2000 United States presidential election in Florida
The 2000 United States presidential election in Florida took place on November 7, 2000, as part of the nationwide presidential election. Florida, a swing state, had a major recount dispute that took center stage in the election. The outcome of the 2000 United States presidential election was not known for more than a month after balloting because of the extended process of counting and recounting Florida's presidential ballots. State results tallied on election night gave 246 electoral votes to Republican nominee Texas Governor George W. Bush and 255 to Democratic nominee Vice President Al Gore, with New Mexico (5), Oregon (7), and Florida (25) too close to call that evening. Gore won New Mexico and Oregon over the following few days; but the result in Florida was to be decisive, regardless of how those two states had voted.
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 County Results
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After an intense recount process and the United States Supreme Court's decision in Bush v. Gore, Bush won Florida’s electoral votes by a margin of only 537 votes out of almost six million cast and, as a result, became the president-elect. The process was extremely divisive and led to calls for electoral reform in Florida.
Bush became the first Republican to win the White House without carrying Palm Beach County since the county's founding in 1909.
Background
Election fairness was a major problem known to Floridians in the 1990s; for example, the 1997 Miami mayoral election was tainted by scandal.[1] According to The Palm Beach Post, "State lawmakers decided to weed out felons and other ineligible voters in 1998 after a Miami mayoral election was overturned because votes had been cast by the convicted and the dead."[2]
This initiative occurred without sufficient protection of voting rights. In particular, from summer 1999 to spring 2000, Florida's voter list was subject to an unusually high number of problems. "The state’s highest officials responsible for ensuring efficiency, uniformity, and fairness in the election failed to fulfill their responsibilities."[3] The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights found that an "overall lack of leadership in protecting voting rights was largely responsible for the broad array of problems in Florida during the 2000 election."[3]
The 2001 book Stupid White Men and other books described allegations of efforts to deny black citizens in Florida the right to vote. As a result of the state's contract with Database Technologies, "173,000 registered voters in Florida were permanently wiped off the voter rolls."[4] Even an elections supervisor in Madison County was barred from voting; she and others "tried to get the state to rectify the problem, but their pleas fell on deaf ears."[4]
Campaign
| Elections in Florida |
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 Government |
Initially, Florida had been considered fertile territory for Republicans. It was governed by Jeb Bush, a staunch conservative[5] and George W. Bush's brother. Nonetheless, Republicans put significant advertising resources into the state, and later polls indicated that the state was very much in play as late as September 2000.[6] Some late momentum for Gore and his Jewish running mate Joe Lieberman may have come from southern Florida's significant Jewish population.[7] Voters from reliably Democratic states in the Northeast had also been migrating to Florida since the 1950s. The state's electorate was becoming more diverse in general, with growing Asian and Hispanic immigrant populations.
Meanwhile, there was a heavy backlash in the Cuban-American population against Democrats during the Elian Gonzalez dispute, during which Janet Reno, President Bill Clinton’s Attorney General, ordered the six-year-old Cuban refugee to be returned to Cuba. The Democrats’ share of the Cuban-American vote dropped dramatically after 1996.
In late October, one poll found that Gore was leading Bush and third parties by 44–42–4 among registered voters and 46–42–4 among likely voters, but that poll had a margin of error of four percentage points, making the race too close to call.[8]
On election day itself, the extent of the mix-ups in the electoral rolls was such that "in a number of precincts in Florida's inner cities, the polling locations were heavily fortified with police."[4]
Recount
Final certified results
The final official Florida count gave the victory to Bush by 537 votes, making it by percentage not only the tightest race of the campaign (New Mexico was decided by 366 votes but has a much smaller population, with those 366 votes representing a 0.061% margin, whereas the 537 votes in Florida were just 0.009%), but also the closest in any United States presidential election ever.[lower-alpha 1] Most of the reduction in the recount came from Miami-Dade County alone.
