Iwaidjan languages

The Iwaidjan or Yiwaidjan languages are a small family of non-Pama–Nyungan Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in the Cobourg Peninsula region of Western Arnhem Land.

Iwaidjan
Geographic
distribution		Cobourg Peninsula region, Northern Territory
Linguistic classificationArnhem Land?
  • Iwaidjan
Subdivisions
Glottologiwai1246
Iwaidjan languages (purple), among other non-Pama-Nyungan languages (grey)

Closeup. Amurdag is the southern section (tan), Wurrugu the tip of the peninsula (green), the rest Iwaidjic (purple). On the grey island just offshore is Marrgu, once thought to be Iwaidjan.

In 1997 Nicholas Evans proposed an Arnhem Land family that includes the Iwaidjan languages, though their inclusion is not accepted in Bowern (2011).[1]

The Iwaidjan languages
Iwaidjan 
 
Iwaidjic 
 
Warrkbi 
 

Iwaidja

 
 
 

Garig †

 
 

Ilgar †

 
 
 
 
 
 

Manangkari †

 
 

Maung

 
 
 
 
 

Amurdag †

 
 

Garig and Ilgar are two almost identical dialects.[2] Manangkari may be a dialect of Maung.[3]

Dixon (2002) considers Warrkbi demonstrated, but Iwaidjic (Warrkbi-Maung) and Iwaidjan to be speculative. He predicts that working out the histories of the languages will be a "profound challenge", regardless of whether they are a genealogical family or a language area.

Marrgu and Wurrugu, previously lumped in with Iwaidjan, have little in common with it and may turn out to be a separate family.

Status

Iwaidja is spoken by about 150 people in the community of Minjilang on Croker Island,[4] alongside English, Kunwinjku and Maung. Maung is primarily spoken in the community of Warruwi on Goulburn Island, and it too has about 150 speakers.[4] Both languages are still being learnt by children.[4]

All the other Iwaidjan languages are close to extinction. In 1998, Amurdak had three remaining speakers, Garig and Ilgar three speakers between them.[4]

Phonology

The Iwaidjan languages have similar phoneme inventories. Exceptions are noted below the tables.

Vowels
Front Back
High i u
Low a

In addition to these, Maung also has /e/ and /o/, mostly in loanwords from Kunwinjku and Kunbarlang.[5]

Consonants
Peripheral Laminal Apical
Bilabial Velar Palatal Alveolar Retroflex
Plosive p k c t ʈ
Nasal m ŋ ɲ n ɳ
Approximant w ɰ j ɻ
Trill r
Tap ɽ
Lateral approximant ʎ l ɭ
Lateral flap ɺ ɺ˞[6]

Maung lacks the two flapped laterals,[5] which are quite unusual among Australian languages. Also unusual is the velar approximant /ɰ/, which is an areal feature shared with Tiwi and Kunbarlang.[7]

Relationships with other languages

The vocabularies of all the Iwaidjan languages contain loanwords from Macassarese and Malay,[8] both Malayo-Polynesian languages from Indonesia. Iwaidja and Maung have also borrowed heavily from Kunwijku,[8] another Australian language of the Gunwingguan family.

While the Iwaidjan languages share a number of features with other non-Pama–Nyungan language families, it is uncertain which they are closest related to. Ross has proposed that they form part of an Arnhem Land family.

Vocabulary

Capell (1940)[9] lists the following basic vocabulary items (with Amarag words from Capell 1942[10]):

glossMaungIwaidjaAmarag
man arargbiwaːrgbiawuɭaɭu
woman waramuŋbigworaidjbawuraidbaru
head wandjibagaliwulja
eye wonjaɽwaliwu
nose mulumulwiːl
mouth ilagbiridjɽagbiridjwiiŋara
tongue ŋaɽalggaralgwiŋaril
stomach gɔːraggalalaɖigu
bone ijaɣiggilirigada
blood maniŋogmaniŋulmaniŋul
kangaroo aijaŋjilbuwimalaijuwar
opossum wundärumuŋargwaŋguwu
emu waramundubuganguɽg
crow gɔragaggumbulaggubula
fly molgmoɭgmulgulg
sun mowanmuwarmänjidj
moon goranaguɽanagurana
fire juŋgugudjäligudjäli
smoke wuŋainguŋainguŋaṉ
water wobaidjwobaidjaɖawud

Notes
  1. Bowern, Claire. 2011. How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?
  2. Evans (1998): pp. 115, 144.
  3. Evans (1998): pp. 115–116.
  4. Evans (1998): p. 115
  5. Evans (1998): p. 118.
  6. There is no standard IPA symbol for a retroflex lateral flap. is sometimes seen, or ɭ̆.
  7. Evans (1998): p. 117.
  8. Evans (1998): p. 116.
  9. Capell, Arthur. 1940. The Classification of Languages in North and North-West Australia. Oceania 10(3): 241-272, 404-433. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1940.tb00292.x
  10. Capell, Arthur. 1941-1942, 1942-1943. Languages of Arnhem Land, North Australia. Oceania 12: 364-392, 13: 24-51.

References
  • Evans, Nicholas (1998). "Iwaidja mutation and its origins". In Anna Siewierska & Jae Jung Song (ed.). Case, Typology and Grammar: In honor of Barry J. Blake. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 115–149.
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