Voiced dental and alveolar lateral flaps

The voiced alveolar lateral flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɺ⟩, a fusion of a rotated lowercase letter ⟨r⟩ with a letter ⟨l⟩. Approved in 1928, the symbol represented a sound intermediate between [d] and [l][1][2] or between [r] and [l][3][4] until 1979 when its value was redefined as an alveolar lateral flap.[5]

Voiced alveolar lateral flap
ɺ
IPA Number181
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɺ
Unicode (hex)U+027A
X-SAMPAl\
Braille
Audio sample
source · help

Some languages that are described as having a lateral flap actually have a flap that is indeterminate with respect to centrality, and may surface as either central or lateral, either in free variation or allophonically depending on surrounding vowels and consonants.[6]

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar lateral flap:

  • Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.

Occurrence

Dental
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Chaga[7] Laminal dental.[7]

Alveolar
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Japanese[8] 六 roku [ɺo̞kɯ̟ᵝ] 'six' Allophonically [ɾ]. See Japanese phonology
心 kokoro[ko̞ko̞ɺo̞] 'heart'
Kasua[9] hilila [hiɺiɺɑ] 'heavy' Never used at the beginning nor the end of a word.[9]
Pirahã toogixi [tòːɺ͡ɺ̼ìʔì] 'hoe' Only used in some types of speech
Wayuu püülükü [pɯːɺɯkɯ] 'pig' Contrasts with /r/

See also

Notes
  1. Association phonétique internationale (1928).
  2. International Phonetic Association (1949), p. 14.
  3. Association phonétique internationale (1932).
  4. Association phonétique internationale (1952).
  5. International Phonetic Association (1978).
  6. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 243.
  7. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 213.
  8. Akamatsu (1997), p. 106.
  9. Logan, Tommy (July 2003). "Organised Phonology Data" (PDF). SIL International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-09. Retrieved 2018-07-09. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

References
  • Akamatsu, Tsutomu (1997). Japanese Phonetics: Theory and Practice. München: Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-095-6.
  • Association phonétique internationale (1928). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles]. Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 6 (23): 51–53. JSTOR 44704266.
  • Association phonétique internationale (1932). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1932)". Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 10 (37). Supplement. JSTOR 44749172.
  • Association phonétique internationale (1952). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1951)". Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 30 (97). Front matter. JSTOR 44748475.
  • International Phonetic Association (1949). "The Principles of the International Phonetic Association". Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 27 (91). Supplement. JSTOR i40200179.
  • International Phonetic Association (1978). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 1979)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 8 (1–2). Supplement. JSTOR 44541414.
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
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