Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills

The voiced alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills is ⟨r⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r. It is commonly called the rolled R, rolling R, or trilled R. Quite often, ⟨r⟩ is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. That is partly for ease of typesetting and partly because ⟨r⟩ is the letter used in the orthographies of such languages.

"Alveolar trill" redirects here. For the voiceless consonant, see Voiceless alveolar trill.
"r (IPA)" redirects here. For the English r sound often transcribed /r/ for convenience, see Postalveolar approximant. For other r-like consonants, see Rhotic consonant.

In many Indo-European languages, a trill may often be reduced to a single vibration in unstressed positions. In Italian, a simple trill typically displays only one or two vibrations, while a geminate trill will have three or more.[1] Languages where trills always have multiple vibrations include Albanian, Spanish, Cypriot Greek, and a number of Armenian and Portuguese dialects.

People with ankyloglossia may find it exceptionally difficult to articulate the sound because of the limited mobility of their tongues.[2][3]

Voiced alveolar trill
Voiced alveolar trill
r
IPA Number122
Encoding
Entity (decimal)r
Unicode (hex)U+0072
X-SAMPAr
Braille
Audio sample
source · help

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar trill:

dental (behind the upper front teeth)
alveolar (at the alveolar ridge), or
post-alveolar (behind the alveolar ridge).
  • It is most often apical, which means it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.[4]
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

Dental
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Hungarian[5]arra[ɒr̪ːɒ]'that way'See Hungarian phonology
Marshallese[6]dik[7][r̪ʲik]'to be small'Palatalized. The language's two other rhotic phonemes, /rˠ/ (velarized) and /rʷ/ (rounded), are post-alveolar.
Romanian[8]repede[ˈr̪e̞pe̞d̪e̞]'quickly'Apical. See Romanian phonology
Russian[9]рьяный/r'janyj/r'yanyy[ˈr̪ʲjän̪ɨ̞j]'zealous'Apical, palatalized. Usually only a single vibration, presumably due to the palatalization.[9] It contrasts with a post-alveolar trill. See Russian phonology