| United States presidential election in Florida, 2000[9][10] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Running mate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
| Republican | George W. Bush | Dick Cheney | 2,912,790 | 48.847% | 25 | |
| Democratic | Al Gore | Joe Lieberman | 2,912,253 | 48.838% | 0 | |
| Green | Ralph Nader | Winona LaDuke | 97,488 | 1.64% | 0 | |
| Reform | Patrick Buchanan | Ezola Foster | 17,484 | 0.29% | 0 | |
| Libertarian | Harry Browne | Art Olivier | 16,415 | 0.28% | 0 | |
| Natural Law | John Hagelin | Nat Goldhaber | 2,281 | 0.04% | 0 | |
| Workers World | Monica Moorehead | Gloria La Riva | 1,804 | 0.03% | 0 | |
| Constitution | Howard Phillips | Curtis Frazier | 1,371 | 0.02% | 0 | |
| Socialist | David McReynolds | Mary Cal Hollis | 622 | 0.01% | 0 | |
| Socialist Workers | James Harris | Margaret Trowe | 562 | 0.01% | 0 | |
| Write-in | 36 | <0.01% | — | |||
| Totals | 5,963,110 | 100.00% | 25 | |||
Florida was the second of the 50 states (after Louisiana) to report its official results to the federal government (in a Certificate of Ascertainment submitted to the National Archivist, the manner prescribed for presidential elections).
As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which the Democratic candidate won Pasco County or Hernando County.[11] It was also the first time the Democratic candidate won Orange County since Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944.[12]
Results by county
| County | George Walker Bush Republican |
Albert Arnold Gore Jr. Democratic |
Ralph Nader Green |
Patrick Joseph Buchanan Reform |
Various candidates Other parties |
Margin | Total votes cast | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Alachua | 34,135 | 39.80% | 47,380 | 55.25% | 3,228 | 3.76% | 263 | 0.31% | 751 | 0.88% | -13,245 | -15.44% | 85,757 |
| Baker | 5,611 | 68.80% | 2,392 | 29.33% | 53 | 0.65% | 73 | 0.90% | 26 | 0.32% | 3,219 | 39.47% | 8,155 |
| Bay | 38,682 | 65.70% | 18,873 | 32.06% | 830 | 1.41% | 248 | 0.42% | 243 | 0.41% | 19,809 | 33.65% | 58,876 |
| Bradford | 5,416 | 62.43% | 3,075 | 35.45% | 84 | 0.97% | 65 | 0.75% | 35 | 0.40% | 2,341 | 26.99% | 8,675 |
| Brevard | 115,253 | 52.75% | 97,341 | 44.55% | 4,471 | 2.05% | 571 | 0.26% | 852 | 0.39% | 17,912 | 8.20% | 218,488 |
| Broward | 177,939 | 30.93% | 387,760 | 67.41% | 7,105 | 1.24% | 795 | 0.14% | 1,640 | 0.29% | -209,821 | -36.48% | 575,239 |
| Calhoun | 2,873 | 55.52% | 2,156 | 41.66% | 39 | 0.75% | 90 | 1.74% | 17 | 0.33% | 717 | 13.86% | 5,175 |
| Charlotte | 35,428 | 52.96% | 29,646 | 44.31% | 1,462 | 2.19% | 182 | 0.27% | 182 | 0.27% | 5,782 | 8.64% | 66,900 |
| Citrus | 29,801 | 52.06% | 25,531 | 44.60% | 1,383 | 2.42% | 270 | 0.47% | 263 | 0.46% | 4,270 | 7.46% | 57,248 |
