStandard[1]bok[bɔ̝k]'goat'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. The height varies between mid [ɔ̝] and close-mid [o].[1] See Afrikaans phonology
ArabicHejazi[2]لـون‎/lōn[lo̞ːn]'color'See Hejazi Arabic phonology
Breton[3]Possible realization of unstressed /ɔ/; can be open-mid [ɔ] or close-mid [o] instead.[3]
ChineseTaiwanese Mandarin[4]我 / wǒ [wo̞ɔː˨˩˦˥] 'I' See Standard Chinese phonology
Shanghainese[5]高/kò[kö̞¹]'tall'Near-back. Realization of /ɔ/ in open syllables and /ʊ/ in closed syllables.[5]
Czech[6][7]oko[ˈo̞ko̞]'eye'In Bohemian Czech, the backness varies between back and near-back, whereas the height varies between mid [o̞] and close-mid [o].[6] See Czech phonology
DanishStandard[8][9]måle[ˈmɔ̽ːlə]'measure'Near-back;[8][9] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩. See Danish phonology
DutchAmsterdam[10]och[ɔ̝̈χ]'alas'Near-back;[10] corresponds to open-mid [ɔˤ] in standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology
Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[11]mot[mɔ̝t]'well'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.
EnglishCultivated South African[12]thought[θɔ̝ːt]'thought'Close-mid [oː] for other speakers. See South African English phonology
Maori[13]Closer [oː] in other New Zealand accents.[13]
Scouse[14]Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.
Some Cardiff speakers[15]Other speakers use a more open, advanced and unrounded vowel [ʌ̈ː].[15]
General American[16]Cambodia[kʰɛəmˈbö̞diə]'Cambodia'Near-back; often diphthongal: [ö̞ʊ].[16] Some regional North American varieties use a vowel that is closer to cardinal [o]. See English phonology
Yorkshire[17][kʰamˈbo̞ːdjə]Corresponds to /əʊ/ in other British dialects. See English phonology
Faroese[18]toldi[ˈtʰɔ̝ltɪ̞]'endured'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Faroese phonology
Finnish[19][20]kello[ˈke̞llo̞]'clock'See Finnish phonology
FrenchParisian[21]pont[pɔ̝̃]'bridge'Nasalized; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ̃⟩. See French phonology
GermanSouthern accents[22]voll[fɔ̝l]'full'Common realization of /ɔ/ in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Open-mid [ɔ] in Northern Standard German.[23] See Standard German phonology
Western Swiss accents[24]hoch[ho̞ːχ]'high'Close-mid [oː] in other accents.[25] See Standard German phonology
GreekModern Standard[26][27]πως / pos[po̞s̠]'how'See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew[28]שלום‎/shalom/šɔlom[ʃäˈlo̞m]'peace'Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script. See Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology
Ibibio[29]do [dó̞]'there'
Icelandic[30]loft[ˈlɔ̝ft]'air'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. The long allophone is often diphthongized to [oɔ].[31] See Icelandic phonology
InuitWest Greenlandic[32]Allophone of /u/ before and especially between uvulars.[32] See Inuit phonology
ItalianStandard[33]forense[fo̞ˈrɛnse]'forensic'Common realization of the unstressed /o/.[33] See Italian phonology
Northern accents[34]bosco [ˈbo̞sko̞] 'forest' Local realization of /ɔ/.[34] See Italian phonology
Japanese[35]子/ko[ko̞]'child'See Japanese phonology
Korean[36]보리 / bori[po̞ˈɾi]'barley'See Korean phonology
LimburgishHasselt dialect[37]mok[mɔ̝k]'mug'Typically transcribed IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.[37]
NorwegianUrban East[38][39]lov[lo̞ːʋ]'law'Also described as close-mid [oː].[40] See Norwegian phonology
Romanian[41]acolo[äˈko̞lo̞]'there'See Romanian phonology
Russian[42]сухой/sukhoy/sukhoj[s̪ʊˈxo̞j] 'dry'Some speakers realize it as open-mid [ɔ].[42] See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[43][44]ко̑д / kȏd/kõd[kô̞ːd̪]'code'See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Shipibo[45]koni[ˈkö̞ni̞]'eel'Near-back.[45]
SlovakStandard[46][47]ohúriť[ˈɔ̝ɦu̞ːri̞c̟]'to stun'See Slovak phonology
Slovene[48]oglas[o̞ˈɡlá̠s̪]'advertisement'Unstressed vowel,[48] as well as an allophone of /o/ before /ʋ/ when a vowel does not follow within the same word.[49] See Slovene phonology
Spanish[50]todo[ˈt̪o̞ð̞o̞]'all'See Spanish phonology
Tera[51]zo[zo̞ː]'rope'
Turkish[52][53]kol[kʰo̞ɫ]'arm'See Turkish phonology
ZapotecTilquiapan[54]do[d̪o̞]'corn tassel'

Notes
  1. Wissing (2016), section "The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/".
  2. Abdoh (2010:84)
  3. Ternes (1992), p. 433.
  4. Lee & Zee (2003), p. 110.
  5. Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
  6. Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  7. Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), pp. 228–230.
