Andoque language

Andoque is a language spoken by a few hundred Andoque people in Colombia, and is in decline. There were 10,000 speakers in 1908, down to 370 a century later, of which at most 50 are monolingual. The remaining speakers live in the area of the Anduche River, downstream from Araracuara, Solano, Caquetá, Colombia; the language is no longer spoken in Peru. 80% of speakers are proficient in Spanish.[1]

Not to be confused with the Andoquero or the Andaqui languages, also of Colombia.
Andoque
Andoké
Native toColombia
Ethnicity520 Andoque people (2007)[1]
Native speakers
370 (2007)[1]
10% monolingual (no date)[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3ano
Glottologando1256
ELPAndoque[3]

Classification

Andoque is no longer considered an isolate since Marcelo Jolkesky recognized the extinct Urequena language (also Urekena or Arequena) as closely related to Andoque (see Andoque–Urequena languages).[4][5]:285

Kaufman's (2007) Bora–Witótoan stock includes Andoque in the Witótoan family, but other linguists, such as Richard Aschmann, consider Andoque an isolate.

Jolkesky (2009) proposed a Macro-Daha family, which he classified as follows.[6]

Macro-Daha

However, Macro-Daha was rejected in Jolkesky (2016),[5] although Duho was still kept in Jolkesky (2016).

Phonology

Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i ĩ ɨ u
Mid e ẽ ə ə̃ o õ
Open a ã ʌ ʌ̃ ɒ

There are nine oral vowels and six nasal vowels, which can each take high or low tone.

Consonants
Labial Coronal Dorsal Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ (ñ)
Stop voiced b d j (y)
voiceless p t k ʔ
Fricative f s h

Grammar

Classifiers

The subject noun does not appear alone, but is accompanied by markers for gender or noun classifiers (which are determined by shape). These noun classifiers are as follows:

animate
masculine
present (-ya-)
absent (-o-)
feminine
present (-î-)
absent (-ô-)
collective (-ə-)
inanimate
flexible or hollow (-o-)
rigid or elongated (-ó-)
other (-ʌ-)

Person markers include o- ("I"), ha- ("you (singular)"), ka- ("we") and kə- ("you (plural)").

The adjectival or verbal predicate has a suffix which agrees with the subject: -ʌ for animate subjects and flexible or hollow ones; -ó for rigid or elongated ones; -i for others. Adjectival and verbal predicates are also marked with prefixes indicating mood, direction or aspect, and infixes for tense. The nominal predicate (What something is) does not have a suffix of agreement nor a dynamic prefix, but it can take infixes for tense and mood, like the verb. Other grammatical roles (benefactive, instrumental, locative) appear outside the verb in the form of markers for case. There are 11 case suffixes.

Evidentials

In addition, the sentence has markers for the source of knowledge, or evidentials indicating whether the speaker knows the information communicated firsthand, heard it from another person, has deduced it, etc.

There is also a focus marker -nokó, which draws attention to the participants or indicates the highlight of a story. In the language there are means of representing action from the point of view of the subject or other participants, or from the point of view of an external observer.

Vocabulary
See also: Piaroa–Saliban languages § Vocabulary

Landaburu (2000)

Landaburu (2000) gives the following Swadesh list table for Andoque:[7]