| Clay | 41,903 | 72.80% | 14,668 | 25.48% | 565 | 0.98% | 186 | 0.32% | 237 | 0.41% | 27,235 | 47.32% | 57,559 |
| Collier | 60,467 | 65.58% | 29,939 | 32.47% | 1,405 | 1.52% | 122 | 0.13% | 269 | 0.29% | 30,528 | 33.11% | 92,202 |
| Columbia | 10,968 | 59.24% | 7,049 | 38.07% | 258 | 1.39% | 89 | 0.48% | 150 | 0.81% | 3,919 | 21.17% | 18,514 |
| Desoto | 4,256 | 54.48% | 3,321 | 42.51% | 157 | 2.01% | 36 | 0.46% | 42 | 0.54% | 935 | 11.97% | 7,812 |
| Dixie | 2,697 | 57.79% | 1,827 | 39.15% | 75 | 1.61% | 29 | 0.62% | 39 | 0.84% | 870 | 18.64% | 4,667 |
| Duval | 152,460 | 57.49% | 108,039 | 40.74% | 2,762 | 1.04% | 653 | 0.25% | 1,267 | 0.48% | 44,421 | 16.75% | 265,181 |
| Escambia | 73,171 | 62.62% | 40,990 | 35.08% | 1,733 | 1.48% | 502 | 0.43% | 460 | 0.39% | 32,181 | 27.54% | 116,856 |
| Flagler | 12,618 | 46.53% | 13,897 | 51.25% | 435 | 1.60% | 83 | 0.31% | 83 | 0.31% | -1,279 | -4.72% | 27,116 |
| Franklin | 2,454 | 52.83% | 2,047 | 44.07% | 85 | 1.83% | 33 | 0.71% | 26 | 0.56% | 407 | 8.76% | 4,645 |
| Gadsden | 4,770 | 32.38% | 9,736 | 66.09% | 139 | 0.94% | 38 | 0.26% | 48 | 0.33% | -4,966 | -33.71% | 14,731 |
| Gilchrist | 3,300 | 61.17% | 1,910 | 35.40% | 97 | 1.80% | 29 | 0.54% | 59 | 1.09% | 1,390 | 25.76% | 5,395 |
| Glades | 1,841 | 54.71% | 1,442 | 42.85% | 56 | 1.66% | 9 | 0.27% | 17 | 0.51% | 399 | 11.86% | 3,365 |
| Gulf | 3,553 | 57.79% | 2,398 | 39.00% | 86 | 1.40% | 71 | 1.15% | 40 | 0.65% | 1,155 | 18.79% | 6,148 |
| Hamilton | 2,147 | 54.14% | 1,723 | 43.44% | 37 | 0.93% | 23 | 0.58% | 36 | 0.91% | 424 | 10.69% | 3,966 |
| Hardee | 3,765 | 60.38% | 2,342 | 37.56% | 75 | 1.20% | 30 | 0.48% | 24 | 0.38% | 1,423 | 22.82% | 6,236 |
| Hendry | 4,747 | 58.32% | 3,240 | 39.81% | 104 | 1.28% | 22 | 0.27% | 26 | 0.32% | 1,507 | 18.52% | 8,139 |
| Hernando | 30,658 | 47.00% | 32,648 | 50.05% | 1,501 | 2.30% | 243 | 0.37% | 186 | 0.29% | -1,990 | -3.05% | 65,236 |
| Highlands | 20,207 | 57.48% | 14,169 | 40.31% | 545 | 1.55% | 127 | 0.36% | 104 | 0.30% | 6,038 | 17.18% | 35,152 |
| Hillsborough | 180,794 | 50.17% | 169,576 | 47.06% | 7,496 | 2.08% | 847 | 0.24% | 1,641 | 0.46% | 11,218 | 3.11% | 360,354 |
| Holmes | 5,012 | 67.77% | 2,177 | 29.43% | 94 | 1.27% | 76 | 1.03% | 37 | 0.50% | 2,835 | 38.33% | 7,396 |
| Indian River | 28,639 | 57.71% | 19,769 | 39.84% | 950 | 1.91% | 105 | 0.21% | 164 | 0.33% | 8,870 | 17.87% | 49,627 |
| Jackson | 9,139 | 56.06% | 6,870 | 42.14% | 138 | 0.85% | 102 | 0.63% | 54 | 0.33% | 2,269 | 13.92% | 16,303 |
| Jefferson | 2,478 | 43.91% | 3,041 | 53.89% | 76 | 1.35% | 29 | 0.51% | 19 | 0.34% | -563 | -9.98% | 5,643 |
| Lafayette | 1,670 | 66.67% | 789 | 31.50% | 26 | 1.04% | 10 | 0.40% | 10 | 0.40% | 881 | 35.17% | 2,505 |