Alveolar
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AfrikaansStandard[10]rooi[roːi̯]'red'May be a tap [ɾ] instead.[10] See Afrikaans phonology
ArabicModern Standardراء‎/raa'[raːʔ]Resh[ɾ] in Egyptian
ArmenianEastern[11]ռումբ/rumb[rumb] 'cannonball'
Bengaliরাত/rāt[rat̪]'night'Corresponds to [ɾ ~ ɹ] in others. May occur word-initially; as against [ɾ], which occurs medially and finally. See Bengali phonology
Bretonroue[ruːe]'king'Dominant in and around Léon and Morbihan while many other dialects have adopted the voiced uvular fricative. See Breton phonology
Chinese[12][13]Xiangyang (a Southwestern Mandarin)被子[pei r̩]quilt
Czech[14]chlor[xlɔ̝ːr]'chlorine'Contrasts with /r̝/; may be syllabic. See Czech phonology
Chuvash арăслан [arəs'lan] 'lion'
DanishFew speakers of the Jutlandic dialect[15]Corresponds to much more back [ʁ ~ ʕ] in standard Danish. See Danish phonology
DutchStandardraam[raːm]'window'See Dutch phonology
EnglishScottishcurd[kʌrd]'curd'Only some dialects. Corresponds to [ɾ ~ ɹ] in others. See English phonology
Welsh[16]bright[braɪt]'bright'Some dialects under Welsh influence. Corresponds to [ɾ ~ ɹ] in others.
EsperantoEsperanto[espeˈranto]'who hopes'Usually a flap [ɾ]. See Esperanto phonology
Finnishraaka[ˈrɑːkɑ] 'raw'See Finnish phonology
GreekStandard[17]άρτος/ártos[ˈartos]'Communion bread'Allophone of /r/. Usual in clusters, otherwise a tap or an approximant.[17] See Modern Greek phonology
Cypriot[18][19]βορράς/vorras[voˈrːas]'north'Contrasts with /ɾ/.
HebrewSephardiריש‎/reš[ˈreʃ]'Resh'See Sephardi Hebrew
Hindustaniपत्थर / پتھر‎/patthar[pət̪t̪ʰər]'stone'See Hindustani phonology
Indonesiangetar [gətar]'vibrate'See Indonesian phonology
Irishfear[fʲaɾˠ]'man'See Irish phonology
Italian[20]terra[ˈt̪ɛrːä] 'earth'See Italian phonology
Kele[21][ⁿrikei]'leg'
Kyrgyz[22]ыр/ır[ɯr]'song'
Latvian[23]rags[räks̪]'horn'See Latvian phonology
Lithuanianir[ɪr]'and'See Lithuanian phonology
Malaykurang[kuräŋ]'less'
Nepaliघर्रा/gharrā[ɡʱʌrːä]'drawer'See Nepali phonology
Polish[24]krok[krɔk] 'step'Almost always [ɾ]. See Polish phonology
Portugueserato[ratu]'mouse'Contrasts with /ɾ/. Many northern dialects retain the alveolar trill, and the trill is still dominant in rural areas. See Portuguese phonology and Guttural R.
Scotsbricht[brɪçt]'bright'
Scottish Gaelicceart[kʲarˠʃd]'true'Pronounced as a trill at the beginning of a word, or as rr, or before consonants d, t, l, n, s; otherwise a voiced alveolar tap. Contrasts with /ɾʲ/ and /ɾ/ intervocally and word-finally. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian[25][26]рт / rt[r̩t]'cape'May be syllabic.[27] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak[28]krk[kr̩k]'neck'May be a tap, particularly when not syllabic.
Slovene[29]riž[ríːʃ]'rice'Also described as tap [ɾ],[30] and variable between trill [r] and tap [ɾ].[31] See Slovene phonology
Spanish[32]perro[ˈpe̞ro̞] 'dog'Contrasts with /ɾ/. See Spanish phonology
SwedishSome West coast dialectsbra[brɑː]'good'See Swedish phonology
Tagalogrambutan[rɐmbuˈtan]'rambutan'Allophone of the more common [ɾ], especially with more conservative speakers.[33] See Tagalog phonology
Tamil பறவை/paravai [paraʋaɪ̯] 'bird' See Tamil phonology
ThaiStandardชลบุรี/chonburi[tɕ͡ʰōn.bū.rīː] 'Chonburi'Contrasts with the alveolar approximant [ɹ] as spoken in Bangkok.
Titan[21][ⁿrakeiʔin]'girls'
Ukrainianрух/rukh[rux]'motion'See Ukrainian phonology
WelshRhagfyr[ˈr̥aɡvɨr]'December'Contrasts with the voiceless alveolar trill, /r̥/. See Welsh phonology
YiddishStandard[34]בריק‎/brik[brɪk]'bridge'More commonly a flap [ɾ]; can be uvular [ɢ̆ ~ ʀ] instead.[34] See Yiddish phonology
ZapotecTilquiapan[35]r-ree[rɘˀɘ]'go out (habitually)'Underlyingly two sequences of /ɾ/.


Post-alveolar
See also: Retroflex trill
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Catalan[36]roba[ˈr̠ɔβ̞ə]'clothes'Contrasts with /ɾ/. See Catalan phonology
Gokana[37]bele[bēr̠ē]'we'Allophone of /l/, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme
before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a postalveolar tap or simply [l] instead.[37]
Marshallese[38]raj[39][r̠ˠɑtʲ]'whale'/rˠ/ is velarized and /rʷ/ is rounded. Another rhotic phoneme in the language, /rʲ/, is dental and palatalized.
roj[40][r̠ʷɔtʲ]'ebb tide'
Russian[9]играть/igrat'[ɪˈɡr̠ätʲ]'to play'Contrasts with a palatalized dental trill. See Russian phonology

Variable
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
GermanStandard[41]Schmarrn[ʃmarn]'nonsense'Varies between apical dental and apical alveolar; may be a tap instead.[41] See Standard German phonology

Voiced alveolar fricative trill
Voiced alveolar fricative trill
r̝
r̻
IPA Number122 429
Encoding
X-SAMPAr_r
Audio sample
source · help

In Czech, there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical apical trill, written r, there is another laminal trill, written ř, in words such as rybáři [ˈrɪbaːr̝ɪ] 'fishermen' and the common surname Dvořák. Its manner of articulation is similar to [r] but is laminal and the body of the tongue is raised. It is thus partially fricative, with the frication sounding rather like [ʒ] but less retracted. It sounds like a simultaneous [r] and [ʒ], and non-native speakers tend to pronounce it as [rʐ], [ɾʒ], or [ɹʒ]. In the IPA, it is typically written as ⟨r⟩ plus the raising diacritic, ⟨r̝⟩, but it has also been written as laminal ⟨r̻⟩.[42] (Before the 1989 IPA Kiel Convention, it had a dedicated symbol ⟨ɼ⟩.) The Kobon language of Papua New Guinea also has a fricative trill, but the degree of frication is variable.

