Voiced labiodental affricate

A voiced labiodental affricate ([b̪͡v] in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as a voiced labiodental stop [b̪] and released as a voiced labiodental fricative [v].

Voiced labiodental affricate
b̪v
Audio sample
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Features

Features of the voiced labiodental affricate:

  • Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • There are two variants of the stop component:
    • bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips. The affricate with this stop component is called bilabial-labiodental.
    • labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
  • The fricative component of this affricate is labiodental, articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

Occurrence
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
DutchOrsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[1]vèès[b̪͡vɛːs]'screw'Labiodental; occasional allophone of /v/; distribution unclear.[1]
ItalianSome central-south dialects[2]in vetta[iɱˈb̪͡vet̪t̪ä]'at the top'Labiodental; allophone of /v/ after nasals.[2] See Italian phonology
Luxembourgish[3]Kampf am Ënnergrond[ˈkʰɑmb͡v ɑm
ˈənɐɡʀont]		'underground battle'Occurs only word-finally before words beginning with vowels (when pronounced without a pause between them) in German loanwords.[3] See Luxembourgish phonology
Ngiti[4]abvɔ[āb̪͡vɔ̄]'thorny vine'Less commonly [b͡β][5]
TsongaXiNkuna dialectshilebvu[ʃileb̪͡vu]'chin'

Notes
  1. Peters (2010), p. 240.
  2. Canepari (1992), p. 71.
  3. Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 72–73.
  4. Kutsch Lojenga (1992), p. 31.
  5. Kutsch Lojenga (1992), p. 45.

References
  • Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Kutsch Lojenga, Constance (1994), Ngiti: a Central-Sudanic language of Zaire, Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, ISBN 978-3-927620-71-1
  • Peters, Jörg (2010), "The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 239–246, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000083


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