| Lake | 50,010 | 56.44% | 36,571 | 41.27% | 1,460 | 1.65% | 289 | 0.33% | 281 | 0.32% | 13,439 | 15.17% | 88,611 |
| Lee | 106,151 | 57.57% | 73,571 | 39.90% | 3,588 | 1.95% | 305 | 0.17% | 785 | 0.43% | 32,580 | 17.67% | 184,400 |
| Leon | 39,073 | 37.88% | 61,444 | 59.57% | 1,934 | 1.87% | 282 | 0.27% | 421 | 0.41% | -22,371 | -21.69% | 103,154 |
| Levy | 6,863 | 53.91% | 5,398 | 42.40% | 285 | 2.24% | 67 | 0.53% | 117 | 0.92% | 1,465 | 11.51% | 12,730 |
| Liberty | 1,317 | 54.65% | 1,017 | 42.20% | 19 | 0.79% | 39 | 1.62% | 18 | 0.75% | 300 | 12.45% | 2,410 |
| Madison | 3,038 | 49.29% | 3,015 | 48.92% | 54 | 0.88% | 29 | 0.47% | 27 | 0.44% | 23 | 0.37% | 6,163 |
| Manatee | 58,023 | 52.58% | 49,226 | 44.61% | 2,494 | 2.26% | 271 | 0.25% | 330 | 0.30% | 8,797 | 7.97% | 110,344 |
| Marion | 55,146 | 53.55% | 44,674 | 43.39% | 1,810 | 1.76% | 563 | 0.55% | 778 | 0.76% | 10,472 | 10.17% | 102,971 |
| Martin | 33,972 | 54.78% | 26,621 | 42.93% | 1,118 | 1.80% | 112 | 0.18% | 193 | 0.31% | 7,351 | 11.85% | 62,016 |
| Miami-Dade | 289,574 | 46.29% | 328,867 | 52.57% | 5,355 | 0.86% | 560 | 0.09% | 1,196 | 0.19% | -39,293 | -6.28% | 625,552 |
| Monroe | 16,063 | 47.39% | 16,487 | 48.64% | 1,090 | 3.22% | 47 | 0.14% | 208 | 0.61% | -424 | -1.25% | 33,895 |
| Nassau | 16,408 | 68.98% | 6,955 | 29.24% | 253 | 1.06% | 90 | 0.38% | 81 | 0.34% | 9,453 | 39.74% | 23,787 |
| Okaloosa | 52,186 | 73.69% | 16,989 | 23.99% | 988 | 1.40% | 268 | 0.38% | 388 | 0.55% | 35,197 | 49.70% | 70,819 |
| Okeechobee | 5,057 | 51.32% | 4,589 | 46.57% | 131 | 1.33% | 43 | 0.44% | 34 | 0.35% | 468 | 4.75% | 9,854 |
| Orange | 134,531 | 48.02% | 140,236 | 50.06% | 3,879 | 1.38% | 446 | 0.16% | 1,063 | 0.38% | -5,705 | -2.04% | 280,155 |
| Osceola | 26,237 | 47.11% | 28,187 | 50.61% | 733 | 1.32% | 145 | 0.26% | 388 | 0.70% | -1,950 | -3.50% | 55,690 |
| Palm Beach | 152,964 | 35.31% | 269,754 | 62.27% | 5,566 | 1.28% | 3,411 | 0.79% | 1,527 | 0.35% | -116,790 | -26.96% | 433,222 |
| Pasco | 68,607 | 48.05% | 69,576 | 48.73% | 3,394 | 2.38% | 570 | 0.40% | 622 | 0.44% | -969 | -0.68% | 142,769 |
| Pinellas | 184,849 | 46.38% | 200,657 | 50.35% | 10,023 | 2.52% | 1,013 | 0.25% | 1,984 | 0.50% | -15,808 | -3.97% | 398,526 |
| Polk | 90,310 | 53.56% | 75,207 | 44.60% | 2,059 | 1.22% | 533 | 0.32% | 520 | 0.31% | 15,103 | 8.96% | 168,629 |
| Putnam | 13,457 | 51.29% | 12,107 | 46.14% | 379 | 1.44% | 148 | 0.56% | 148 | 0.56% | 1,350 | 5.15% | 26,239 |
| Santa Rosa | 36,339 | 72.10% | 12,818 | 25.43% | 726 | 1.44% | 311 | 0.62% | 208 | 0.41% | 23,521 | 46.67% | 50,402 |
| Sarasota | 83,117 | 51.63% | 72,869 | 45.27% | 4,071 | 2.53% | 305 | 0.19% | 615 | 0.38% | 10,248 | 6.37% | 160,977 |
| Seminole | 75,790 | 55.00% | 59,227 | 42.98% | 1,949 | 1.41% | 195 | 0.14% | 644 | 0.47% | 16,563 | 12.02% | 137,805 |
