Kaure–Kosare languages

Kaure–Kosare
	Nawa River
Geographic; distribution	Nawa River, New Guinea
Linguistic classification	a primary language family
Subdivisions	Kaure; Kosare;
Glottolog	None
	Map: The Kaure–Kapori languages of New Guinea The Kaure–Kapori languages Trans–New Guinea languages Other Papuan languages Austronesian languages Uninhabited

The Kaure–Kosare or Nawa River languages are a small family spoken along the Nawa River in West Papua, near the northern border with Papua New Guinea.[1] The languages are Kaure and Kosare.

Classification

Kaure and Kosare (Kosadle) are clearly related. There is a history of classifying them with the Kapori–Sause languages. However, Kapori and Sause show no particular connection to the Kaure languages, and may be closer to Kwerba.[1]

Foley (2018) considers a connection with Trans-New Guinea to be promising, but tentatively leaves Kaure-Kosare out as an independent language family pending further evidence.[2]

Proto-language

Phonemes

Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[1]

*m	*n
*p	*t		*k
*b			*g
	*s			*h
*w	*ɽ	[*j]

Coda consonants are stop *C (or more precisely *P) and nasal *N.

*i		*u
*e		*o
*ɛ		*ɔ
*æ	*a

Diphthongs are *ɛi, *ɛu, *ai *au.

Pronouns

Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:[1]

	sg	pl
1	no (?), na-	*wɛN
2	*ha-(nɛ)	?
3	?	?

Basic vocabulary

Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:[1]

gloss	Proto-Nawa River
hair	*haⁱ
ear	*hwɔkɽuC
eye	*hwe̝N
tusk/tooth	*pakaⁱ
skin/bark	*ki
breast	*muN
louse	*miN
dog	*se̝
pig	*pî
bird	*ho̝C
tree	*tɛⁱC
woman	*naⁱ
sun	*h[æ/a]niC
moon	*paka
water	*mi[jɛ]
fire	*sa(-[n/ɽ]ɛN)
eat	*naⁱ

Vocabulary comparison

The following basic vocabulary words are from Voorhoeve (1971, 1975)[3][4] and other sources, as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[5]

gloss	Kaure[6]	Kosare[7]	Narau
head	kasera; pleŋ; pɔklai	potɔ´
hair	hai; hat	potɔi	fukura hai
ear	goklu; huaglüt	'kɔro
eye	gewe; hwai; hwew	ĩsɛrit
nose	gopo; hapu	moro 'kakò
tooth	sbeje; səbokai	pɛki	sebekai
tongue	sremu; sɾumu	pɛrɛ´
leg	due; duɛ		nue
louse	mi; mĩ	mi
dog	se	sé
pig	pi	pi	kandu
bird	hou; hu; ku	o
egg	hore; te; wale	ho's̪ɛri
blood	hi; katesa; katsa	ña
bone	era; laq; loa	'kákò
skin	aguli; arohei; axlit
breast	mu; muq	kó kakò
tree	te; tei; teija	tĩⁿdi	bimesini
man	debla; dido		nepra
woman	dae	ḑɩmɔ'kasia
sky	lɛbü	nubɷ
sun	hafei; haɾi; harei	ɛnɛ´ⸯ	kaberja
moon	gaka; poka	paka
water	bi; biq; gomesi	biɛ	bi
fire	sa; saʔ; sareŋ	sá	sare
stone	təsi; tɛsi; tisi	'naka
road, path	selu	kɛmɔrɔ´
name	bəre; blɛ; nokomne	morɔ
eat	ganasi; kadi; kandɛ	kɛnɛ´	kanaisini
one	gogotia; kauxjaʔ; kaxotia	kora'ɸɛ
two	tɾapli; təravərei; trapi	tau

References

New Guinea World, Nawa River
Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
Voorhoeve, C.L. "Miscellaneous Notes on Languages in West Irian, New Guinea". In Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C. and Wurm, S.A. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 14. A-28:47-114. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1971. doi:10.15144/PL-A28.47
Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. doi:10.15144/PL-B31
Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
Clouse, D.A. 1997. Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plain languages of Irian Jaya. In Franklin, K. (ed). Papers in Papuan Linguistics No. 2. Pacific Linguistics: Canberra.
Heeschen, V. 1978. The Mek languages of Irian Jaya with special reference to the Eipo language. Irian, 2: 3-67.

Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.

External links

Kaure languages database at TransNewGuinea.org
Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Nawa River

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[ngw-1] New Guinea World, Nawa River

[Foley-NWNG-2] Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

[3] Voorhoeve, C.L. "Miscellaneous Notes on Languages in West Irian, New Guinea". In Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C. and Wurm, S.A. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 14. A-28:47-114. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1971. doi:10.15144/PL-A28.47

[4] Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. doi:10.15144/PL-B31

[5] Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.

[6] Clouse, D.A. 1997. Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plain languages of Irian Jaya. In Franklin, K. (ed). Papers in Papuan Linguistics No. 2. Pacific Linguistics: Canberra.

[7] Heeschen, V. 1978. The Mek languages of Irian Jaya with special reference to the Eipo language. Irian, 2: 3-67.