Voiced retroflex flap
The voiced retroflex flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɽ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r`.
| Voiced retroflex flap | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɽ | |||
| IPA Number | 125 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɽ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+027D | ||
| X-SAMPA | r` | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Audio sample | |||
|
source · help | |||
.svg.png.webp)
Features
Features of the voiced retroflex flap:
- Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bengali[1] | গাড়ি | [ɡäɽiː] | 'car' | Apical postalveolar.[1] See Bengali phonology | |
| Dutch[2][3] | North Brabant[4] | riem | [ɽim] | 'belt' | A rare word-initial variant of /r/.[5][6] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology |
| Northern Netherlands[4][7] | |||||
| Elfdalian | luv | [ɽʏːv] | 'permission' | ||
| Enga | yála | [jɑɽɑ] | 'shame' | ||
| Gokana[8] | bele | [bēɽē] | 'we' | Apical postalveolar. Allophone of /l/, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a postalveolar trill or simply [l] instead.[8] | |
| Hausa | bara | [bəɽä] | 'servant' | Represented in Arabic script with ⟨ر⟩ | |
| Hindustani[9] | Hindi | बड़ा | [bəɽäː] | 'big' | Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.[9] See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | بڑا | ||||
| Japanese[10][11][12] | 心/kokoro | [ko̞ko̞ɾ̠o̞] | 'heart' | Apical postalveolar, may be alveolar [ɾ] instead.[10][11][12] See Japanese phonology | |
| Nepali[13] | भाड़ा | [bʱäɽä] | 'rent' | Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of /ɖ, ɖʱ/.[14] See Nepali phonology | |
| Norwegian | Central dialects[15] | blad | [bɽɑː] | 'leaf' | Allophone of /l/ and /r/. In Urban East Norwegian it often alternates with the alveolar [ɾ], save for a small number of words.[15][16] See Norwegian phonology |
| Eastern dialects[15][16] | |||||
| Odia[17] | ଗାଡ଼ି | [ɡäɽiː] | 'car' | Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of /ɖ, ɖʱ/.[17] | |
| Portuguese | Some European speakers[18] | falar | [fəˈläɽ] | 'to speak' | Allophone of /ɾ/. See Portuguese phonology |
| Brazilian caipira speakers[19][20] | madeira | [mɐˈdeɽə] | 'wood' | ||
| Some sertanejo speakers[21] | gargalhar | [ɡäɽɡɐˈʎäɽ] | 'to chortle' | ||
| Punjabi[22] | Gurmukhi | ਘੋੜਾ | [kòːɽɑ̀ː] | 'horse' | |
| Shahmukhi | گوڑا | ||||
| Shipibo[23] | roro | [ˈɽo̽ɽo̽] | 'to break' | Apical postalveolar; possible realization of /r/.[23] | |
| Swedish | Some dialects[16] | blad | [bɽɑː(d)] | 'leaf' | Allophone of /l/. See Swedish phonology |
| Tamil | நாடு | [naːɽɯ] | 'country' | Intervocalic and word-medial allophone of /ʈ/. See Tamil phonology | |
| Warlpiri | jarda | [caɽa] | 'sleep' | Transcribes /ɽ/ as rd. | |
See also
Notes
- Mazumdar (2000:57)
- Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91, 94–95, 97, 101, 107)
- Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50–51, 53–55)
- Goeman & van de Velde (2001:107)
- Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95, 97, 101, 107)
- Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50–51, 53–54)
- Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:54)
- L.F. Brosnahan. "Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
- Tiwari (2004:?)
- Okada (1999:118)
- Vance (2008:89)
- Labrune (2012:92)
- Khatiwada (2009:377)
- Khatiwada (2009:374)
- Heide (2010:3–44)
- Kristoffersen (2000:24)
- Masica (1991:107)
- Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)
- (in Portuguese) Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná. Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19–21
- (in Portuguese) Syllable coda /r/ in the "capital" of the paulista hinterland: sociolinguistic analisis. Cândida Mara Britto LEITE. Page 111 (page 2 in the attached PDF)
- (in Portuguese) Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty. Pages 22 and 23.
- Bashir, Elena; J. Conners, Thomas (2019). "3.3.1". A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Volume 4 of Mouton-CASL Grammar Series. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 24. ISBN 9781614512257.
Retroflex /ṇ/ and /ḷ/ (/ɳ/ and /ɭ/ in IPA) contrast with dental /n/ and /l/ in Lahore Panjabi, although this distinction is weakening with the younger generation of urban speakers. In this grammar we represent the retroflexion of nasals and laterals, while bearing in mind that in the current Panjabi {Shahmukhi} orthography /ṇ/ is represented only sporadically, and /ḷ/ is not represented at all.
- Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)
References
- Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Rapport d'Activités de l'Institut des Langues Vivantes et de Phonétique. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112. ISSN 0777-3692.
- Heide, Eldar (2010), "Tjukk l – Retroflektert tydeleggjering av kort kvantitet. Om kvalitetskløyvinga av det gamle kvantitetssystemet.", Maal og Minne (in Norwegian), Novus forlag, 1
- Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 337–380, doi:10.1017/s0025100309990181
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Labrune, Laurence (2012), The Phonology of Japanese, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954583-4
- Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920], The history of the Bengali language, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 8120614526
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966], Hindī Bhāshā, Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal, ISBN 81-225-0017-X
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
- Vance, Timothy J. (2008), The Sounds of Japanese, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-5216-1754-3
- Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Rapport d'Activités de l'Institut des Langues Vivantes et de Phonétique. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 45–61. ISSN 0777-3692.
- Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
External links
- List of languages with [ɽ] on PHOIBLE
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.