Voiced bilabial implosive

A voiced bilabial implosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɓ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is b_<.

Features

Features of the voiced bilabial implosive:

Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.

Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.

Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.

The airstream mechanism is implosive (glottalic ingressive), which means it is produced by pulling air in by pumping the glottis downward. Since it is voiced, the glottis is not completely closed, but allows a pulmonic airstream to escape through it.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Ega[1]		[ɓá]		'send away'
Fula[2]		fulɓe 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫‎	[fulɓe]	'Fulbe person' (g.)
Goemai		ḅas	[ɓas]	'to fetch'
Hausa		ɓaɓewa	[ɓaɓɛua]	'quarreling'
Jamaican Patois[3]		beat	[ɓiːt]	'beat'	Allophone of /b/ in the onset of prominent syllables.
Kalabari[4]		ḅá	[ɓá]	'kill'
Khmer		បី	[ɓəj]	'three'
Mayan	Yucatec	balam	[ɓalam]	'jaguar'
Mono[5]		‘balœ	[ɓálə́]	'at'
Paumarí[6]	'bo'da	[ɓoɗa]	'old'
Seereer-Siin[7]		ɓood	[ɓoːd]	'to crawl'	Contrasts phonemically with voiceless implosive
Saraiki[8]		ٻال‎	[ɓɑː.l]	'child'
Sindhi		ٻر	[ɓaˑrʊ]	'child'
Tera[9]		ɓala	[ɓala]	'to talk'	Contrasts phonemically with palatalized implosive, /ɓʲ/
Tukang Besi		[aɓa]		'previous'
Vietnamese[10]		bạn	[ɓan̪˧ˀ˨ʔ]	'you'	In free variation with [ʔb]. See Vietnamese phonology
Zulu		ubaba	[úˈɓàːɓá]	'my father'

Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002:100)
Keer (1999:82)
Devonish & Harry (2004:456)
Harry (2003:113)
Olson (2004:233)
Everett (2003:23)
Mc Laughlin (2005:203)
Bashir, Elena; J. Conners, Thomas (2019). "3.3.1.3". A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Volume 4 of Mouton-CASL Grammar Series. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 28. ISBN 9781614512257. Saraiki has four voiced implosive stops: bilabial /ɓ/, alveolar /ɗ/, palatal /ʄ/, and velar /ɠ/.
Tench (2007:228)
Thompson (1959:458–461)

Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32 (1): 99–104, doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X
Devonish, H.; Harry, Otelamate G. (2004), "Jamaican phonology", in Kortman, B; Shneider E. W. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, phonology, 1, Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 441–471
Everett, Daniel L. (2003), "Iambic Feet in Paumari and the Theory of Foot Structure", Linguistic Discovery, 2 (1), doi:10.1349/ps1.1537-0852.a.263, ISSN 1537-0852
Harry, Otelamate G. (2003), "Kalaḅarị-Ịjo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 113–120, doi:10.1017/S002510030300121X
Keer, Edward (1999), Geminates, The OCP and The Nature of CON, Rutgers University
Mc Laughlin, Fiona (2005), "Voiceless implosives in Seereer-Siin", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 201–214, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002215, S2CID 145717014
Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
Tench, Paul (2007), "Tera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 228–234, doi:10.1017/s0025100307002952
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, 3: Beyond the British Isles, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-24225-8

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