no.Spanish glossEnglish glossAndoque
1.yoIo-ʔɤ
2.túyouha-ʔɤ
3.nosotroswekẽ-ʔɤ̃
4.éstothisʌɲẽ́
5.hojaleaf-sedɤ̃
6.aquelthatʌdí
7.¿quién?who?kó-i
8.¿qué?what?hi-ʌ
g.nonothʌ́ʌ-bã́
10.todosallsí-õ-kɤ̃
11.muchosmanyhʌ́ʌ-pãã́, ɯ́ɯ-kɤ̃
12.largoonebɤ̃kɤ̃-
13.unotwoʌisidé
14.dosbigʌ-ʌ́hʌbã́
15.grandelongĩʔõ-kɤ̃
16.perrodogĩɲõ
17.chicosmalluʔ-pãã́-ɲé-ʌ
18.mujerwomantiʔi
19.hombrepersonʝóʔhʌ
20.pescadofishbei
21.pájarobirdhiʌɸo
22.piojolousetáʔsi
23.colatail-dɤ̃ta
24.árboltreekɤ̃́ʔɤ̃dɤ
25.semillaseed-tapi
26.raízroot-ɲeko
27.cortezabark-tasi
28.pielskin-tasi
29.carneflesh-ɤ̃ta
30.sangreblood-duʔs
31.huesobone-tadɤ̃
32.grasagreasekẽɤ̃i
33.huevoegg-hádɤ
34.cuernohorn-si
35.plumafeather-ɲeɸʌ
36.paradostandingtaɲe-
37.cabellohairka-tai ʌka-be
38.cabezahead-tai
39.orejaear-bei
40.ojoeye-ʔákʌ
41.nariznose-pɤta
42.bocamouth-ɸi
43.dientetooth-kódi
44.lenguatongue-sodɤ̃
45.rodillaknee-kodoi
46.garra, uñaclaw, nail-sikopɤ
47.piefoot-dʌka
48.manohand-dobi
49.barrigabelly-tura
50.cuelloneck-ɲekɤ̃́i
51.senosbreasts-ɲeé
52.corazónheart-pĩ́tú
53.hígadoliver-tú
54.beberdrink-kóʔ-
55.comereat-baʔi-
56.morderbite-ʝu-
57.versee-do-
58.oirhear-tó-
59.saberknow-do-
60.dormirsleep-pʌ-
61.morirdieĩ-hʌ́ʌ-
62.matarkill-buʔ-
63.nadarswim-ɲṍẽi-
64.volarfly-bu-
65.andar, caminarwalk-tá-
66.venircomeda-ɤ̃-
67.acostadolying downse-aɲe-
68.dargive-ĩ-
69.sentadoseatedʝi-ɸɤʌ́-aɲe-
70.decirsay-kɤ̃-/-ẽʔ-
71.solsunĩɒ̃
72.lunamoonpódɤɤ̃
73estrellastarɸʌʔko
74.aguawaterdúʔu
75lluviaraindɤ-i
76.piedrastoneɸisi
77.arenasandpoʔsɒ̃ɤ̃
78.tierraearthɲṍʔĩ
79.nubecloudbóasiakʌi dɤ̃kɤ̃
80.humosmokebóasiakʌi
81.fuegofireʌʔpa
82.cenizaashespʌtakoi
83.arderburn-du-
84.caminopathdubɤ, õbɤ
85.cerromountaintoʌ́i
86.rojoredpeo-
87.verdegreenpaʝo-
88.amarilloyellowdóɒ-
89.blancowhitepoʔté
90.negroblackuo-
91.nochenighthʌʔpʌ́ʌ
92.calientehotpã-
93.friocolddõsi-ko-
94.llenofullɸiʔ
95.nuevonewpá-
96.buenogoodɸɤɲe-
97.redondoround-tude 'bola' ("ball")
98.secodryʝɒʔɒ-
99.nombrename-ti

Loukotka (1968)

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Andoque.[8]

glossAndoque
oneitsidixate
twoükhümá
headka-tái
eyeka-haksü
toothka-koːné
manphohaː
waterdzühü
firenóhapa
maizetsobohi
jaguarinóh
housedzyaʔpüko

Notes
  1. Andoque at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. Andoque language at Ethnologue (14th ed., 2000).
  3. Endangered Languages Project data for Andoque.
  4. Johann Natterer's Linguistic Heritage.
  5. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
  6. Jolkesky, Marcelo. 2009. Macro-Daha: reconstrução de um tronco lingüístico do noroeste amazônico. ROSAE - I Congresso Internacional de Lingüística Histórica, 26-29 July 2009.
  7. Landaburu, Jon. 2000. La Lengua Andoque. In González de Pérez, María Stella and Rodríguez de Montes, María Luisa (eds.), Lenguas indígenas de Colombia: una visión descriptiva, 275-288. Santafé de Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.
  8. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

Bibliography
  • Aschmann, Richard P. (1993). Proto Witotoan. Publications in linguistics (No. 114). Arlington, TX: SIL & the University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
  • Landaburu, J. (1979). La Langue des Andoke (Grammaire Colombienne). (Langues et Civilisations a Tradition Orale, 36). Paris: SELAF.
  • Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: ANDOKE
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