| St. Johns | 39,564 | 65.10% | 19,509 | 32.10% | 1,217 | 2.00% | 229 | 0.38% | 252 | 0.41% | 20,055 | 33.00% | 60,771 |
| St. Lucie | 34,705 | 44.50% | 41,560 | 53.29% | 1,368 | 1.75% | 124 | 0.16% | 233 | 0.30% | -6,855 | -8.79% | 77,990 |
| Sumter | 12,127 | 54.48% | 9,637 | 43.29% | 306 | 1.37% | 114 | 0.51% | 77 | 0.35% | 2,490 | 11.19% | 22,261 |
| Suwannee | 8,009 | 64.27% | 4,076 | 32.71% | 180 | 1.44% | 108 | 0.87% | 88 | 0.71% | 3,933 | 31.56% | 12,461 |
| Taylor | 4,058 | 59.59% | 2,649 | 38.90% | 59 | 0.87% | 27 | 0.40% | 17 | 0.25% | 1,409 | 20.69% | 6,810 |
| Union | 2,332 | 60.95% | 1,407 | 36.77% | 33 | 0.86% | 37 | 0.97% | 17 | 0.44% | 925 | 24.18% | 3,826 |
| Volusia | 82,368 | 44.84% | 97,313 | 52.98% | 2,910 | 1.58% | 498 | 0.27% | 585 | 0.32% | -14,945 | -8.14% | 183,674 |
| Wakulla | 4,512 | 52.54% | 3,838 | 44.70% | 149 | 1.74% | 46 | 0.54% | 42 | 0.49% | 674 | 7.85% | 8,587 |
| Walton | 12,186 | 66.51% | 5,643 | 30.80% | 265 | 1.45% | 120 | 0.65% | 109 | 0.59% | 6,543 | 35.71% | 18,323 |
| Washington | 4,995 | 62.24% | 2,798 | 34.86% | 93 | 1.16% | 88 | 1.10% | 52 | 0.65% | 2,197 | 27.37% | 8,026 |
| Totals | 2,912,790 | 48.85% | 2,912,253 | 48.84% | 97,488 | 1.63% | 17,484 | 0.29% | 23,095 | 0.39% | 537 | 0.01% | 5,963,110 |
By congressional district
Bush won 13 of 23 congressional districts.[13]
| District | Bush | Gore | Representative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 68% | 30% | Joe Scarborough |
| 2nd | 48% | 49% | Allen Boyd |
| 3rd | 37% | 62% | Corrine Brown |
| 4th | 63% | 35% | Tillie K. Fowler |
| Ander Crenshaw | |||
| 5th | 46% | 50% | Karen Thurman |
| 6th | 58% | 39% | Cliff Stearns |
| 7th | 50% | 48% | John Mica |
| 8th | 49% | 49% | Bill McCollum |
| Ric Keller | |||
| 9th | 52% | 45% | Michael Bilirakis |
| 10th | 44% | 53% | Bill Young |
| 11th | 44% | 53% | Jim Davis |
| 12th | 55% | 43% | Charles Canady |
| Adam Putnam | |||
| 13th | 52% | 45% | Dan Miller |
| 14th | 59% | 38% | Porter Goss |
| 15th | 53% | 44% | Dave Weldon |
| 16th | 46% | 52% | Mark Foley |
| 17th | 15% | 84% | Carrie Meek |
| 18th | 61% | 38% | Ileana Ros-Lehtinen |
| 19th | 30% | 69% | Robert Wexler |
| 20th | 36% | 63% | Peter Deutsch |
| 21st | 62% | 37% | Lincoln Diaz-Balart |
| 22nd | 39% | 58% | E. Clay Shaw Jr. |
| 23rd | 19% | 79% | Alcee Hastings |
Electors
Technically, the voters of Florida cast their ballots for electors, representatives to the Electoral College. In 2000, Florida was allocated 25 electors because it had 23 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 25 electors who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the most votes in the state is awarded all 25 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.