  8. Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  9. Basbøll (2005), p. 47.
  10. Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
  11. Peters (2010), p. 241.
  12. Lass (2002), p. 116.
  13. Warren & Bauer (2004), p. 617.
  14. Watson (2007), p. 357.
  15. Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
  16. Wells (1982), p. 487.
  17. Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 180.
  18. Peterson (2000), cited in Árnason (2011:76)
  19. Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 60, 66.
  20. Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.
  21. Collins & Mees (2013), p. 226.
  22. Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  23. Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 64.
  24. Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
  25. Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
  26. Arvaniti (2007), p. 28.
  27. Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
  28. Laufer (1999), p. 98.
  29. Urua (2004), p. 106.
  30. Brodersen (2011).
  31. Árnason (2011), pp. 57–60.
  32. Fortescue (1990), p. 317.
  33. Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), pp. 137–138.
  34. Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 137.
  35. Okada (1999), p. 117.
  36. Lee (1999), p. 121.
  37. Peters (2006), p. 119.
  38. Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
  39. Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 4.
  40. Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
  41. Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
  42. Jones & Ward (1969), p. 56.
  43. Kordić (2006), p. 4.
  44. Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  45. Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 282.
  46. Pavlík (2004), pp. 94–95.
  47. Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 375.
  48. Tatjana Srebot-Rejec. "On the vowel system in present-day Slovene" (PDF).
  49. Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 138.
  50. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
  51. Tench (2007), p. 230.
  52. Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  53. Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 11.
  54. Merrill (2008), p. 109.

References
  • Abdoh, Eman Mohammed (2010), A Study of the Phonological Structure and Representation of First Words in Arabic (PDF)
  • Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
  • Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 978-0-203-97876-4
  • Bertinetto, Marco; Loporcaro, Michele (2005), "The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 131–151, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002148
  • Brodersen, Randi Benedikte (2011). "Islændinges udtale af dansk". Sprogmuseet (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
  • Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 978-1-85359-032-0
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-9004103405
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
  • Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
  • Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
  • Fortescue, Michael (1990), "Basic Structures and Processes in West Greenlandic" (PDF), in Collins, Dirmid R. F. (ed.), Arctic Languages: An Awakening, Paris: UNESCO, pp. 309–332, ISBN 978-92-3-102661-4
  • Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943
  • Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
  • Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
  • Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Kordić, Snježana (2006), Serbo-Croatian, Languages of the World/Materials; 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-161-1
  • Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
  • Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997], Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache (3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag, ISBN 978-3-926972-54-5
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2010), A Course in Phonetics (6th ed.), Boston, Massachusetts: Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4282-3126-9
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
  • Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, pp. 96–99
  • Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
  • Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003), "Standard Chinese (Beijing)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 109–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001208
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Peters, Jörg (2010), "The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 239–246, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000083
  • Peterson, Hjalmar P. (2000), "Mátingar af sjálvljóðum í føruyskum", Málting, 28: 37–43
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
  • Sarlin, Mika (2014) [First published 2013], "Sounds of Romanian and their spelling", Romanian Grammar (2nd ed.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, pp. 16–37, ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
  • Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 225–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
  • Suomi, Kari; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka (2008), Finnish sound structure – Phonetics, phonology, phonotactics and prosody (PDF), Studia Humaniora Ouluensia 9, Oulu University Press, ISBN 978-951-42-8984-2
  • Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
  • Tench, Paul (2007), "Tera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 228–234, doi:10.1017/s0025100307002952
  • Ternes, Elmar (1992), "The Breton language", in MacAulay, Donald (ed.), The Celtic Languages, Cambridge University Press, pp. 371–452, ISBN 978-0-521-23127-5
  • Trudgill, Peter (2009), "Greek Dialect Vowel Systems, Vowel Dispersion Theory, and Sociolinguistic Typology", Journal of Greek Linguistics, 9 (1): 80–97, doi:10.1163/156658409X12500896406041
  • Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550
  • Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
  • Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 978-82-990584-0-7
  • Warren, Paul; Bauer, Laurie (2004), "Maori English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 614–624, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
  • Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 351–360, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180
  • Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Volume 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52128541-0.
  • Wissing, Daan (2016). "Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory". Taalportaal. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  • Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish" (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.