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar fricative trill:

  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

Examples
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Czech[43][44][45][46]čtyři[ˈt͡ʃtɪr̝ɪ] 'four'May be a non-sibilant fricative.[44] It contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. See Czech phonology
Kashubian[47]rzéka[r̝ɛka] Only some northern and northwestern speakers.[47]
KobonAmount of frication variable. May also be a fricative flap
PolishSome dialects[48]rzeka[r̝ɛka]'river'Contrasts with /r/ and /ʐ/. Present in areas from Starogard Gdański to Malbork[48] and those south, west and northwest of them,[48] area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Działdowo,[48] south and east from Wieleń,[48] around Wołomin,[48] southeast from Ostrów Mazowiecka[48] and west from Siedlce,[48] from Brzeg to Opole and those north of them,[48] and roughly from Racibórz to Nowy Targ.[48] Most speakers, as well as standard Polish merge it with /ʐ/,[48] and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do that too.[48] See Polish phonology
Portuguese[49]Europeanos rins[u ˈr̝ĩʃ]'the kidneys'Possible realization of the sequence /sr/ for speakers who realize /r/ as [r].[49] See Portuguese phonology
SilesianGmina Istebna[50]umrził[ˈumr̝iw]'(he) died'Contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. Merges with /ʐ/ in most Polish dialects.
Jablunkov[50]
SlovakNorthern dialects[48][51]řyka[ˈr̝ɪkä]'river'Only in a few dialects near the Polish border.[48] See Slovak phonology

See also

Notes
  1. Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
  2. Chaubal & Dixit (2011), pp. 270–272.
  3. Mayo Clinic (2012).
  4. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 228.
  5. Siptár & Törkenczy (2000), pp. 75–76, Szende (1999), p. 104
  6. Bender (1969), p. xv
  7. http://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2D.htm#dik
  8. Ovidiu Drăghici, Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie (PDF), retrieved April 19, 2013
  9. Skalozub (1963), p. ?; cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 221
  10. Lass (1987), p. 117.
  11. Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 19.
  12. 湖北方言里有颤音r (There is trill r in Hubei Dialect), 1984, retrieved 26 December 2020
  13. 中国人能发大舌音“RR” ( Some Chinese can pronounciate alveolar trills "RR" )
  14. Pultrová (2013), p. 22.
  15. Torp (2001), p. 78.
  16. Garrett, Peter; Coupland, Nikola; Williams, Angie, eds. (15 July 2003). Investigating Language Attitudes: Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance. University of Wales Press. p. 73. ISBN 9781783162086.
  17. Arvaniti (2007), pp. 14–18
  18. Arvaniti (2010), pp. 3–4.
  19. "βορράς", Cypriot Greek Lexicographic Database, Ερευνητικό Πρόγραμμα Συντυσές, 2011, retrieved 5 March 2014
  20. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  21. Ladefoged (2005), p. 165
  22. Kara (2003), p. 11.
  23. Nau (1998), p. 6.
  24. Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  25. Kordić (2006), p. 5.
  26. Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  27. Kordić (2006), p. 4.
  28. Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
  29. Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  30. Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 135.
  31. Greenberg (2006), pp. 17 and 20.
  32. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  33. Schachter and Reid (2008)
  34. Kleine (2003), p. 263
  35. Merrill (2008), p. 109.
  36. Recasens & Pallarès (1995), p. 288.
  37. L.F. Brosnahan, Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-03, retrieved 2013-11-24
  38. Bender (1969), p. xvii-xviii
  39. http://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2R.htm#raj
  40. http://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2R.htm#roj
  41. Mangold (2005), p. 53
  42. For example, Ladefoged (1971).
  43. Dankovičová (1999), pp. 70–71
  44. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 228–230 and 233
  45. Lodge (2009), p. 46.
  46. Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 226
  47. Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  48. Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř), Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl, archived from the original on 2013-03-13, retrieved 2013-11-06
  49. Grønnum (2005), p. 157
  50. Dąbrowska (2004), p. ?
  51. Dudášová-Kriššáková (1995), pp. 98.

References
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Bender, Byron (1969), Spoken Marshallese, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 0-87022-070-5

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