The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 18, 2000,[14] to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead, the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.
The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All were pledged to and voted for George W. Bush and Dick Cheney:[15]
- Alred S. Austin
- Deborah L. Brooks
- Armando Codina
- Maria De La Milera
- Sandra M. Faulkner
- Thomas C. Feeney III
- Feliciano M. Foyo
- Jeanne Barber Godwin
- Dawn Guzzetta
- Cynthia M. Handley
- Adam W. Herbert
- Al Hoffman
- Glenda E. Hood
- Carole Jean Jordan
- Charles W. Kane
- Mel Martinez
- John M. McKay
- Dorsey C. Miller
- Berta J. Moralejo
- H. Gary Morse
- Marsha Nippert
- Darryl K. Sharpton
- Tom Slade
- John Thrasher
- Robert L. Woody
Film
- Fahrenheit 9/11
- Recount is a made-for-TV political drama about the 2000 US Presidential election. The show was written by Danny Strong, directed by Jay Roach, and produced by Kevin Spacey (who also stars in the film). It premiered on HBO on May 25, 2008, and the DVD was released on August 19, 2008.
- Orwell Rolls in His Grave
Notes
- The previous closest statewide presidential elections were two in Maryland, that in 1832 being decided by just four votes or 0.01%, and that of 1904 by just fifty-one votes or 0.023%. Next, closest were two elections in California, that of 1912 being decided by 0.026% or 174 votes, and that of 1892 – which gave Grover Cleveland a second term as president – by 0.055% or 147 votes.
References
- State and Wire Reports, "State voter rolls: Election official finds more than 50,000 felons, 18,000 dead registered", Panama City News Herald, 19 August 1998.
- "Felon Purge Sacrificed Innocent Voters". archive.commondreams.org. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
- U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (June 2001). Voting Irregularities in Florida During the 2000 Presidential Election (Report). Government of the United States.
- Moore, M. (2001). Stupid White Men. Penguin Books. p. 6.
- Prokop, Andrew (June 15, 2015). "The Jeb Bush formula: How the staunch conservative learned to talk moderate — and win". Vox. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
- Marks, Peter (September 20, 2000). "THE 2000 CAMPAIGN: THE AD CAMPAIGN; In Sign Florida Is Now in Play, Bush Increases Buying There". The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- "Did the Jewish Vote Cost Gore the Election?". Mitchellbard.com. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- Rosenbaum, David E. (October 26, 2000). "THE 2000 CAMPAIGN: THE VOTERS; Independents and the Elderly Lift Gore in Florida, Poll Says". The New York Times.
- "2000 Presidential General Election Results". transition.fec.gov. Archived from the original on August 25, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
- Elections, Division of. "November 7, 2000 General Election". results.elections.myflorida.com. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
- Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
- Menendez, Albert J.; The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004, p. 164-165 ISBN 0786422173
- "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections - County Data". Retrieved October 2, 2019.
- "2000 Post-Election Timeline of Events". Uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- "2000". President Elect. November 6, 2012. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
Bibliography
- Ceaser, James W.; Busch, Andrew (2001). The Perfect Tie: The True Story of the 2000 Presidential Election. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-0836-6.
perfect tie.
- Keating, Dan and Balz, Dan. ‘Florida Recounts Would Have Favored Bush But Study Finds Gore Might Have Won Statewide Tally of All Uncounted Ballots.’ The Washington Post, published Nov. 12, 2001.
- See also Category: Books about the 2000 United States presidential election
