Azelaic acid

Azelaic acid is an organic compound with the formula HOOC(CH2)7COOH. This saturated dicarboxylic acid exists as a white powder. It is found in wheat, rye, and barley. It is a precursor to diverse industrial products including polymers and plasticizers, as well as being a component of a number of hair and skin conditioners.[3]

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Azelaic acid
Names
IUPAC name
nonanedioic acid
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
1101094
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
ECHA InfoCard 100.004.246
EC Number
  • 204-669-1
261342
KEGG
UNII
Properties
C9H16O4
Molar mass 188.22 g/mol
Appearance white solid
Density 1.443 g/mL
Melting point 109 to 111 °C (228 to 232 °F; 382 to 384 K)[1]
Boiling point 286 °C (547 °F; 559 K) at 100 mmHg[1]
2.14 g/L[2]
Acidity (pKa) 4.550, 5.498[2]
Pharmacology
D10AX03 (WHO)
Topical
Pharmacokinetics:
Very low
12 h
Legal status
Hazards
GHS pictograms
GHS Signal word Warning
H315, H319
P264, P280, P302+352, P305+351+338, P321, P332+313, P337+313, P362
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Production

Azelaic acid is industrially produced by the ozonolysis of oleic acid. The side product is nonanoic acid. It is produced naturally by Malassezia furfur (also known as Pityrosporum ovale), a yeast that lives on normal skin. The bacterial degradation of nonanoic acid gives azelaic acid.

Biological function

In plants, azelaic acid serves as a "distress flare" involved in defense responses after infection.[4] It serves as a signal that induces the accumulation of salicylic acid, an important component of a plant's defensive response.[5]

Applications

Esters of this dicarboxylic acid find applications in lubrication and plasticizers. In lubricant industries it is used as a thickening agent in lithium complex grease. With hexamethylenediamine, azelaic acid forms Nylon-6,9, which finds specialized uses as a plastic.[3]

Medical

Azelaic acid is used to treat mild to moderate acne, both comedonal acne and inflammatory acne.[6][7] It belongs to a class of medication called dicarboxylic acids. It works by killing acne bacteria that infect skin pores. It also decreases the production of keratin, which is a natural substance that promotes the growth of acne bacteria.[8] Azelaic acid is also used as a topical gel treatment for rosacea, due to its ability to reduce inflammation.[7] It clears the bumps and swelling caused by rosacea. The mechanism of action is thought to be through the inhibition of hyperactive protease activity that converts cathelicidin into the antimicrobial skin peptide LL-37.[9] Azelaic acid has been used for treatment of skin pigmentation including melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, particularly in those with darker skin types. It has been recommended as an alternative to hydroquinone.[10] As a tyrosinase inhibitor, azelaic acid reduces synthesis of melanin.[11]

Azelaic acid is also a potent 5α-Reductase inhibitor, similar to the hair loss drugs finasteride and dutasteride.[12]

Brand names

Brand names for azelaic acid include Dermaz 99,[13] Crema Pella Perfetta (micronized azelaic acid, kojic dipalmitate, and liquorice extract), Azepur99, Azetec99, Azaclear (azelaic acid and niacinamide), AzClear Action, Azelex, White Action cream, Finacea, Finevin, Melazepam, Skinoren, Ezanic, Azelac, Azaderm, (Acnegen, Eziderm, Acnicam, Azelexin in Pakistan)[14] and others.

References
  1. Sigma-Aldrich catalog Archived April 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  2. Bretti, C.; Crea, F.; Foti, C.; Sammartano, S. (2006). "Solubility and Activity Coefficients of Acidic and Basic Nonelectrolytes in Aqueous Salt Solutions. 2. Solubility and Activity Coefficients of Suberic, Azelaic, and Sebacic Acids in NaCl(aq), (CH3)4NCl(aq), and (C2H5)4NI(aq) at Different Ionic Strengths and at t = 25 °C". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 51 (5): 1660–1667. doi:10.1021/je060132t.
  3. Cornils, Boy; Lappe, Peter (2006). "Dicarboxylic Acids, Aliphatic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_523.
  4. Sarah Everts (January 31, 2011). "Vegetative Warfare". Chemical & Engineering News. 89 (5): 53–55.
  5. Jung, H. W.; Tschaplinski, T. J.; Wang, L.; Glazebrook, J.; Greenberg, J. T. (2009). "Priming in Systemic Plant Immunity". Science. 324 (5923): 89–91. Bibcode:2009Sci...324...89W. doi:10.1126/science.1170025. PMID 19342588.
  6. "Azelaic Acid for Acne". WebMD.
  7. "Azelaic acid topical". Drugs.com.
  8. Liu, R. H.; Smith, M. K.; Basta, S. A.; Farmer, E. R. (2006). "Azelaic acid in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea – A systematic review of randomized controlled trials". Arch. Dermatol. 142 (8): 1047–1052. doi:10.1001/archderm.142.8.1047. PMID 16924055.
  9. Reinholz, M.; Ruzicka, T.; Schauber, J. (2012). "Cathelicidin LL-37: An Antimicrobial Peptide with a Role in Inflammatory Skin Disease". Annals of Dermatology. 24 (2): 126–135. doi:10.5021/ad.2012.24.2.126. PMC 3346901. PMID 22577261.
  10. Draelos, Z. (Sep–Oct 2007). "Skin lightening preparations and the hydroquinone controversy". Dermatol. Ther. 20 (5): 308–313. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2007.00144.x. PMID 18045355.
  11. Grimes, Pearl E. (2007-07-01). Aesthetics and Cosmetic Surgery for Darker Skin Types. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 74 ff. ISBN 978-0-7817-8403-0. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  12. Stamatiadis, D; Bulteau-Portois, Marie-Claire; Mowszowicz, Irene (1988). "Inhibition of 5α-reductase activity in human skin by zinc and azelaic acid". British Journal of Dermatology. 119 (5): 627–32. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb03474.x. PMID 3207614.
  13. https://pharmaceutical.basf.com/en/APIs-Raw-Materials/Dermaz.html%5B%5D%5B%5D
  14. http://www.druginfosys.com/availablebrands.aspx?query=20%20%w/w&form=Cream&drugCode=807&drugName=Azelaic%20Acid&type=1&Ing==1
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